Tribes Of Arunachal Pradesh
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The Indian state of
Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh (; ) is a States and union territories of India, state in northeast India. It was formed from the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) region, and India declared it as a state on 20 February 1987. Itanagar is its capital and la ...
has a total population of roughly 1.4 million (as of 2011) on an area of 84,000 km2, amounting to a population density of about 17 km2 (far below the Indian average of 370 km2 but significantly higher than similarly mountainous
Ladakh Ladakh () is a region administered by India as a union territory and constitutes an eastern portion of the larger Kashmir region that has been the subject of a Kashmir#Kashmir dispute, dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947 and India an ...
). The "indigenous groups" account for about two thirds of population, while immigrants, mostly of Bengali/
Hindi belt The Hindi Belt, also known as the Hindi Heartland or the Hindi speaking states, is a linguistic region encompassing parts of northern, central, eastern, and western India where various Northern, Central, Eastern and Western Indo-Arya ...
origin, account for the remaining third. Arunachal Pradesh is one of the states that have many important tribes


List of tribes

The ''Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order'' (1956 and as inserted by Act 69 of 1986) lists twelve tribes of Arunachal Pradesh explicitly, but makes explicit that the list is non-exhaustive by noting that "all tribes of the State, including" those listed are to be considered "Scheduled". There are 26 major tribes and more than 100 sub tribes in Arunachal Pradesh. The twelve tribes listed are: Adi (Abor), Aka (Hruso), Apatani, Nyishi, Tagin, Galo, Khampti, Mishmi, Monpa, "any Naga tribes", Sherdukpen, Singpho. By ethnolinguistic classification: * Tibeto-Burman ** Bodic Languages *** Monpa (
Chugpa The Chugpa is a small subtribe of Monpa community of the Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh (; ) is a States and union territories of India, state in northeast India. It was formed from the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) region, and I ...
, Takpa,
Tshangla Tshangla is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Bodish branch closely related to the Tibetic languages. Tshangla is primarily spoken in Eastern Bhutan and acts as a lingua franca in the region; it is also spoken in the adjoining Tawang tract in the ...
et al.) ***
Tibetans Tibetans () are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet. Their current population is estimated to be around 7.7 million. In addition to the majority living in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, significant numbers of Tibetans live in t ...
(
Tibetan languages The Tibetic languages form a well-defined group of languages descending from Old Tibetan.Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. "The Tibetic languages and their classification." In ''Trans-Himalayan linguistics, historical and descriptive linguistics of the H ...
) ** Khamba ** Tani *** Apatani/Tani, Galo/Abor, Nyishi, Hill Miri, Tagin, Na/Nga, Mising/Mishing *** Adi/ Lhoba ( Millang, Minyong, Padam ** Digaro-Mishmi *** Mishmi ( Idu Mishmi, Digaro Mishmi/Taraon/Darang Deng), ** Miju *** Miju Mishmi, Zekhring ** Lolo-Burmese *** Yobin ** Hruso (association with Tibeto-Burman doubtful) *** Hruso/Aka, Miji/Sajolang/Damai ** Khowa (association with Tibeto-Burman doubtful) *** Bugun (The Khowas) *** Sherdukpen/Mey, Sartang *** Lispha, Chug *** Sulung/Puroik (association with Kho-Bwa doubtful) ** Sal languages ( Naga tribes ostly Tibeto-Burman speaking; Nagamese creole">Nagamese_creole.html" ;"title="ostly Tibeto-Burman speaking; ostly Tibeto-Burman speaking; Nagamese creole cf. "Konyak languages">Northern Naga") *** Singpho *** Tangsa, Nocte, Wancho, Tutsa Naga">Tutsa ***Chakma people">Chakma *Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern Tai The Southwestern Tai or Thai languages are a branch of the Tai languages of Southeast Asia. Its languages include Central Thai (Siamese), Northern Thai (Lanna), Lao (including Isan), Shan and others. Classification The internal classificatio ...
** Khamti **Khamyang people">Khamyang * Assamese people">Other Indigenous Assamese people


Distribution of various ethno-linguistic group in the state

As one of the Seven Sister States, or eight if including Sikkim in India's remote north-east, it is culturally at least as much part of Southeast Asia as it is of South Asia; ethnolinguistically, it is divided between various Tibeto-Burman speaking Tribes. Monpa area bordering
Bhutan Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in South Asia, in the Eastern Himalayas between China to the north and northwest and India to the south and southeast. With a population of over 727,145 and a territory of , ...
to the west, the Tani and Mishmi areas in the center, Singpho/ Tangsa/ Yobin area bordering Myanmar to the east and the Naga area bordering
Nagaland Nagaland () is a States and union territories of India, state in the northeast India, north-eastern region of India. It is bordered by the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Assam to the west, Manipur to the south, and the Naga Sel ...
in the south. It shares a large part of its border with China and the Indian state of
Assam Assam (, , ) is a state in Northeast India, northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra Valley, Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . It is the second largest state in Northeast India, nor ...
. In between there are transition zones, such as the Bugun/ Aka/ Hruso/ Miji/ Sherdukpen area, which form cultural "buffers" between the Tibetic Buddhist tribes and the Tani hill tribes. In addition, there are isolated peoples scattered throughout the state. Within each of these cultural spheres, one finds populations of related tribes speaking related languages and sharing similar traditions. In the Tibetic area, one finds large numbers of Monpa tribespeople, with several subtribes speaking closely related but mutually incomprehensible languages, and also large numbers of Tibetans. Within the Tani area, major tribes include Nishi, which has recently come to be used by many people to encompass Bangni and even Hills Miri. Apatani also live among the Nishi, but are distinct. In the northern zone the Tagin presides as one of the major tribe extending up to the northeastern side of mechuka . In the centre, one finds predominantly Galo people, with the major sub-groups of Lare, Kargu-kardi and Pugo among others, extending to the Ramo and Pailibo areas (which are close in many ways to Galo). In the east, one finds the Adi, with many subtribes including Padam,
Pasi Pasi may refer to: * Pasi (caste), a Hindu caste of northern India * Pasi (film), ''Pasi'' (film), a 1979 Tamil film * Pasi (given name) * Pasi (surname), a surname of the Pasi community * Pasi, Papua New Guinea, a settlement near the coast of San ...
, Minyong, and Bokar, among others. Milang, while also falling within the general "Adi" sphere, are in many ways quite distinct. Moving east, the Idu, Miju and Digaru make up the "Mishmi" cultural-linguistic area, which may or may not form a coherent historical grouping. Moving southeast, the Tai Khamti are linguistically distinct from their neighbours and culturally distinct from the majority of other Arunachali tribes; they are religiously similar to the Chakmas who have migrated from erstwhile
East Pakistan East Pakistan was the eastern province of Pakistan between 1955 and 1971, restructured and renamed from the province of East Bengal and covering the territory of the modern country of Bangladesh. Its land borders were with India and Burma, wit ...
. They follow the same Theraveda sect of Buddhism. The Chakmas consist of the majority of the tribal population in Diyun Circleand are considered as minority ground in the state of mizoram, tripura and Myanmar. Districts of Lohit, Changlang and Papumpare have a considerable number of Chakmas.
Assam Assam (, , ) is a state in Northeast India, northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra Valley, Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . It is the second largest state in Northeast India, nor ...
also have a countable population of Chakmas who reside in the district of Karbi Anglong, and Dima Hasao district. They also exhibit considerable convergence with the Singpho and Tangsa tribes of the same area, all of which are also found in Burma. Finally, the Nocte and Wancho exhibit cultural and possibly also linguistic affinities to the tribes of
Nagaland Nagaland () is a States and union territories of India, state in the northeast India, north-eastern region of India. It is bordered by the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Assam to the west, Manipur to the south, and the Naga Sel ...
, which they border. There are also Indigenous Assamese people belonging to various indigenous Assamese communities in
Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh (; ) is a States and union territories of India, state in northeast India. It was formed from the North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) region, and India declared it as a state on 20 February 1987. Itanagar is its capital and la ...
. In addition, there are large numbers of migrants from diverse areas of India and Bangladesh, who, while legally not entitled to settle permanently, in practice stay indefinitely, progressively altering the traditional demographic makeup of the state. Finally, populations of "Nepalis" (in fact, usually Tibeto-Burman tribespeople whose tribes predominate in areas of Nepal, but who do not have tribal status in Arunachal Pradesh.) and Chakmas who are considered legal migrants are distributed in different areas of the state (although reliable figures are hard to come by).


Literacy

Literacy has risen in official figures to 66.95% in 2011 from 54.74% in 2001. The literate population is said to number 789,943. Number of literate males are 454,532 (73.69%) and number of literate females are 335,411 (59.57%).


Religion

*"Others" refers to indigenous religious traditions, such as Donyi-Polo (in the Tani area) or Rangfrah (further east).
Tibetan Buddhism Tibetan Buddhism is a form of Buddhism practiced in Tibet, Bhutan and Mongolia. It also has a sizable number of adherents in the areas surrounding the Himalayas, including the Indian regions of Ladakh, Gorkhaland Territorial Administration, D ...
predominates in the districts of Tawang,
West Kameng West Kameng (pronounced ) is a district of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India. It accounts for 8.86% of the total area of the state. The name is derived from the Kameng river, a tributary of the Brahmaputra, that flows through the distric ...
, and isolated regions adjacent to
Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ), or Greater Tibet, is a region in the western part of East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are other ethnic groups s ...
.
Theravada Buddhism ''Theravāda'' (; 'School of the Elders'; ) is Buddhism's oldest existing school. The school's adherents, termed ''Theravādins'' ( anglicized from Pali ''theravādī''), have preserved their version of the Buddha's teaching or '' Dhamma'' in ...
is practiced by groups living near the Burmese border like Changlang. Out of the 101 recognized tribes, 37 have an animist majority (Nyishi, Adi, Galo, Tagin, Adi, Apatani, Bugun, etc.), 23 have a Christian majority (Wancho, Mossang Tangsa, Bori, Yobin, etc.), 15 have a Hindu majority (Mishmi, Mishing/Miri, Indigenous Assamese people, Nepali, Aka, Longchang Tangsa, etc.), and 17 have a Buddhist majority (Monpa, Khampti, Tawang Monpa, Momba, Singpho, Sherdukpen, Chakma, etc.). The remaining 8 tribes do not have a dominant religion (Nocte, Tangsa, Naga, etc.).Table ST-14, Census of India 2001


References


External links


North East Zone Cultural Centre
(Used as information reference to all related articleson tribal groups of Arunachal Pradesh) {{Demographics of India Arunachal Pradesh Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh