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Tshangla
Tshangla is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Bodish branch closely related to the Tibetic languages. Tshangla is primarily spoken in Eastern Bhutan and acts as a lingua franca in the region; it is also spoken in the adjoining Tawang tract in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh and the Pemako region of Tibet. Tshangla is the principal pre-Tibetan language of Bhutan. Classification Tshangla is frequently assumed to be close to the Tibetic languages. Bradley (2002) includes in among the East Bodish languages. Van Driem (2011), however, leaves it unclassified within Sino-Tibetan, pending further research. Bodt (2012:188-189) classifies Tshangla as a Bodish language, but notes that Tshangla (like East Bodish) is related to, but not directly descended, from Classical Tibetan. Grollmann & Gerber (2023) note that Tshangla is not particularly closely related to Bodish at all and should be placed in a separate part of the Trans-Himalayan linguistic phylum. Varieties Tshangla is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pemako Tshangla Dialect
The Pemakö dialect ( , also ''Padma bkod skad'') is a dialect of the Tshangla language. It is the predominant speech in the Pemako region of the Tibet Autonomous Region and an adjoining contiguous area south of the McMahon line in Arunachal Pradesh in India. Though Tshangla is not a Tibetic language, it shares many similarities with Classical Tibetan, particularly in its vocabulary. Many Tibetan loanwords are used in Pemako, due to centuries of close contact with various Tibetan tribes in the Pemako area. Pemako Tshangla has undergone tremendous changes due to its isolation and Tibetan influence. Phonology Below appears a table of Tshangla consonants according to Andvik (2010). Non-native phonemes, in parentheses, are contrasted only marginally with native sounds: /ɬ/ is often nativized to /l/; /dz/ becomes /z/; and /ʑ/ becomes /y/. The above table generally describes onset consonants. Consonant clusters in the onset position are limited to consonant plus /r/, with the excep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tibeto-Burman Languages
The Tibeto-Burman languages are the non- Sinitic members of the Sino-Tibetan language family, over 400 of which are spoken throughout the Southeast Asian Massif ("Zomia") as well as parts of East Asia and South Asia. Around 60 million people speak Tibeto-Burman languages. The name derives from the most widely spoken of these languages, Burmese and the Tibetic languages, which also have extensive literary traditions, dating from the 12th and 7th centuries respectively. Most of the other languages are spoken by much smaller communities, and many of them have not been described in detail. Though the division of Sino-Tibetan into Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman branches (e.g. Benedict, Matisoff) is widely used, some historical linguists criticize this classification, as the non-Sinitic Sino-Tibetan languages lack any shared innovations in phonology or morphology to show that they comprise a clade of the phylogenetic tree. History During the 18th century, several scholars noticed paral ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sharchops
The Sharchops (, ; "Easterner") are the populations of mixed Tibetan, Southeast Asian and South Asian descent that mostly live in the eastern districts of Bhutan. Ethnicity The Sharchops are an Indo-Mongoloid people who migrated from Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, or possibly Burma, c. 1200 – c. 800 BC. Van Driem (1993) indicates that Sharchops are closely related to the Mönpa and that both are descendants of the indigenous Tibetic peoples (pre- Ngalop) of Bhutan. Due to the societal prominence and political power of Dzongkha-speaking Bhutanese, however, Sharchops are marginalized in Bhutan. The Sharchops are the largest ethnic group in Bhutan. Population The Sharchops comprise most of the population of eastern Bhutan, a country whose total population in 2010 was approximately 708,500. Although they have long been the largest single ethnic group in Bhutan, the Sharchop have been largely assimilated into the culturally and politically dominant Tibetic Ngalop culture. Together, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monpa People
The Monpa ( (;, Chinese: 门巴族) are a major people of Arunachal Pradesh in northeastern India and one of the 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in China. Most Monpas live in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, with a population of 50,000, centered in the districts of Tawang and West Kameng. As of 2020 there were 11,143 Monpa people living in Le / Lebo / Lebugou / Lebugou township of Cona / Tsona City in the south of Tibet Autonomous Region, where they are known as Menba (). Of the 45,000 Monpas who live in Arunachal Pradesh, about 20,000 of them live in Tawang district, where they constitute about 97% of the district's population, and almost all of the remainder can be found in the West Kameng district, where they form about 77% of the district's population. A small number of them may be found in bordering areas of East Kameng and Bhutan (2,500). They also share very close affinity with the Sharchops of Bhutan. Their language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bhutan
Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in South Asia, in the Eastern Himalayas between China to the north and northwest and India to the south and southeast. With a population of over 727,145 and a territory of , Bhutan ranks List of countries and dependencies by area, 133rd in land area and List of countries and dependencies by population, 160th in population. Bhutan is a Democracy, democratic constitutional monarchy with a King of Bhutan, King as the head of state and a Prime Minister of Bhutan, prime minister as the head of government. The Je Khenpo is the head of the state religion, Vajrayana Buddhism. The Himalayas, Himalayan mountains in the north rise from the country's lush subtropical plains in the south. In the Mountains of Bhutan, Bhutanese Himalayas, there are peaks higher than above sea level. Gangkhar Puensum is Bhutan's highest peak and is the highest unclimbed mountain in the world. The wildlife of Bhutan is notable for its diversi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bodish Language
Bodish, named for the Tibetan ethnonym ''Bod'', is a proposed grouping consisting of the Tibetic languages and associated Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Tibet, North India, Nepal, Bhutan, and North Pakistan. It has not been demonstrated that all these languages form a clade, characterized by shared innovations, within Sino-Tibetan. Shafer, who coined the term "Bodish", used it for two different levels in his classification, called "section" and "branch" respectively: * Bodish ** Bodish *** West Bodish *** Central Bodish *** South Bodish *** East Bodish ** Gurung ( Tamangic) ** Tshangla ** Rgyalrongic It is now generally accepted that the languages Shafer placed in the first three subgroups are all descended from Old Tibetan, and should be combined as a Tibetic subgroup, with the East Bodish languages as a sister subgroup. More recent classifications omit Rgyalrongic, which is considered a separate branch of Sino-Tibetan. Bradley (1997) also defined a broad "Bodish" grou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Bodish
The East Bodish languages are a small group of non-Tibetic Bodish languages spoken in eastern Bhutan and adjacent areas of Tibet and India. They include: * Dakpa (Tawang Monpa) * Dzala * Nyen, including Mangde and Phobjib * Chali * Bumthang * Kheng * Kurtöp Overview "Bod" ( བོད) is the endonym for Tibet. The term "East Bodish" first appeared in Shafer (1955). He classified "Dwags" (Takpa) into the "East Bodish Unit" within the Bodish Branch of Sino-Tibetan. *Bodic Section **Bodish Branch ***West Bodish Unit ***Central Bodish Unit ***South Bodish Unit ***East Bodish Unit **Gurung Branch **Tshangla Branch ** Rgyalrong Branch Michael Aris mentioned the " Bum-thang" language spoken in areas such as " Tongsa", "Mangdelung", Kheng, and " Kurtö", which retains "the most archaic features of all the Bhutanese languages" George van Driem states that Bumthang, Kheng and Kurtöp could be considered dialects of a single language. Bhutanese anthropologist Kelzang Tas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalaktang Monpa Language
Kalaktang Monpa is an underdocumented Sino-Tibetan language spoken in West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Classification Kalaktang Monpa should not be confused with the Takpa language known under the name ''Tawang Monpa'' in India. It is also distinct from the neighboring Dirang Monpa language. According to Roger Blench, Tshangla as spoken in Bhutan is the closest external relative of Kalaktang Monpa. Glottolog classifies Kalaktang Monpa under ''Tshanglic'', a sub-branch of the Bodic languages The Tibeto-Kanauri languages, also called Bodic, Bodish–Himalayish, and Western Tibeto-Burman, are a proposed intermediate level of classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages, centered on the Tibetic languages and the Kinnauri dialect cluste .... References {{Bodic languages Languages of Arunachal Pradesh West Kameng district Endangered languages of India Bodic languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Bodish Languages
The East Bodish languages are a small group of non-Tibetic Bodish languages spoken in eastern Bhutan and adjacent areas of Tibet and India. They include: * Dakpa (Tawang Monpa) * Dzala * Nyen, including Mangde and Phobjib * Chali * Bumthang * Kheng * Kurtöp Overview "Bod" ( བོད) is the endonym for Tibet. The term "East Bodish" first appeared in Shafer (1955). He classified "Dwags" (Takpa) into the "East Bodish Unit" within the Bodish Branch of Sino-Tibetan. *Bodic Section **Bodish Branch ***West Bodish Unit ***Central Bodish Unit ***South Bodish Unit ***East Bodish Unit **Gurung Branch **Tshangla Branch ** Rgyalrong Branch Michael Aris mentioned the " Bum-thang" language spoken in areas such as " Tongsa", "Mangdelung", Kheng, and " Kurtö", which retains "the most archaic features of all the Bhutanese languages" George van Driem states that Bumthang, Kheng and Kurtöp could be considered dialects of a single language. Bhutanese anthropologist Kelzang Tas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trashigang District
Trashigang District ( Dzongkha: བཀྲ་ཤིས་སྒང་རྫོང་ཁག་; Wylie: ''Bkra-shis-sgang rdzong-khag''; also spelled "Tashigang") is Bhutan Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in South Asia, in the Eastern Himalayas between China to the north and northwest and India to the south and southeast. With a population of over 727,145 and a territory of , ...'s easternmost dzongkhag (district). Culture The population of the district is mainly Sharchop people, Sharchop, which means "easterner" in Dzongkha, the national language. Languages The dominant language of Trashigang is Tshangla language, Tshangla (Sharchopkha), the ''lingua franca'' of eastern Bhutan. Two significant minority languages are spoken in the far eastern region of the district: the East Bodish languages, East Bodish Dakpa language and the Southern Bodish Brokpa language. Dakpa is spoken by descendants of yakherding communities, and may in fact be a d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tibetic Languages
The Tibetic languages form a well-defined group of languages descending from Old Tibetan.Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. "The Tibetic languages and their classification." In ''Trans-Himalayan linguistics, historical and descriptive linguistics of the Himalayan area''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. According to Nicolas Tournadre, there are 50 Tibetic languages, which branch into more than 200 dialects, which could be grouped into eight dialect continua. These Tibetic languages are spoken in Tibet, Ladakh, Baltistan, Aksai Chin, Nepal, and in India in Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Classical Tibetan is the major literary language, particularly for its use in Tibetan Buddhist scriptures and literature. Tibetan languages are spoken by some 6 million people, not all of whom are Tibetan.preprint With the worldwide spread of Tibetan Buddhism, the Tibetan language has also spread into the western world and can be found in many Buddhist publications and prayer materials, while western s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
