Trevor Goward
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Trevor Goward (born 18 November 1952) is a Canadian
environmentalist Environmentalism is a broad Philosophy of life, philosophy, ideology, and social movement about supporting life, habitats, and surroundings. While environmentalism focuses more on the environmental and nature-related aspects of Green politics, g ...
and lichenologist known for his contributions to lichenology and his environmental
conservation Conservation is the preservation or efficient use of resources, or the conservation of various quantities under physical laws. Conservation may also refer to: Environment and natural resources * Nature conservation, the protection and manage ...
, particularly in
British Columbia British Columbia is the westernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Situated in the Pacific Northwest between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains, the province has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that ...
. Goward has authored numerous publications on lichens, including taxonomic guides, and has conducted observational studies that challenge established scientific understandings of lichen symbiosis. Despite lacking formal training in biology, he has served as the
curator A curator (from , meaning 'to take care') is a manager or overseer. When working with cultural organizations, a curator is typically a "collections curator" or an "exhibitions curator", and has multifaceted tasks dependent on the particular ins ...
of the
University of British Columbia The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a Public university, public research university with campuses near University of British Columbia Vancouver, Vancouver and University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, in British Columbia, Canada ...
's lichen
herbarium A herbarium (plural: herbaria) is a collection of preserved plant biological specimen, specimens and associated data used for scientific study. The specimens may be whole plants or plant parts; these will usually be in dried form mounted on a sh ...
since 1989 and has had several lichen species named in his honour. Beyond his scientific work, Goward is an active environmental advocate, focusing on the
conservation Conservation is the preservation or efficient use of resources, or the conservation of various quantities under physical laws. Conservation may also refer to: Environment and natural resources * Nature conservation, the protection and manage ...
of
Wells Gray Provincial Park Wells Gray Provincial Park is a large wilderness park located in east-central British Columbia, Canada. The park protects most of the southern, and highest, regions of the Cariboo Mountains and covers 5,415 square kilometres (541,516 hectares or ...
and the protection of deep-snow
caribou The reindeer or caribou (''Rangifer tarandus'') is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, subarctic, tundra, boreal, and mountainous regions of Northern Europe, Siberia, and North America. It is the only represe ...
herds. He has initiated several educational programmes and research projects, including the Edwards-Ritcey Online Library Project and the Deertrails Naturalist Program, and the Wells Gray Education and Research Centre. In addition to scientific inquiry, Goward incorporates philosophical and spiritual perspectives in his views, advocating for what he terms an "enlivenment" perspective in understanding the natural world. His work demonstrates the potential impact of
citizen science The term citizen science (synonymous to terms like community science, crowd science, crowd-sourced science, civic science, participatory monitoring, or volunteer monitoring) is research conducted with participation from the general public, or am ...
and passionate individuals on scientific understanding and conservation efforts. Goward's deep connection to his local environment is exemplified by his experiences living and working in close proximity to wilderness areas, including an incident where his dog played a crucial role in his rescue after an injury.


Early life and education

Trevor Goward was born in
Vancouver Vancouver is a major city in Western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the List of cities in British Columbia, most populous city in the province, the 2021 Canadian census recorded 662,248 people in the cit ...
on 18 November 1952. Having grown up in rural
Kamloops Kamloops ( ) is a city in south-central British Columbia, Canada, at the confluence of the North Thompson River, North and South Thompson Rivers, which join to become the Thompson River in Kamloops, and east of Kamloops Lake. The city is the ad ...
, he developed a connection to nature from an early age. He earned a
Bachelor of Arts A Bachelor of Arts (abbreviated B.A., BA, A.B. or AB; from the Latin ', ', or ') is the holder of a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the liberal arts, or, in some cases, other disciplines. A Bachelor of Arts deg ...
degree in French and Latin in 1978, graduating at the top of his class from
Mount Allison University Mount Allison University (also Mount A or MtA) is a Canadian primarily undergraduate liberal arts university located in Sackville, New Brunswick, founded in 1839. Mount Allison was the first university in the British Empire to award a baccal ...
in
New Brunswick New Brunswick is a Provinces and Territories of Canada, province of Canada, bordering Quebec to the north, Nova Scotia to the east, the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the northeast, the Bay of Fundy to the southeast, and the U.S. state of Maine to ...
, after attending
Simon Fraser University Simon Fraser University (SFU) is a Public university, public research university in British Columbia, Canada. It maintains three campuses in Greater Vancouver, respectively located in Burnaby (main campus), Surrey, British Columbia, Surrey, and ...
(1973–1974) and the
Université de Sherbrooke The Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS; Quebec English, English: ''University of Sherbrooke'') is a French-language Public university, public research university in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, with a second campus in Longueuil, a suburb on the Mont ...
in
Quebec Quebec is Canada's List of Canadian provinces and territories by area, largest province by area. Located in Central Canada, the province shares borders with the provinces of Ontario to the west, Newfoundland and Labrador to the northeast, ...
(1974–1978). Goward discovered lichens in his early twenties, as part of a self-directed study where he dedicated each year to a different facet of the natural world. Before focusing on lichens, he had studied astronomy, insects, birds,
vascular plant Vascular plants (), also called tracheophytes (, ) or collectively tracheophyta (; ), are plants that have lignin, lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. They also have a specialized non-lignified Ti ...
s, and
mushroom A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing Sporocarp (fungi), fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or another food source. ''Toadstool'' generally refers to a poisonous mushroom. The standard for the n ...
-forming fungi. His career shifted towards lichenology in 1976 when he began studying the lichens of
Wells Gray Provincial Park Wells Gray Provincial Park is a large wilderness park located in east-central British Columbia, Canada. The park protects most of the southern, and highest, regions of the Cariboo Mountains and covers 5,415 square kilometres (541,516 hectares or ...
, which had interested him since his first summer job there in 1971. His self-directed education in lichens resulted in the authorship of three books on the subject, over 80 peer-reviewed papers, the naming of two dozen lichen species, and several species named in his honour. Despite lacking formal training in biology, his expertise is recognised internationally, and he has served as the curator of the UBC lichen herbarium since 1989.


Scientific contributions

Goward's work has challenged longstanding scientific understandings through observational studies and thought experiments in lichenology. Residing near
Wells Gray Provincial Park Wells Gray Provincial Park is a large wilderness park located in east-central British Columbia, Canada. The park protects most of the southern, and highest, regions of the Cariboo Mountains and covers 5,415 square kilometres (541,516 hectares or ...
, his connection to the natural environment, coupled with his dedication to lichen study, has helped challenge long-established ideas regarding lichen symbiosis. Drawing inspiration from figures like
Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin ( ; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English Natural history#Before 1900, naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology. His proposition that all speci ...
and
Henry David Thoreau Henry David Thoreau (born David Henry Thoreau; July 12, 1817May 6, 1862) was an American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher. A leading Transcendentalism, transcendentalist, he is best known for his book ''Walden'', a reflection upon sim ...
, Goward's approach emphasises direct observation and engagement with the natural world. His work has helped reveal complex symbiotic relationships within lichens, contributing to a shift in understanding their biology. His observations in Wells Gray Provincial Park, an area rich in
biodiversity Biodiversity is the variability of life, life on Earth. It can be measured on various levels. There is for example genetic variability, species diversity, ecosystem diversity and Phylogenetics, phylogenetic diversity. Diversity is not distribut ...
and home to diverse lichen species, have led to the identification of new species named in his honour and the publication of three taxonomic guides to lichens. Collaborating with
Toby Spribille Toby Spribille is a lichenologist, specialising in evolution and taxonomy. He identified the presence of yeast cells as an additional fungal component of some lichens. He works at University of Alberta and is the Canada Research Chair in Symbiosi ...
, a lichenologist at the
University of Alberta The University of Alberta (also known as U of A or UAlberta, ) is a public research university located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It was founded in 1908 by Alexander Cameron Rutherford, the first premier of Alberta, and Henry Marshall Tory, t ...
, Goward's insights informed research that identified a second fungal partner in many lichens—a discovery published in the journal ''
Science Science is a systematic discipline that builds and organises knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the universe. Modern science is typically divided into twoor threemajor branches: the natural sciences, which stu ...
'' in July 2016. This research challenged the traditional understanding of lichen symbiosis and opened new avenues for studying symbiotic relationships across biology. Between 1995 and 2009, Goward served on the lichen subcommittee of the
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC, French: Comité sur la situation des espèces en péril au Canada, COSEPAC) is an independent committee of wildlife experts and scientists whose "raison d'être is to identify s ...
(COSEWIC). Goward's writings explore both scientific and philosophical perspectives on lichens. He has published a series of essays called "Twelve Readings on the Lichen Thallus" on his blog "Ways of Enlichenment," which outline his philosophical views on lichens and their relationship to broader ecological and philosophical concepts.


Environmental activism and conservation

Goward has spent significant time studying and advocating for the conservation of Wells Gray Park, where the Canadian biologist R. Yorke Edwards conducted groundbreaking research on caribou and moose in the 1950s and 1960s. Like Edwards, Goward worked as a naturalist in the park for many years and has dedicated his life to research and public education in the area. In 1984, Goward built a home on four hectares adjacent to Wells Gray Park and developed the property into an outdoor campus for naturalists. This approach echoes Edwards's emphasis on hands-on engagement with nature and commitment to environmental education. Goward's work has been significantly influenced by R. Yorke Edwards, a pioneer in wildlife biology, nature education, and museum curation in Canada. Goward has cited Edwards as an important influence on his environmental work. In recognition of Edwards's contributions, Goward initiated the Edwards-Ritcey Online Library Project. This project aims to digitise and make available online over 250 reports, papers, and books pertaining to Wells Gray Park. The library is named in honour of Edwards and Ralph Ritcey, whose early work on Wells Gray's wildlife created a solid foundation for future research. In addition to his scientific work, Goward has been active in environmental causes, opposing plans to dam the Clearwater River in the early 1970s and advocating for the conservation of Wells Gray Park. He co-founded the Friends of Wells Gray Park and played a role in establishing the Wells Gray Education and Research Centre, which operates out of the former Upper Clearwater schoolhouse. In an interview with
The Land Conservancy The Land Conservancy of British Columbia (TLC) is a Non-profit organization, not-for-profit, charitable land trust based in British Columbia, Canada. The purpose of the Society is to protect plants, animals, natural communities and landscape feat ...
, Goward discussed his involvement in the Clearwater Wetlands and Wildlife Corridor campaign. He described the natural history of his property, shaped by glacial movements 11,000 years ago, which now supports a diverse
wetland A wetland is a distinct semi-aquatic ecosystem whose groundcovers are flooded or saturated in water, either permanently, for years or decades, or only seasonally. Flooding results in oxygen-poor ( anoxic) processes taking place, especially ...
ecosystem. Goward explained how the Clearwater Valley serves as a migratory route for many large species, emphasizing the importance of maintaining
wildlife corridor A wildlife corridor, also known as a habitat corridor, or green corridor, is a designated area habitat (ecology), that connects wildlife populations that have been separated by human activities or structures, such as development, roads, or land ...
s to preserve ecological integrity. Goward donated his property, Edgewood Blue, to The Land Conservancy to help establish a wildlife corridor near Wells Gray Park. After discovering two new lichen species near Clearwater, B.C., Goward auctioned their naming rights to raise funds for conservation projects. The goal was to raise $350,000 for the Ancient Forest Alliance and The Land Conservancy to protect B.C.'s
old-growth forest An old-growth forest or primary forest is a forest that has developed over a long period of time without disturbance. Due to this, old-growth forests exhibit unique ecological features. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Natio ...
s and expand Wells Gray Provincial Park. In October 2019, while hiking near his home, Goward
dislocated A joint dislocation, also called luxation, occurs when there is an abnormal separation in the joint, where two or more bones meet. A partial dislocation is referred to as a subluxation. Dislocations are commonly caused by sudden trauma to th ...
his shoulder after falling. Unable to return home due to pain and approaching dusk, he sent his seven-year-old
Australian Shepherd The Australian Shepherd is a breed of herding dog from the United States. The name of the breed is technically a misnomer, as it was developed in California in the 19th century. It is believed to have its origins in sheepdog breeds from northwe ...
, Purple, to seek help. The dog alerted Goward's partner, Curtis Björk, who then organised a rescue effort involving neighbours and the Upper Clearwater Fire Brigade. Björk followed Purple back to Goward's location, where they found him suffering from
shock Shock may refer to: Common uses Healthcare * Acute stress reaction, also known as psychological or mental shock ** Shell shock, soldiers' reaction to battle trauma * Circulatory shock, a medical emergency ** Cardiogenic shock, resulting from ...
and
hypothermia Hypothermia is defined as a body core temperature below in humans. Symptoms depend on the temperature. In mild hypothermia, there is shivering and mental confusion. In moderate hypothermia, shivering stops and confusion increases. In severe ...
. Wells Gray Search and Rescue was contacted, and after about 14 hours from the initial fall, Goward was helped down the mountain on foot. The incident demonstrated Purple's crucial role in the rescue and underscored the utility of
GPS The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based hyperbolic navigation system owned by the United States Space Force and operated by Mission Delta 31. It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provide geol ...
equipment in local rescue operations.


Caribou conservation efforts

Goward has monitored and advocated for the conservation of deep-snow
caribou The reindeer or caribou (''Rangifer tarandus'') is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, subarctic, tundra, boreal, and mountainous regions of Northern Europe, Siberia, and North America. It is the only represe ...
herds in British Columbia. He has closely observed the Wells Gray South caribou herd for decades, documenting its decline from approximately 350 animals to about 140 over a 20-year period. Goward argues that government-sanctioned logging in core caribou habitat amounts to what he terms "designer extinction." He points out that while about 40% of the Wells Gray South herd's core range is within a provincial park, only one-fifth of its extended range is protected, leaving the herd vulnerable to human-induced predation resulting from clearcut logging. Goward launched a website focused on the decline of deep-snow mountain caribou, attributing their endangerment to logging practices. The site details decades of resource decisions that have negatively impacted caribou herds and criticises what Goward sees as government-orchestrated extinction. Goward has highlighted the importance of old-growth forests for caribou survival, particularly the role of arboreal hair lichen as a winter food source. He notes that logging of old-growth forests at lower elevations has disrupted traditional caribou migration patterns and food sources.


Educational initiatives

In 1991, with the help of many others and the involvement of the University College of the Cariboo (now
Thompson Rivers University Thompson Rivers University (commonly referred to as TRU) is a Public university, public research university located in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. The university's name comes from the two rivers which converge in Kamloops, the North Thomp ...
), Goward established the Wells Gray Education and Research Centre. This initiative aligns with Edwards' lifelong commitment to environmental education and research. On 5 October 2013, Goward organised "Yorke Edwards' Day in Wells Gray", a tribute to British Columbia's "Father of Interpretation". A highlight of the event was the sod-turning ceremony for the Wells Gray TRU Wilderness Centre. Goward and his then-partner Helen Knight donated land to Thompson Rivers University for the development of the Wells Gray TRU Wilderness Centre. Goward envisions Edgewood becoming a hub for naturalist education and research, reflecting his commitment to sustainable living and the importance of local natural exploration. In collaboration with The Land Conservancy of British Columbia, Goward launched the Deertrails Naturalist Programme in May 2019. This program is described as "an intergenerational, place-based learning opportunity designed to facilitate the transfer of naturalist knowledge, both scientific and traditional". Since 2008, Goward and his partner Curtis Björk have organised a series of "lichen revival workshops" at their property, Edgewood Blue, and other locations. These workshops bring together professional lichenologists, students, and amateur enthusiasts to discuss lichen taxonomy, ecology, and conservation. The events feature
field trip A field trip or excursion is a journey by a group of associated peers, such as coworkers or school students, to a place away from their normal environment for the purpose of education or leisure, either within their country or abroad. When ar ...
s, laboratory work, and lectures from guest experts. Topics have included lichen symbiosis, species identification, and the role of lichens as environmental
indicators Indicator may refer to: Biology * Environmental indicator of environmental health (pressures, conditions and responses) * Ecological indicator of ecosystem health (ecological processes) * Health indicator, which is used to describe the health ...
. These workshops bring together lichen researchers and enthusiasts for discussions on lichen taxonomy, ecology, and conservation, furthering Goward's goal of increasing public engagement with lichenology.


Recognition and impact

Goward's work in lichenology includes extensive naturalistic observation, interdisciplinary approaches, and the integration of traditional knowledge with scientific inquiry, as evidenced by his respect for
First Nations First nations are indigenous settlers or bands. First Nations, first nations, or first peoples may also refer to: Indigenous groups *List of Indigenous peoples *First Nations in Canada, Indigenous peoples of Canada who are neither Inuit nor Mé ...
people's understanding of the natural world. The
Parmeliaceae The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: '' Xanthoparmelia'' ( 82 ...
genus '' Gowardia'' was named in his honour in 2009, in recognition of his "remarkable and ongoing work on North American lichens". He also has several species named after him: '' Ochrolechia gowardii'' ; ''
Sphaerellothecium gowardii ''Sphaerellothecium gowardii'' is a species of lichenicolous (lichen-dwelling) fungus in the family Phyllachoraceae. It was formally described as a new species in 1998 by Vagn Alstrup and Mariette Cole. The type specimen was collected by Alstr ...
'' ; '' Pyrrhospora gowardiana'' ; '' Alectoria gowardii'' ; and '' Peltigera gowardii'' .


Current work and future vision

Goward envisions promoting Wells Gray Park as a UNESCO
World Heritage Site World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection under an treaty, international treaty administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance. The sites are judged to contain "cultural and natural ...
to highlight its international significance and support the local economy. His efforts focus on understanding and conserving the natural environment, demonstrating the contributions individuals outside traditional academic pathways can make to science and conservation. Through his consulting business, Enlichened Consulting Ltd., Goward continues to contribute to the scientific community and public perceptions of wilderness conservation and the intricate world of lichens.


Legacy and philosophy

Beyond research, Goward aims to increase biological literacy and foster a deeper connection between people and the natural environment. His dedication to conservation and education is reflected in his land donation to
Thompson Rivers University Thompson Rivers University (commonly referred to as TRU) is a Public university, public research university located in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada. The university's name comes from the two rivers which converge in Kamloops, the North Thomp ...
for a research centre and his ongoing efforts to engage with a broad audience through writing and hosting discussions at his home, Edgewood Blue. Goward advocates for a shift from what he calls the "Enlightenment narrative" to an "Enlivenment" perspective, which combines reductionist science with holistic, ecosystem-based approaches traditionally practised by Indigenous peoples.


Selected publications

A complete listing of Goward's publications is available on the Edgewood Wild website. Some representative or highly cited publications follow: * * * * * * * *


See also

* :Taxa named by Trevor Goward


References


External links


Edgewood Wild

Ways of Enlichenment
{{DEFAULTSORT:Goward, Trevor 1952 births Canadian lichenologists Canadian taxonomists Canadian environmentalists Mount Allison University alumni Université de Sherbrooke alumni Scientists from Vancouver Living people