The bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code (translation table 11) is the DNA code used by

bacteria Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were am ...

, archaea, prokaryotic

virus A virus is a wikt:submicroscopic, submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living Cell (biology), cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and ...

es and chloroplast proteins. It is essentially the same as the standard code, however there are some variations in alternative start codons.

The code

As in the standard code, initiation is most efficient at AUG. In addition, GUG and UUG starts are documented in archaea and bacteria. In ''

Escherichia coli ''Escherichia coli'' (),Wells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Harlow ngland Pearson Education Ltd. also known as ''E. coli'' (), is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus '' Esc ...

'', UUG is estimated to serve as initiator for about 3% of the bacterium's proteins. CUG is known to function as an initiator for one plasmid-encoded protein (RepA) in ''E. coli''. In addition to the NUG initiations, in rare cases bacteria can initiate translation from an AUU

codon The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material ( DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links ...

as e.g. in the case of poly(A) polymerase PcnB and the InfC gene that codes for translation initiation factor IF3. The internal assignments are the same as in the standard code though UGA codes at low efficiency for

tryptophan Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side chain indole, making it a polar molecule with a non-polar aromati ...

in ''Bacillus subtilis'' and, presumably, in ''Escherichia coli''.

References

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The code

See also

References