A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, a transitional government or provisional leadership, is a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often following
state collapse
State collapse is a sudden dissolution of a sovereign state. It is often used to describe extreme situations in which state institutions dissolve rapidly.
When a new regime moves in, often led by the military, civil society typically fails to ...
,
revolution
In political science, a revolution (, 'a turn around') is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's class, state, ethnic or religious structures. According to sociologist Jack Goldstone, all revolutions contain "a common set of elements ...
,
civil war
A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...
, or some combination thereof.
Provisional governments generally come to power in connection with a grave crisis that has caused the previous government to suddenly and irreversibly collapse, such as
economic collapse
Economic collapse, also called economic meltdown, is any of a broad range of poor economic conditions, ranging from a severe, prolonged depression with high bankruptcy rates and high unemployment (such as the Great Depression of the 1930s), t ...
,
civil war
A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...
revolution
In political science, a revolution (, 'a turn around') is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's class, state, ethnic or religious structures. According to sociologist Jack Goldstone, all revolutions contain "a common set of elements ...
, or the death of a long-serving authoritarian ruler. Questions of
democratic transition
A democratic transition describes a phase in a country's political system as a result of an ongoing change from an authoritarian regime to a Democracy, democratic one. The process is known as democratisation, political changes moving in a democrat ...
and state-building are often fundamental to the formation and policies of such governments.
Provisional governments maintain power until a new government can be appointed by a regular political process, which is generally an
election
An election is a formal group decision-making process whereby a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold Public administration, public office.
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative d ...
. They may be involved with defining the legal structure of subsequent regimes, guidelines related to
human rights
Human rights are universally recognized Morality, moral principles or Social norm, norms that establish standards of human behavior and are often protected by both Municipal law, national and international laws. These rights are considered ...
and
political freedom
Political freedom (also known as political autonomy or political agency) is a central concept in history and political thought and one of the most important features of democratic societies.Hannah Arendt, "What is Freedom?", ''Between Past and ...
s, the structure of the
economy
An economy is an area of the Production (economics), production, Distribution (economics), distribution and trade, as well as Consumption (economics), consumption of Goods (economics), goods and Service (economics), services. In general, it is ...
,
government institutions
An institution is a humanly devised structure of rules and norms that shape and constrain social behavior. All definitions of institutions generally entail that there is a level of persistence and continuity. Laws, rules, social conventions and ...
, and international alignment.
Provisional governments differ from
caretaker government
A caretaker government, also known as a caretaker regime, is a temporary ''ad hoc'' government that performs some governmental duties and functions in a country until a regular government is elected or formed. Depending on specific practice, it co ...
s, which are responsible for governing within an established
parliamentary system
A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a form of government where the head of government (chief executive) derives their Election, democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of a majority of t ...
and serve temporarily after an election,
vote of no confidence
A motion or vote of no confidence (or the inverse, a motion or vote of confidence) is a motion and corresponding vote thereon in a deliberative assembly (usually a legislative body) as to whether an officer (typically an executive) is deemed fi ...
or
cabinet crisis
A cabinet crisis, government crisis or political crisis refers to a situation where an incumbent government is unable to form or function, is toppled through an uprising, or collapses. Political crises may correspond with, cause or be caused by a ...
, until a new government can be appointed. Caretaker governments operate entirely within the existing constitutional framework and most countries tightly circumscribe their authority, in contrast to provisional governments, which often operate in the absence of any elected legislature and usually enjoy expansive, if temporary, powers.
In opinion of Yossi Shain and Juan J. Linz, provisional governments can be classified to four groups:Yossi Shain, Juan J. Linz, "Between States: Interim Governments in Democratic Transitions", 1995, , p. 5
# Revolutionary provisional governments (when the former regime is overthrown and the power belongs to the people who have overthrown it).
# Power sharing provisional governments (when the power is shared between former regime and the ones who are trying to change it).
# Incumbent provisional governments (when the power during transitional period belongs to the former regime).
# International provisional governments (when the power during the transitional period belongs to the international community).
The establishment of provisional governments is frequently tied to the implementation of
transitional justice
Transitional justice is a process which responds to human rights violations through judicial redress, political reforms and cultural healing efforts and other measures in order to prevent the recurrence of human rights abuse in a region or countr ...
. Provisional governments may be responsible for implementing transitional justice measures as part of the path to establishing a permanent government structure.
The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule. Irregularly convened assemblies during the
English Revolution
The English Revolution is a term that has been used to describe two separate events in English history. Prior to the 20th century, it was generally applied to the 1688 Glorious Revolution, when James II was deposed and a constitutional monarc ...
, such as
Confederate Ireland
Confederate Ireland, also referred to as the Irish Catholic Confederation, was a period of Irish Catholic Church, Catholic self-government between 1642 and 1652, during the Irish Confederate Wars, Eleven Years' War. Formed by Catholic aristoc ...
(1641–49), were described as "provisional". The
Continental Congress
The Continental Congress was a series of legislature, legislative bodies, with some executive function, for the Thirteen Colonies of British America, Great Britain in North America, and the newly declared United States before, during, and after ...
, a convention of delegates from 13 British colonies on the east coast of North America became the provisional government of the
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
in 1776, during the
American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was the armed conflict that comprised the final eight years of the broader American Revolution, in which Am ...
. The government shed its provisional status in 1781, following ratification of the
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation, officially the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement and early body of law in the Thirteen Colonies, which served as the nation's first Constitution, frame of government during the Ameri ...
, and continued in existence as the
Congress of the Confederation
The Congress of the Confederation, or the Confederation Congress, formally referred to as the United States in Congress Assembled, was the governing body of the United States from March 1, 1781, until March 3, 1789, during the Confederation ...
until it was supplanted by the
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislature, legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is a Bicameralism, bicameral legislature, including a Lower house, lower body, the United States House of Representatives, ...
in 1789.
The practice of using "provisional government" as part of a formal name can be traced to Talleyrand's government in France in 1814. In 1843,
American pioneer
American pioneers, also known as American settlers, were European American,Asian American, and African American settlers who migrated westward from the British Thirteen Colonies and later the United States of America to settle and develop areas ...
s in the
Oregon Country
Oregon Country was a large region of the Pacific Northwest of North America that was subject to a long Oregon boundary dispute, dispute between the United Kingdom and the United States in the early 19th century. The area, which had been demarcat ...
, in the
Pacific Northwest
The Pacific Northwest (PNW; ) is a geographic region in Western North America bounded by its coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean to the west and, loosely, by the Rocky Mountains to the east. Though no official boundary exists, the most common ...
region of North America established the Provisional Government of Oregon—as the U.S. federal government had not yet extended its jurisdiction over the region—which existed until March 1849. The numerous provisional governments during the
Revolutions of 1848
The revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the springtime of the peoples or the springtime of nations, were a series of revolutions throughout Europe over the course of more than one year, from 1848 to 1849. It remains the most widespre ...
gave the word its modern meaning: A liberal government established to prepare for elections.
Numerous provisional governments have been established since the 1850s.
Africa
As of 2024, seven African countries currently have provisional governments:
Libya
Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to Egypt–Libya border, the east, Sudan to Libya–Sudan border, the southeast, Chad to Chad–L ...
,
Sudan
Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...
,
South Sudan
South Sudan (), officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the north by Sudan; on the east by Ethiopia; on the south by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Kenya; and on the ...
,
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa, bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Ivory Coast to the southwest. It covers an area of 274,223 km2 (105,87 ...
,
Guinea
Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Côte d'Ivoire to the southeast, and Sier ...
,
Mali
Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is the List of African countries by area, eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over . The country is bordered to the north by Algeria, to the east b ...
and
Niger
Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is a unitary state Geography of Niger#Political geography, bordered by Libya to the Libya–Niger border, north-east, Chad to the Chad–Niger border, east ...
Derg
The Derg or Dergue (, ), officially the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC), was the military junta that ruled Ethiopia, including present-day Eritrea, from 1974 to 1987, when they formally "Civil government, civilianized" the ...
(1974–1987), formed during the
Ethiopian Civil War
The Ethiopian Civil War was a civil war in Ethiopia and present-day Eritrea, fought between the Ethiopian military junta known as the Derg and Ethiopian-Eritrean anti-government rebels from 12 September 1974 to 28 May 1991.
The Derg overthre ...
Haile Selassie
Haile Selassie I (born Tafari Makonnen or ''Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Lij, Lij'' Tafari; 23 July 189227 August 1975) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He rose to power as the Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles, Rege ...
. Ultimately absorbed into the
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE; ) was a socialist state that existed in Ethiopia and present-day Eritrea from 1987 to 1991.
The PDRE was established in February 1987 as a Marxism-Leninism, Marxist-Leninist one-party state upo ...
.
*
Zimbabwe Rhodesia
Zimbabwe Rhodesia (), alternatively known as Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, also informally known as Zimbabwe or Rhodesia, was a short-lived unrecognised sovereign state that existed from 1 June 1979 to 18 April 1980, though it lacked international recog ...
(1979–1980), a short-lived yet internationally unrecognized sovereign state formed in the waning years of the
Rhodesian Bush War
The Rhodesian Bush War, also known as the Rhodesian Civil War, Second as well as the Zimbabwe War of Independence, was a civil conflict from July 1964 to December 1979 in the List of states with limited recognition, unrecognised country U.D.I. ...
, in contrast with the reestablished
Southern Rhodesia
Southern Rhodesia was a self-governing British Crown colony in Southern Africa, established in 1923 and consisting of British South Africa Company (BSAC) territories lying south of the Zambezi River. The region was informally known as South ...
. Ultimately dissolved in favor of granting independence to Southern Rhodesia as
Zimbabwe
file:Zimbabwe, relief map.jpg, upright=1.22, Zimbabwe, relief map
Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Bots ...
South African Border War
The South African Border War, also known as the Namibian War of Independence, and sometimes denoted in South Africa as the Angolan Bush War, was a largely asymmetric conflict that occurred in Namibia (then South West Africa), Zambia, and Angol ...
People's Republic of Mozambique
The People's Republic of Mozambique (Portuguese: ''República Popular de Moçambique'') was a socialist state that existed in present-day Mozambique from 1975 to 1990. It was established when the country gained independence from Portugal in June ...
following the death of president
Samora Machel
Samora Moisés Machel (29 September 1933 – 19 October 1986) was a Mozambique, Mozambican politician and revolutionary. A Socialism, socialist in the tradition of Marxism–Leninism, he served as the first President of Mozambique from the coun ...
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF; ) was an ethnic federalist political coalition in Ethiopia that existed from 1989 to 2019. It consisted of four political parties: Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), Amhara ...
's overthrow of the
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE; ) was a socialist state that existed in Ethiopia and present-day Eritrea from 1987 to 1991.
The PDRE was established in February 1987 as a Marxism-Leninism, Marxist-Leninist one-party state upo ...
at the end of the
Ethiopian Civil War
The Ethiopian Civil War was a civil war in Ethiopia and present-day Eritrea, fought between the Ethiopian military junta known as the Derg and Ethiopian-Eritrean anti-government rebels from 12 September 1974 to 28 May 1991.
The Derg overthre ...
Somali Democratic Republic
The Somali Democratic Republic (; , ; ) was a socialist state in Somalia that existed from 1969 to 1991.
Established in October 1969, the Somali Democratic Republic emerged following a 1969 Somali coup d'état, coup d'état led by Major General ...
and the onset of the
Somali Civil War
The Somali Civil War (; ) is an List of ongoing armed conflicts, ongoing civil war that is taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the military junta which was led by Siad Barre during the 1980s. From 1988 to 1990, the Somali Armed ...
independence
Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state, in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the status of ...
from
Ethiopia
Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...
the Gambia
The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. Geographically, The Gambia is the List of African countries by area, smallest country in continental Africa; it is surrounded by Senegal on all sides except for ...
following the
1994 Gambian coup d'état
In the 1994 Gambian coup d'état, a group of soldiers led by 29-year-old Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh seized power in a coup d'état on the morning of 22 July, ousting Dawda Jawara, who had been President of The Gambia since it became a Republic in ...
. Dissolved after
Yahya Jammeh
Yahya Abdul-Aziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh (born 25 May 1965) is a Gambian politician and former soldier, who served as President of the Gambia from 1996 to 2017. He was the Chairman of the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC) from 1994 ...
, the head of the ruling council, was elected and inaugurated as
president
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
* President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment Film and television
*'' Præsident ...
Second Congo War
The Second Congo War, also known as Africa's World War or the Great War of Africa, was a major conflict that began on 2 August 1998, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, just over a year after the First Congo War. The war initially erupted ...
Liberia
Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to Liberia–Sierra Leone border, its northwest, Guinea to Guinea–Liberia border, its north, Ivory Coast to Ivory Coast–Lib ...
Islamic state
The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadism, Salafi jihadist organization and unrecognized quasi-state. IS ...
Darfur
Darfur ( ; ) is a region of western Sudan. ''Dār'' is an Arabic word meaning "home f – the region was named Dardaju () while ruled by the Daju, who migrated from Meroë , and it was renamed Dartunjur () when the Tunjur ruled the area. ...
region of
Sudan
Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...
War in Darfur
The War in Darfur, also nicknamed the Land Cruiser War, was a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army, Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equalit ...
Marc Ravalomanana
Marc Ravalomanana (; born 12 December 1949) is a Malagasy politician who served as the sixth List of presidents of Madagascar, president of Madagascar from 2002 to 2009. Born into a farming Merina people, Merina family in Imerinkasinina, near th ...
Egypt
Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...
formed following the resignation of president
Hosni Mubarak
Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011 and the 41st Prime Minister of Egypt, prime minister from 1981 to ...
election
An election is a formal group decision-making process whereby a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold Public administration, public office.
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative d ...
Libya
Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to Egypt–Libya border, the east, Sudan to Libya–Sudan border, the southeast, Chad to Chad–L ...
against the Gaddafi-led government
* Interim government of
Egypt
Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...
Government of National Accord
The Government of National Accord (GNA; ) was an interim government for Libya that was formed under the terms of the Libyan Political Agreement, a United Nations–led initiative, signed on 17 December 2015. The agreement was unanimously endors ...
(2015–2021), interim ruling body of
Libya
Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to Egypt–Libya border, the east, Sudan to Libya–Sudan border, the southeast, Chad to Chad–L ...
Cameroon
Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the R ...
Libya
Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to Egypt–Libya border, the east, Sudan to Libya–Sudan border, the southeast, Chad to Chad–L ...
(2021–present), a merger of the
Government of National Accord
The Government of National Accord (GNA; ) was an interim government for Libya that was formed under the terms of the Libyan Political Agreement, a United Nations–led initiative, signed on 17 December 2015. The agreement was unanimously endors ...
death
Death is the end of life; the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Death eventually and inevitably occurs in all organisms. The remains of a former organism normally begin to decompose sh ...
Idriss Déby
Idriss Déby Itno ( '; 18 June 1952 – 20 April 2021) was a Chadian politician and military officer who was the sixth List of heads of state of Chad, president of Chad from 1991 until his death in 2021 during the 2021 Northern Chad offensive, No ...
.
*
National Committee of Reconciliation and Development
The National Committee of Reconciliation and Development (, CNRD) is the ruling military junta of Guinea
Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bis ...
(2021-present), formed in 2021 following the ousting of president Alpha Condé by the military.
*
Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration
The Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration (PMSR) has been the ruling military junta of Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa, bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the sou ...
in
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa, bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Ivory Coast to the southwest. It covers an area of 274,223 km2 (105,87 ...
(2022–present), formed on 24 January 2022, the group took over after a coup in January. Its leader Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba suffered a coup himself later that year. Afterwards, Ibrahim Traoré took power as the leader of the military junta and interim president of Burkina Faso.
*
National Transitional Council
The National Transitional Council (NTC) was a transitional government established in the 2011 Libyan civil war. After rebel forces overthrew the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya of Muammar Gaddafi in August 2011, the NTC governed Libya for a further ...
in
Chad
Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North Africa, North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to Chad–Libya border, the north, Sudan to Chad–Sudan border, the east, the Central Afric ...
technocracy
Technocracy is a form of government in which decision-makers appoint knowledge experts in specific domains to provide them with advice and guidance in various areas of their policy-making responsibilities. Technocracy follows largely in the tra ...
, the government's stated goal is to lay groundwork for free and fair elections in the country.
Americas
As of 2024 in the Americas, only
Haiti
Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of the Bahamas. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island, which it shares with the Dominican ...
is formally administered by a provisional government.
*
Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress (1775–1781) was the meetings of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that united in support of the American Revolution and American Revolutionary War, Revolutionary War, which established American independence ...
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, colonies, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, mandates, and other Dependent territory, territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It bega ...
. Following the ratification of the
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation, officially the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement and early body of law in the Thirteen Colonies, which served as the nation's first Constitution, frame of government during the Ameri ...
, the Continental Congress was absorbed into the
Congress of the Confederation
The Congress of the Confederation, or the Confederation Congress, formally referred to as the United States in Congress Assembled, was the governing body of the United States from March 1, 1781, until March 3, 1789, during the Confederation ...
, which subsequently became the
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislature, legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is a Bicameralism, bicameral legislature, including a Lower house, lower body, the United States House of Representatives, ...
upon ratification of the
Constitution
A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed.
When these pri ...
.
*
Primera Junta
The Primera Junta ("First Junta") or ''Junta Provisional Gubernativa de las Provincias del Río de la Plata'' ("Provisional Governing Junta of the Provinces of the Río de la Plata"), is the most common name given to the first government of what ...
(1810), interim ruling body of the
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata or Viceroyalty of Buenos Aires ( or Virreinato de Buenos Aires or ) meaning "River of the Silver", also called the "Viceroyalty of River Plate" in some scholarly writings, in southern South America, was ...
following
Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros
Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros y de la Torre (6 January 1756 – 9 June 1829) was a Spanish Navy officer and colonial administrator. He took part in the Battle of Cape St Vincent and the Battle of Trafalgar, and in the Spanish resistance against ...
' resignation during the
May Revolution
The May Revolution () was a week-long series of events that took place from 18 to 25 May 1810, in Buenos Aires, capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. This Spanish colony included roughly the territories of present-day Argentina, ...
. Succeeded by the Junta Grande after seven months in power.
* Junta Grande (1810–1811), successor to the
Primera Junta
The Primera Junta ("First Junta") or ''Junta Provisional Gubernativa de las Provincias del Río de la Plata'' ("Provisional Governing Junta of the Provinces of the Río de la Plata"), is the most common name given to the first government of what ...
. Aimed to facilitate the transition to a junta that represented all cities in the
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata or Viceroyalty of Buenos Aires ( or Virreinato de Buenos Aires or ) meaning "River of the Silver", also called the "Viceroyalty of River Plate" in some scholarly writings, in southern South America, was ...
, only to meet limited recognition within its own territory. Succeeded by the
First Triumvirate
The First Triumvirate was an informal political alliance among three prominent politicians in the late Roman Republic: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gaius Julius Caesar. The republican constitution had many veto points. ...
.
*
Government Junta of Chile (1810)
The First Government Junta of Chile, officially the Provisional Government Junta of the Kingdom in the name of Ferdinand VII, was the organization established to rule post- colonial Chile following the deposition and imprisonment of King Ferdi ...
, interim government of Chile following the deposition and imprisonment of King
Ferdinand VII
Ferdinand VII (; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was King of Spain during the early 19th century. He reigned briefly in 1808 and then again from 1813 to his death in 1833. Before 1813 he was known as ''el Deseado'' (the Desired), and af ...
of Spain by
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
Mexico
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...
following the dissolution of the
First Mexican Empire
The Mexican Empire (, ) was a constitutional monarchy and the first independent government of Mexico. It was also the only former viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire to establish a monarchy after gaining independence. The empire existed from 18 ...
. Succeeded by the
First Mexican Republic
The First Mexican Republic, known also as the First Federal Republic (), existed from 1824 to 1835. It was a Federal republic, federated republic, established by the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, Constitution of 1824, the first constitution of ...
Uruguay
Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast, while bordering the Río de la Plata to the south and the A ...
Empire of Brazil
The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and Uruguay until the latter achieved independence in 1828. The empire's government was a Representative democracy, representative Par ...
and the
United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (), earlier known as the United Provinces of South America (), was a name adopted in 1816 by the Congress of Tucumán for the region of South America that declared independence in 1816, with the Sove ...
recognized the country's independence. Dissolved following Rondeau's resignation.
* Texian Consultation (1835–1836), interim ruling body of
Mexican Texas
Mexican Texas is the historiographical name used to refer to the era of Texan history between 1821 and 1836, when it was part of Mexico. Mexico gained independence in 1821 after winning its Mexican War of Independence, war against Spain, whi ...
during the
Texas Revolution
The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) was a rebellion of colonists from the United States and Tejanos (Hispanic Texans) against the Centralist Republic of Mexico, centralist government of Mexico in the Mexican state of ...
Oregon Country
Oregon Country was a large region of the Pacific Northwest of North America that was subject to a long Oregon boundary dispute, dispute between the United Kingdom and the United States in the early 19th century. The area, which had been demarcat ...
Oregon boundary dispute
The Oregon boundary dispute or the Oregon Question was a 19th-century territorial dispute over the political division of the Pacific Northwest of North America between several nations that had competing territorial and commercial aspirations in ...
. While the government was established during the
Champoeg Meetings
The Champoeg Meetings were the first attempts at formal governance by European-American and French Canadian pioneers in the Oregon Country on the Pacific Northwest coast of North America. Between 1841 and 1843, a series of public councils was he ...
in 1841, it did not exercise rule until the adoption of the Organic Laws of Oregon and the meetings' conclusion two years later, with the organic laws specifying that the government would only administer the territory "until such time as the United States of America extend their jurisdiction over us." While the 1846
Oregon Treaty
The Oregon Treaty was a treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States that was signed on June 15, 1846, in Washington, D.C. The treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to ...
resolved the boundary dispute by formally partitioning the region between the US-administered
Oregon Territory
The Territory of Oregon was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 14, 1848, until February 14, 1859, when the southwestern portion of the territory was admitted to the United States, Union as the Oreg ...
and unorganized UK-administered territory (later restructured as the
Colony of British Columbia The Colony of British Columbia refers to one of two colonies of British North America, located on the Pacific coast of modern-day Canada:
* Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)
* Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)
See also
* History of ...
), the provisional government remained in place until the appointment of Joseph Lane as
governor
A governor is an politician, administrative leader and head of a polity or Region#Political regions, political region, in some cases, such as governor-general, governors-general, as the head of a state's official representative. Depending on the ...
California
California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...
established during the
Mexican–American War
The Mexican–American War (Spanish language, Spanish: ''guerra de Estados Unidos-México, guerra mexicano-estadounidense''), also known in the United States as the Mexican War, and in Mexico as the United States intervention in Mexico, ...
New Mexico
New Mexico is a state in the Southwestern United States, Southwestern region of the United States. It is one of the Mountain States of the southern Rocky Mountains, sharing the Four Corners region with Utah, Colorado, and Arizona. It also ...
following the region's occupation by the
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
during the
Mexican–American War
The Mexican–American War (Spanish language, Spanish: ''guerra de Estados Unidos-México, guerra mexicano-estadounidense''), also known in the United States as the Mexican War, and in Mexico as the United States intervention in Mexico, ...
. Succeeded by the
New Mexico Territory
The Territory of New Mexico was an organized incorporated territory of the United States from September 9, 1850, until January 6, 1912. It was created from the U.S. provisional government of New Mexico, as a result of '' Nuevo México'' becomi ...
Confederate States of America
The Confederate States of America (CSA), also known as the Confederate States (C.S.), the Confederacy, or Dixieland, was an List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies, unrecognized breakaway republic in the Southern United State ...
following the member states'
secession
Secession is the formal withdrawal of a group from a Polity, political entity. The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession (such as a declaration of independence). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal i ...
from the
United States of America
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguo ...
. Dissolved following the
election
An election is a formal group decision-making process whereby a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold Public administration, public office.
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative d ...
and inauguration of
Jefferson Davis
Jefferson F. Davis (June 3, 1808December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as the only President of the Confederate States of America, president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865. He represented Mississippi in the Unite ...
as
President of the Confederate States of America
The president of the Confederate States was the head of state and head of government of the unrecognized breakaway Confederate States. The president was the chief executive of the federal government and commander-in-chief of the Confederate A ...
State of Georgia
Georgia is a state in the Southeastern United States. It borders Tennessee and North Carolina to the north, South Carolina and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Florida to the south, and Alabama to the west. Of the 50 U.S. states, Georgia i ...
during the leadup to its secession from the United States.
*
Confederate government of Kentucky
The Confederate government of Kentucky was a government-in-exile, shadow government established for the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Kentucky by a self-constituted group of Confederate States of America, Confederate sympathizer ...
(1861–), a shadow government formed by pro-Confederate state legislators in
Kentucky
Kentucky (, ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north, West Virginia to the ...
. Though it never replaced the official state government, it was recognized by and admitted to the
Confederate States of America
The Confederate States of America (CSA), also known as the Confederate States (C.S.), the Confederacy, or Dixieland, was an List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies, unrecognized breakaway republic in the Southern United State ...
. No documentation exists regarding when the provisional government dissolved, but historians assume that it did so upon the conclusion of the
American Civil War
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and the Confederate States of A ...
constituent assembly
A constituent assembly (also known as a constitutional convention, constitutional congress, or constitutional assembly) is a body assembled for the purpose of drafting or revising a constitution. Members of a constituent assembly may be elected b ...
to vote on whether or not to secede from the
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
during the
American Civil War
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and the Confederate States of A ...
before restructuring itself as a provisional state government following the outbreak of violence between pro-Union and pro- Confederacy factions.
*
Provisional Government of Saskatchewan
The Provisional Government of Saskatchewan was an independent state declared during the North-West Rebellion of 1885 in the District of Saskatchewan of the North-West Territories. The name was given by Louis Riel. Although Riel initially hop ...
(1885), formed by revolting
Métis
The Métis ( , , , ) are a mixed-race Indigenous people whose historical homelands include Canada's three Prairie Provinces extending into parts of Ontario, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories and the northwest United States. They ha ...
during the
North-West Rebellion
The North-West Rebellion (), was an armed rebellion of Métis under Louis Riel and an associated uprising of Cree and Assiniboine mostly in the District of Saskatchewan, against the Government of Canada, Canadian government. Important events i ...
. Dissolved following Canada's victory in the
Battle of Batoche
A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...
Spanish–American War
The Spanish–American War (April 21 – August 13, 1898) was fought between Restoration (Spain), Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with the sinking of the USS Maine (1889), USS ''Maine'' in Havana Harbor in Cuba, and resulted in the ...
Spanish–American War
The Spanish–American War (April 21 – August 13, 1898) was fought between Restoration (Spain), Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with the sinking of the USS Maine (1889), USS ''Maine'' in Havana Harbor in Cuba, and resulted in the ...
Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...
following the deposition of Gerardo Machado. Ousted after five days in power by the
Directorio Estudiantil Universitario The Directorio Estudiantil Universitario (DEU; ) was founded in 1927 by University of Havana students against the backdrop of a power grab by President Gerardo Machado consisting of constitutional reforms designed to prolong his presidential term by ...
, which appointed the
One Hundred Days Government
The One Hundred Days Government (Spanish: ''Gobierno de los Cien Días'') is the name normally used in Cuba to refer to the Cuban government of Ramon Grau which lasted from 10 September 1933 until 15 January 1934.
Background
Leading up to thi ...
in their place.
*
One Hundred Days Government
The One Hundred Days Government (Spanish: ''Gobierno de los Cien Días'') is the name normally used in Cuba to refer to the Cuban government of Ramon Grau which lasted from 10 September 1933 until 15 January 1934.
Background
Leading up to thi ...
(1933–1934), interim ruling body of
Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...
Directorio Estudiantil Universitario The Directorio Estudiantil Universitario (DEU; ) was founded in 1927 by University of Havana students against the backdrop of a power grab by President Gerardo Machado consisting of constitutional reforms designed to prolong his presidential term by ...
. Overthrown in a military coup by
Fulgencio Batista
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (born Rubén Zaldívar; January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was a Cuban military officer and politician who played a dominant role in Cuban politics from his initial rise to power as part of the 1933 Revolt of t ...
president of Cuba
The president of Cuba (), officially the president of the Republic of Cuba (), is the head of state of Cuba. The office in its current form was established under the Constitution of 2019. The President is the second-highest office in Cuba and ...
Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement ( , MNR) is a centre-right, conservative political party in Bolivia. It was the leading force behind the Bolivian National Revolution from 1952 to 1964. It influenced much of the country's history since 19 ...
election
An election is a formal group decision-making process whereby a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold Public administration, public office.
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative d ...
President of Bolivia
The president of Bolivia (), officially known as the president of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (), is head of state and head of government of Bolivia and the captain general of the Armed Forces of Bolivia.
According to the Bolivian C ...
.
* Founding Council (1948–1949), interim government of
Costa Rica
Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in Central America. It borders Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, as well as Maritime bo ...
Otilio Ulate Blanco
Luis Rafael de la Trinidad Otilio Ulate Blanco (August 25, 1891 – October 10, 1973) served as President of Costa Rica
Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in Central America. It borders Nicaragua to the north ...
federal government of the United States
The Federal Government of the United States of America (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the Federation#Federal governments, national government of the United States.
The U.S. federal government is composed of three distinct ...
, with the intent of creating an independent country in present-day
East Texas
East Texas is a broadly defined cultural, geographic, and ecological region in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Texas that consists of approximately 38 counties. It is roughly divided into Northeast Texas, Northeast, Southeast Texas, Sout ...
,
Louisiana
Louisiana ( ; ; ) is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States. It borders Texas to the west, Arkansas to the north, and Mississippi to the east. Of the 50 U.S. states, it ranks 31st in area and 25 ...
,
Mississippi
Mississippi ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Deep South regions of the United States. It borders Tennessee to the north, Alabama to the east, the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Louisiana to the s ...
,
Alabama
Alabama ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Deep South, Deep Southern regions of the United States. It borders Tennessee to the north, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gu ...
,
Georgia
Georgia most commonly refers to:
* Georgia (country), a country in the South Caucasus
* Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the southeastern United States
Georgia may also refer to:
People and fictional characters
* Georgia (name), a list of pe ...
,
South Carolina
South Carolina ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders North Carolina to the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, and Georgia (U.S. state), Georg ...
, and
North Florida
North Florida is a Regions of the United States#Florida, region of the U.S. state of Florida comprising the northernmost part of the state. Along with South Florida and Central Florida, it is one of Florida's three most common "directional" regi ...
.
*
People's Revolutionary Government
The People's Revolutionary Government (PRG) was proclaimed on 13 March 1979 after the Marxist–Leninist New Jewel Movement overthrew the government of Grenada in a revolution, making Grenada the only socialist state within Commonwealth of Nati ...
(1979–1983), interim ruling body of
Grenada
Grenada is an island country of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea. The southernmost of the Windward Islands, Grenada is directly south of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and about north of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and the So ...
following the New Jewel Movement's takeover of the government. Overthrown in the
United States invasion of Grenada
The United States and a coalition of Caribbean countries invaded the small island nation of Grenada, north of Venezuela, at dawn on 25 October 1983. Codenamed Operation Urgent Fury by the U.S. military, it resulted in military occupation with ...
Nicaragua
Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the geographically largest Sovereign state, country in Central America, comprising . With a population of 7,142,529 as of 2024, it is the third-most populous country in Central America aft ...
after the overthrow of
Anastasio Somoza Debayle
Anastasio "Tachito" Somoza Debayle (; 5 December 1925 – 17 September 1980) was a Nicaraguan politician who served as the 53rd President of Nicaragua from 1967 to 1972 and again from 1974 to 1979. As head of the National Guard (Nicaragu ...
during the
Nicaraguan Revolution
The Nicaraguan Revolution () began with rising opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s, the ouster of the dictatorship in 1978–79, and fighting between the government and the Contras from 1981 to 1990. The revolution r ...
. Dissolved following the
election
An election is a formal group decision-making process whereby a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold Public administration, public office.
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative d ...
and inauguration of
Daniel Ortega
José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (; ; born 11 November 1945) is a Nicaraguan politician and dictator who has been the president of Nicaragua, co-president of Nicaragua since 18 February 2025, alongside his wife Rosario Murillo. He was the 54th an ...
as president.
* Interim Advisory Council (1983–1984), interim ruling body of
Grenada
Grenada is an island country of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea. The southernmost of the Windward Islands, Grenada is directly south of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and about north of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and the So ...
following the deposition of the
People's Revolutionary Government
The People's Revolutionary Government (PRG) was proclaimed on 13 March 1979 after the Marxist–Leninist New Jewel Movement overthrew the government of Grenada in a revolution, making Grenada the only socialist state within Commonwealth of Nati ...
Haiti
Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of the Bahamas. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island, which it shares with the Dominican ...
National Assembly
In politics, a national assembly is either a unicameral legislature, the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or both houses of a bicameral legislature together. In the English language it generally means "an assembly composed of the repr ...
Nicolás Maduro
Nicolás Maduro Moros (; born 23 November 1962) is a Venezuelan politician and former union leader serving as the 53rd president of Venezuela since 2013. Previously, he was the 24th Vice President of Venezuela, vice president from 2012 to 20 ...
. The transitional government was supported and recognized by the United States, the European Union, the Lima Group, and many other Western countries, ultimately dissolving in 2022 upon declaring that it had failed to achieve its goals.
* Presidency of Francisco Sagasti (2020–2021), established on November 17, 2020, as a result of various political and economic hardships during the Peruvian political crisis and the
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an disease outbreak, outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December ...
, including two presidential impeachments and one presidential resignation. Political analysts in Peru characterized the administration as a "transitional government" and an "emergency government," which was eventually succeeded by the Bellido cabinet following the inauguration of Pedro Castillo on July 28, 2021.
* Transitional Presidential Council (2024–present), established in April 2024 to exercise the powers and duties of the
President of Haiti
The president of Haiti (, ), officially called the president of the Republic of Haiti (, , ), is the head of state of Haiti. Executive power in Haiti is divided between the president and the government, which is headed by the prime minister of ...
either until an elected president is inaugurated or until 7 February 2026. The council was officially sworn in as the
head of state
A head of state is the public persona of a sovereign state.#Foakes, Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representative of its international persona." The name given to the office of head of sta ...
of Haiti following the resignation of acting prime minister
Ariel Henry
Ariel Henry (; born 6 November 1949) is a Haitian neurosurgeon and politician who served as the acting Prime Minister of Haiti, prime minister of Haiti from Assassination of Jovenel Moïse, the assassination of Jovenel Moïse in 2021 until his r ...
Pharisees
The Pharisees (; ) were a Jews, Jewish social movement and school of thought in the Levant during the time of Second Temple Judaism. Following the Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70), destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD, Pharisaic beliefs became ...
and
Sadducees
The Sadducees (; ) were a sect of Jews active in Judea during the Second Temple period, from the second century BCE to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. The Sadducees are described in contemporary literary sources in contrast to ...
during the
First Jewish–Roman War
The First Jewish–Roman War (66–74 CE), also known as the Great Jewish Revolt, the First Jewish Revolt, the War of Destruction, or the Jewish War, was the first of three major Jewish rebellions against the Roman Empire. Fought in the prov ...
with the intent of establishing a
Halachic state
The term "halachic state" ( ) refers to a sovereign state that endorses Judaism in an official capacity and governs by Jewish religious law. It has been a subject of discussion among Orthodox Jews, particularly with regard to modern Israel, which, ...
in
Judea
Judea or Judaea (; ; , ; ) is a mountainous region of the Levant. Traditionally dominated by the city of Jerusalem, it is now part of Palestine and Israel. The name's usage is historic, having been used in antiquity and still into the pres ...
Spanish East Indies
The Spanish East Indies were the colonies of the Spanish Empire in Asia-Pacific, Asia and Oceania from 1565 to 1901, governed through the Captaincy General of the Philippines, captaincy general in Manila for the Monarchy of Spain, Spanish Crown, i ...
during the
Spanish–American War
The Spanish–American War (April 21 – August 13, 1898) was fought between Restoration (Spain), Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with the sinking of the USS Maine (1889), USS ''Maine'' in Havana Harbor in Cuba, and resulted in the ...
. Succeeded by the
First Philippine Republic
The Philippine Republic (), now officially remembered as the First Philippine Republic and also referred to by historians as the Malolos Republic, was a state established in Malolos, Bulacan, during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish ...
following the promulgation of the
Malolos Constitution
The Political Constitution of 1899 (), informally known as the Malolos Constitution, was the constitution of the First Philippine Republic. It was written by Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino as an alternative to a pair of prop ...
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
The Philippine Insular GovernmentThis form of the name appeared in the titles of US Supreme Court cases, but was otherwise rarely used. See s:Costas v. Government of the Philippine Islands/Opinion of the Court, Costas v. Government of the Phili ...
following the
Philippine–American War
The Philippine–American War, known alternatively as the Philippine Insurrection, Filipino–American War, or Tagalog Insurgency, emerged following the conclusion of the Spanish–American War in December 1898 when the United States annexed th ...
Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Uprising, was an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-Christian uprising in North China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty, by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious F ...
. Dissolved after ceding control of the
Tianjin
Tianjin is a direct-administered municipality in North China, northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the National Central City, nine national central cities, with a total population of 13,866,009 inhabitants at the time of the ...
area back to the
Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...
, though the Eight-Nation Alliance maintained a military presence to ensure open access to Beijing.
*
Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)
The Provisional Government of the Republic of China () was a provisional government established during the 1911 Revolution, Xinhai Revolution by the revolutionaries in 1912. After the success of the Wuchang Uprising, revolutionary provincial assem ...
government-in-exile
A government-in-exile (GiE) is a political group that claims to be the legitimate government of a sovereign state or semi-sovereign state, but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in a foreign country. Governments in exile usu ...
based in
Kabul
Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Located in the eastern half of the country, it is also a municipality, forming part of the Kabul Province. The city is divided for administration into #Districts, 22 municipal districts. A ...
,
Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the Durand Line, east and south, Iran to the Afghanistan–Iran borde ...
* Republic of Van (1915), established as a puppet government of the
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...
in occupied
Western Armenia
Western Armenia (Western Armenian: Արեւմտեան Հայաստան, ''Arevmdian Hayasdan'') is a term to refer to the western parts of the Armenian highlands located within Turkey (formerly the Ottoman Empire) that comprise the historic ...
. Dissolved in the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a separate peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which Russia withdrew from World War I. The treaty, whi ...
following the
February Revolution
The February Revolution (), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution or February Coup was the first of Russian Revolution, two revolutions which took place in Russia ...
and the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and the Russian Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the labo ...
's withdrawal from
World War I
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
.
* Alash Orda (1917–1918), established as the interim governing body of the newly formed
Alash Autonomy
The Alash Autonomy, also known as Alash Orda, was an unrecognized Kazakh proto-state located in Central Asia and was part of the Russian Republic, and then Soviet Russia. The Alash Autonomy was founded in 1917 by Kazakh elites, and disestabli ...
in opposition to rival
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, were a radical Faction (political), faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, ...
councils aligned with
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( 187021 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the first head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 until Death and state funeral of ...
Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
The Korean Provisional Government (KPG), formally the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (), was a Korean government-in-exile based in Republic of China (1912–1949), China during Korea under Japanese rule, Japanese rule over K ...
(1919), established in exile based in
Shanghai
Shanghai, Shanghainese: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: is a direct-administered municipality and the most populous urban area in China. The city is located on the Chinese shoreline on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the ...
,
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
and later in
Chongqing
ChongqingPostal Romanization, Previously romanized as Chungking ();. is a direct-administered municipality in Southwestern China. Chongqing is one of the four direct-administered municipalities under the State Council of the People's Republi ...
, during the
Japanese occupation of Korea
From 1910 to 1945, Korea was ruled by the Empire of Japan under the name Chōsen (), the Japanese reading of "Joseon".
Japan first took Korea into its sphere of influence during the late 1800s. Both Korea (Joseon) and Japan had been under polic ...
Mandatory Palestine
Mandatory Palestine was a British Empire, British geopolitical entity that existed between 1920 and 1948 in the Palestine (region), region of Palestine, and after 1922, under the terms of the League of Nations's Mandate for Palestine.
After ...
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...
during the
Turkish War of Independence
, strength1 = May 1919: 35,000November 1920: 86,000Turkish General Staff, ''Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi'', Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225August 1922: 271,000Celâl Erikan, Rıdvan Akın: ''Kurtuluş Savaşı tarih ...
* Provisional Government of Mongolia (1921–1924), established by the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party upon the organization's formation in Kyakhta. Succeeded by the
Mongolian People's Republic
The Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) was a socialist state that existed from 1924 to 1992, located in the historical region of Outer Mongolia. Its independence was officially recognized by the Nationalist government of Republic of China (1912� ...
Empire of Japan
The Empire of Japan, also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was the Japanese nation state that existed from the Meiji Restoration on January 3, 1868, until the Constitution of Japan took effect on May 3, 1947. From Japan–Kor ...
after its invasion of Eastern China
* Provisional Government of Free India (1943–1945), commonly known as ''Azad Hind'', established by Indian nationalists in southeast Asia, had nominal sovereignty over Axis-controlled Indian territories, and had diplomatic relationships with eleven countries including Germany, Italy, Japan, Philippines, and the Soviet Union. It was headed by
Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose (23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945) was an Indian independence movement, Indian nationalist whose defiance of British raj, British authority in India made him a hero among many Indians, but his wartime alliances with ...
, who was the Head of the State and Prime Minister, who was also Supreme Commander of the Indian National Army. The government had its own cabinet and banks, and was the first government to recruit women for combat roles.
Cold War and aftermath
*
People's Republic of Korea
The People's Republic of Korea (PRK; ) was a short-lived provisional government that was organized at the time of the surrender of the Empire of Japan at the end of World War II. It was proclaimed on 6 September 1945, as Korea was being divi ...
(1945–1946), a provisional government established following the
surrender of Japan
The surrender of the Empire of Japan in World War II was Hirohito surrender broadcast, announced by Emperor Hirohito on 15 August and formally Japanese Instrument of Surrender, signed on 2 September 1945, End of World War II in Asia, ending ...
at the conclusion of
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, which resulted in the restoration of Korean independence. Following the
division of Korea
The division of Korea began at the end of World War II on 2 September 1945, with the establishment of a Soviet occupation zone and a US occupation zone. These zones developed into separate governments, named the Democratic People's Republic of ...
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
incorporated it into the
Provisional People's Committee of North Korea
The Provisional People's Committee of North Korea () was the provisional government of North Korea.
The committee was established on 8 February 1946 in response for the need of the Soviet Civil Administration and the communists to have centraliza ...
.
*
United States Army Military Government in Korea
The United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) was the official ruling body of the southern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula from 9 September 1945 to 15 August 1948.
The country during this period was plagued with political a ...
(1945–1948), an interim government formed by the
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
concurrently with the
People's Republic of Korea
The People's Republic of Korea (PRK; ) was a short-lived provisional government that was organized at the time of the surrender of the Empire of Japan at the end of World War II. It was proclaimed on 6 September 1945, as Korea was being divi ...
following the peninsula's independence from Japan. Later incorporated into
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the southern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and borders North Korea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone, with the Yellow Sea to the west and t ...
following the
division of Korea
The division of Korea began at the end of World War II on 2 September 1945, with the establishment of a Soviet occupation zone and a US occupation zone. These zones developed into separate governments, named the Democratic People's Republic of ...
and the American ban on the People's Republic.
*
Provisional People's Committee of North Korea
The Provisional People's Committee of North Korea () was the provisional government of North Korea.
The committee was established on 8 February 1946 in response for the need of the Soviet Civil Administration and the communists to have centraliza ...
(1946–1947), an interim government formed by the
Soviet Civil Administration
The Soviet Civil Administration (SCA) was the government of the northern half of Korea from 24 August 1945 to 9 September 1948 though governed concurrently after the setup of the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea in 1946. Even thou ...
following the
division of Korea
The division of Korea began at the end of World War II on 2 September 1945, with the establishment of a Soviet occupation zone and a US occupation zone. These zones developed into separate governments, named the Democratic People's Republic of ...
and the absorption of the
People's Republic of Korea
The People's Republic of Korea (PRK; ) was a short-lived provisional government that was organized at the time of the surrender of the Empire of Japan at the end of World War II. It was proclaimed on 6 September 1945, as Korea was being divi ...
. Succeeded by the People's Committee of North Korea.
* Interim Government of India (1946–1947), an interim government formed by the newly created Constituent Assembly of India to administer what would become the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan in the transitional period between British Raj, British rule and independence.
* People's Committee of North Korea (1947–1948), the successor government to the
Provisional People's Committee of North Korea
The Provisional People's Committee of North Korea () was the provisional government of North Korea.
The committee was established on 8 February 1946 in response for the need of the Soviet Civil Administration and the communists to have centraliza ...
during the latter period of Soviet occupation. Ultimately incorporated into North Korea.
* Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (1948–1949), an emergency government established by Sjafruddin Prawiranegara in Sumatra following the Operation Kraai, capture of Yogyakarta, the then-Indonesian capital, by the Netherlands. Dissolved following the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement.
* Provisional government of Israel (1948–1949), successor to the Jewish National Council, established after Israel's Declaration of Independence (Israel), declaration of independence and in place until after the 1949 Israeli legislative election, first Knesset elections.
* Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948–1949), established as a puppet government by French during the First Indochina War. Succeeded by the State of Vietnam.
* Provisional Government of the Syrian Arab Republic (1949), established by national consensus to draft a new constitution and reintroduce civilian rule after a series of military governments.
* State of Vietnam (1949–1955), formed as a successor to the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam during the First Indochina War. Succeeded by South Vietnam following the 1954 Geneva Conference, which ceded the northern half of the country to North Vietnam.
* Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (1958–1961), established in opposition to the Sukarno administration. Dissolved following the withdrawal of American support and the failure of its and the Permesta's rebellion against the government.
* National Council for the Revolutionary Command (1963), interim ruling body of Syria following the 1963 Syrian coup d'état.
* Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (1969–1976), established during the Vietnam War against the United States and Republic of Vietnam
* Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (1970–1972), established after the declaration of freedom of Bengalis exiled to Calcutta.
* Sayem ministry (1975–1978), interim government of Bangladesh following the assassination of Khaled Mosharraf. Dissolved after Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem's successor, Ziaur Rahman, formed a provisional Council of Ministers in advance of the 1979 Bangladeshi general election.
* Provisional Government of East Timor (1975–1976), established as a puppet state following the success of the Indonesian invasion of East Timor. Ultimately dissolved following the country's annexation as East Timor (province), a province of Indonesia.
* Interim Government of Iran (1979) (1979), a provisional government established after the Iranian Revolution. Dissolved and replaced by the Council of the Islamic Revolution following the onset of the Iran hostage crisis.
* Interim Government of Iran (1979–80) formed by the Council of the Islamic Revolution to succeede the Interim Government of Iran (1979) in the wake of the Iran hostage crisis. Dissolved upon the establishment of the first Islamic Consultative Assembly.
* National Council of Resistance of Iran (1981–present), formed by the People's Mujahedin of Iran based in Paris and later Albania. It serves as a government-in-exile opposing the clerical government.
* South Lebanon security belt administration (1985–2000), established to administer Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon, Israeli-occupied Lebanon following the dissolution of the State of Free Lebanon during the 1982 Lebanon War. Dissolved following Hezbollah's victory in the South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000), South Lebanon conflict and the subsequent collapse of the South Lebanon Army.
* Provisional Government of the Philippines (1986–1987), Provisional Government of the Philippines (1986–1987), established after the People Power Revolution. Dissolved following the 1987 Philippine constitutional plebiscite, ratification of the current Constitution of the Philippines.
* Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (1988–present), after it was entrusted with the powers and responsibilities of the Provisional Government of the State of Palestine. "The Palestinian National Council also empowered Palestinian Central Council, the central council to form a government-in-exile when appropriate, and the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization, executive committee to perform the functions of government until such time as a government-in-exile was established."
* Shahabuddin Ahmed ministry (1990–1991), interim government of Bangladesh formed following the resignation of Hussain Muhammad Ershad during the 1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh, 1990 uprising. Dissolved following the 1991 Bangladeshi general election, election and inauguration of Khaleda Zia as prime minister.
* Republic of Kuwait (1990), established as a puppet state by Ba'athist Iraq during the Gulf War. Subsequently annexed and divided into the Kuwait Governorate and the Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District before Iraq's withdrawal at the end of the war.
* United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (1992–1993), formed following the 1991 Paris Peace Agreements to govern and stabilize Cambodia following the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and the Third Indochina War. Dissolved following the restoration of the Monarchy of Cambodia, Cambodian monarchy and consequent reestablishment of the Cambodia, Kingdom of Cambodia.
* Khmer Rouge unrecognized government (1994–1998), an opposition government formed by remnants of the Khmer Rouge following the establishment of the Cambodia, Kingdom of Cambodia and the withdrawal of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia. Dissolved due to widespread pro-peace sentiment among those left in the Khmer Rouge after the death of Pol Pot.
* Palestinian National Authority (1994–present), the Public administration, administrative organization, established to government, govern parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, following the Oslo Accords.
* Provisional Legislative Council (''1996''/1997–1998), interim legislature of Hong Kong in the leadup to and immediately following the Handover of Hong Kong, handover to China. While the council was formed in 1996, it did not exercise rule until the following January.
21st century
As of 2024 in Asia, Bangladesh, Myanmar, the State of Palestine (under both Fatah and Hamas), Syria, and Yemen currently have provisional governments.
* Afghan Interim Administration (2001–2002), established following the overthrow of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001), first Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan during the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021), War in Afghanistan. Succeeded by the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan.
* Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (2002–2004), formed as the successor to the Afghan Interim Administration. Succeeded by the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan following the 2004 Afghan presidential election, election and inauguration of the First Karzai cabinet.
* Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq (2003–2004) with the Iraqi Interim Governing Council, established to act as a caretaker administration in Iraq following the 2003 invasion of Iraq pending the hand over of power to the Iraqi people and the creation of a democratically elected civilian government.
* Iraqi Interim Government (2004–2005) and the Iraqi Transitional Government (2005–2006) were both provisional authorities established after the hand over of power to the Iraqi people following the 2003 invasion of Iraq to govern pending the adoption of a permanent constitution.
* 2006 Thai interim civilian government, established by the Council for National Security following the 2006 Thai coup d'état. Dissolved following the enacting of the 2007 constitution of Thailand.
* Syrian Interim Government (2013–2025), established by the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, Syrian National Coalition during the Syrian civil war, Syrian Civil War. Ultimately absorbed into the Syrian caretaker government following the fall of the Assad regime.
* Supreme Political Council, Supreme Political Council of Yemen (2015–present), established by the Houthi Movement after the 2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état, currently participating in the Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) against the governments of Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi and the Presidential Leadership Council
* Southern Transitional Council, Southern Transitional Council of South Yemen (2016–present), established by the Southern Movement - a separatist group in southern Yemen - during the Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)
* Syrian Salvation Government (2017–2024), established by Tahrir al-Sham, Hayat Tahrir al-Sham in the Idlib Governorate. Ultimately absorbed into the Syrian caretaker government following the fall of the Assad regime.
* 2020 interim government of Kyrgyzstan, Interim government of Kyrgyzstan (2020–2021), established in 2020 in the aftermath of the 2020 Kyrgyzstani protests
* National Unity Government of Myanmar (2021–present), established in exile by the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw in opposition to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état
* Provisional Government of Myanmar (2021–present), established by the State Administration Council as a formalization of its rule six months after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état
* Presidential Leadership Council (2022–present), established by internationally recognized outgoing president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi to seek a "comprehensive political solution" to the Yemeni Civil War
* Israeli war cabinet (2023–2024), established following the outbreak of the Gaza war and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu's declaration of a state of emergency. The war cabinet was later dissolved after former ministers Benny Gantz and Gadi Eisenkott left the coalition.
* Karenni State Interim Executive Council (2023–present), formed by Karenni resistance groups during the Myanmar civil war (2021–present), Myanmar civil war in opposition to the State Administration Council.
* Hamas temporary committee (2024–present), established following the assassination of Ismail Haniyeh to facilitate communication with chairman Yahya Sinwar and maintain governance of Hamas during the Gaza war. Later transitioned to committee rule following Killing of Yahya Sinwar, Sinwar's own killing, pending elections in March 2025.
* Interim government of Muhammad Yunus (2024–present), formed following the expulsion of prime minister Sheikh Hasina and consequent dissolution of the 12th Jatiya Sangsad during the Student–People's uprising. The Interim government system of Bangladesh, interim government is expected to remain in office until the appointment of a new Prime Minister of Bangladesh following the next Bangladeshi general election.
* Syrian caretaker government (2024–2025), established following the fall of the Assad regime during the Syrian civil war. Syrian Salvation Government leader Ahmed al-Sharaa announced the transitional administration's formation on Telegram (software), Telegram, while National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, National Coalition president Hadi al-Bahra stated that the government's goals are to draft a new constitution and establish "a safe, neutral, and quiet environment" for free elections within 18 months. Succeeded by the Syrian transitional government in 2025.
* Syrian transitional government (2025–present), established by Syrian president Ahmed al-Sharaa to implement the five-year transitional period dictated by the 2025 Interim Constitution of Syria.
Europe
*
Confederate Ireland
Confederate Ireland, also referred to as the Irish Catholic Confederation, was a period of Irish Catholic Church, Catholic self-government between 1642 and 1652, during the Irish Confederate Wars, Eleven Years' War. Formed by Catholic aristoc ...
(1642–1652), formed by Catholic aristocrats, landed gentry, clergy, and military leaders after the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Overthrown by the Commonwealth of England in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
* National Convention (1792–1795), interim ruling body of the Kingdom of France and the French First Republic during the French Revolution. Succeeded by the French Directory following the fall of Maximilien Robespierre and the drafting of a new constitution.
* Provisional Council of the Duchy of Masovia (1794), interim government of the Masovian Voivodeship (1526–1795), Masovian Voivodeship established during the Kościuszko Uprising. Ultimately subordinated to the Supreme National Council.
* Provisional Representatives of the People of Holland (1795–1796), interim government of the Batavian Republic following the abolition of the Dutch Republic in the Batavian Revolution. Abolished following the States General of the Batavian Republic's replacement by the National Assembly of the Batavian Republic, National Assembly.
* Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission (1812–1813), established by
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
during the French invasion of Russia. Merged with the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland to create the united Kingdom of Poland.
* Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815), interim ruling body of the Southern Netherlands following the collapse of French rule during the War of the Sixth Coalition. Dissolved following the annexation of the region by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
* French Provisional Government of 1814, interim ruling body of the First French Empire following the surrender of Paris and deposition of
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
during the War of the Sixth Coalition. Succeeded by the government of the first Bourbon restoration following Louis XVIII's return to the throne and the reestablishment of the Kingdom of France.
* First Hellenic Republic (1822–1832), established by anti-Ottoman rebels during the Greek War of Independence. Succeeded by the Kingdom of Greece following the assassination of Augustinos Kapodistrias and subsequent intervention by United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Great Britain, July Monarchy, France and Russian Empire, Russia.
* Provisional Government of Belgium (1830–1831), established as a successor to the Revolutionary Committee following the success of the Belgian Revolution. Dissolved following the proclamation of the Constitution of Belgium and the consequent establishment of the Belgium, Kingdom of Belgium.
* Wellington caretaker ministry (1834), interim ruling body of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland following William IV's dismissal of William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, William Lamb's administration. Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Arthur Wellesley recommended Robert Peel as Lamb's successor; because Peel was in the Kingdom of Sardinia at the time, Wellesley headed a caretaker administration until Peel's return to Britain.
* French Provisional Government of 1848, interim ruling body of the French Second Republic established after the French Revolution of 1848, which ended the July Monarchy. Succeeded by the French Executive Commission of 1848.
* Five Days of Milan, Provisional Government of Milan (1848), formed by Milanese insurgents during the First Italian War of Independence. Dissolved following the Austrian Empire's victory in the Battle of Custoza (1848), Battle of Custoza.
* Dictator Executive Commission in Warsaw and National Civil Government (1863), interim ruling bodies of Congress Poland during the January Uprising, formed as the successor to the underground Polish National Government (January Uprising), Polish National Government. The coexisting provisional governments were both ''de jure'' ruled by Marian Langiewicz, whose arrest led to their dissolution in favor of a single coalition government.
* Provisional Government (1868-1871), Provisional Government of Spain (1868–1871), established after the Glorious Revolution (Spain), Spanish Glorious Revolution pending the election of a new Constitutional Monarch.
* Government of National Defense (1870–1871), interim ruling body of the French Third Republic following the collapse of the Second French Empire during the Franco-Prussian War. Replaced by the Cabinet Dufaure I (France), Cabinet Dufaure I following the 1871 French legislative election.
* 5 October 1910 revolution#The first steps of the Republic, Provisional Government of the Portuguese Republic (1910–1911), established in the aftermath of the 5 October 1910 Revolution, Republican Revolution that overthrow the Portuguese monarchy.
World War I and Interbellum
* Provisional Government of Albania (1912–1914), established after the First Balkan War
* Provisional Government of Western Thrace (1913), established in modern Greece in opposition to annexation by Kingdom of Bulgaria, Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.
* Provisional Government of Northern Epirus (1914), established against annexation to Principality of Albania, Albania.
* Provisional Government of the Irish Republic (1916), a title adopted by the leadership of the short-lived Easter Rising.
* Provisional Government of National Defence (1916), alternative government established in the city of Thessaloniki in northern Greece
* Provisional Council of State (1917), interim government of the Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918), Kingdom of Poland based on the Act of 5th November. Collapsed following the resignation of Józef Piłsudski and the subsequent oath crisis, resulting in the Temporary Committee of the Provisional Council of State forming to replace it.
* Russian Provisional Government (1917), established as a result of the
February Revolution
The February Revolution (), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution or February Coup was the first of Russian Revolution, two revolutions which took place in Russia ...
which led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, Nicholas II.
* Czechoslovak National Council (1918), interim ruling body of the First Czechoslovak Republic following its independence from Austria-Hungary.
* State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, (1918) established in 1918 as the List of states with limited recognition, unrecognized first incarnation of Yugoslavia and later merged with the Kingdom of Serbia, Kingdoms of Serbia and Kingdom of Montenegro, Montenegro to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.
* Estonian Provisional Government (1918–1919)
* Council of the People's Deputies (1918–1919), formed by the German Empire's main socialist parties during the German Revolution of 1918–1919, German Revolution before adopting a big tent policy and facilitating the transition to a republican government. Succeeded by the Scheidemann cabinet, the first government of the Weimar Republic, following the 1919 German federal election.
* Latvian Provisional Government (1918–1920)
* Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland (1918), established following Austria-Hungary's Parliamentary motion in favor of restoring Polish independence. Dissolved following the ascension of Józef Piłsudski as head of state and the establishment of the Second Polish Republic.
* Provisional All-Russian Government (1918), a short-lived anti-communist government formed during the Russian Civil War. Overthrown by the white movement in the Kolchak Coup and replaced by the Russian Government (1918—1919), 1918—1919 Russian government.
* Russian Government (1918—1919), a military government formed by the white movement following the overthrow of the Provisional All-Russian Government in the Kolchak Coup. Dissolved during the fall of Omsk, with its members forming the South Russian Government and Eastern Okraina the following year.
* Ukrainian State, Ukrainian Provisional Government (1918)
* Provisional Regional Government of the Urals (1918), a short-lived anti-Bolshevik state within the territory of the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and the Russian Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the labo ...
. Voluntarily dissolved after two months, ceding power to the Provisional All-Russian Government.
* Provisional Government of the Northern Region (1918–1920)
* Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919), established as a Revolutionary committee (Soviet), revolutionary committee, under patronage from the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and the Russian Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the labo ...
, with the intent of creating a Soviet republic in Bessarabia. Dissolved after Anton Denikin captured Odesa, where the BSSR operated.
* Security Council of the Northern Caucasus and Dagestan (1919–1920), interim government of Dagestan following the collapse and exodus of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus. Dissolved following the Bolshevik takeover and the 11th Army (RSFSR), 11th Army's capture of the Northern Caucasus.
* Provisional Governing Commission (1920–1922), established as the ruling body of the Republic of Central Lithuania, a puppet state of the Second Polish Republic formed during the Polish–Lithuanian War. Dissolved after the Legislative Sejm (Second Polish Republic), Legislative Sejm voted to absorb the state into Poland.
* Provisional Government of Ireland (1922), established by the Anglo-Irish Treaty between the British government and Irish revolutionaries, in order to pave the way for the establishment of the Irish Free State in the same year.
* Tungus Republic (1924–1925), a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state formed within Okhotsky District, Okhotsky and the eastern Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Dissolved and reabsorbed into the
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
following peace talks between the two.
* Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic (1931), interim ruling body of the Second Spanish Republic following the deposition of King Alfonso XIII. Dissolved following the establishment of a regular government by the Spanish Constitution of 1931.
World War II
* Vichy France (1940–1944), established as a puppet government of Nazi Germany following the Battle of France and Armistice of 22 June 1940. Dissolved following the liberation of France and the installation of the Provisional Government of the French Republic.
* Lithuanian underground government, Provisional Government of Lithuania (1941), established when Lithuanians overthrew the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940), Soviet occupation during the June Uprising in Lithuania, June Uprising. It functioned briefly until Nazi Germany annexed the country.
* Government of National Unity (Hungary), Provisional National Government of Hungary (1944–1945) (''Ideiglenes Nemzeti Kormány'')
* Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1945)
* French Committee of National Liberation (''Comité Français de Libération Nationale'', CFLN) (1943–1944), set up in Algiers, then a part of metropolitan France.
* Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) (1944–1946), government of the provisional Republic following the liberation of France and consequent dissolution of Vichy France, the Vichy government until the establishment of the French Fourth Republic, Fourth Republic.
* Italian partisan republics (1944), formed by various segments of the Italian resistance movement in opposition to the Italian Social Republic. Each of them were reconquered by the Wehrmacht within weeks of their establishment.
* Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946), formed by the National Liberation Movement (Albania), National Liberation Movement following the successful expulsion of the German occupation of Albania, German occupation. Succeeded by the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, People's Republic of Albania after interim prime minister Enver Hoxha's expulsion of king Zog I and the Democratic Front of Albania's dominance of the 1945 Albanian parliamentary election.
* Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland (1944–1945), established by the State National Council with the intention of creating a Soviet-aligned communist Poland, contrary to the western-aligned Polish government-in-exile (which it did not recognize). Succeeded by the Provisional Government of National Unity.
* Flensburg Government (1945), established following the suicides of Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels during the closing days of the Third Reich.
* Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947), established as the successor to the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland. Dissolved following the establishment of the Polish People's Republic.
* Interim National Assembly (Czechoslovakia), Interim National Assembly (1945–1946), provisional ruling body of the Third Czechoslovak Republic. Succeeded by the Constituent National Assembly (Czechoslovakia), Constituent National Assembly following the 1946 Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1946 election.
Provisional governments were also established throughout Europe as Liberation of Europe, occupied nations were liberated from occupied Europe, Nazi occupation by the Allies of World War II, Allies.
Cold War
* Provisional Democratic Government (1947–1950), formed by the Communist Party of Greece during the Greek Civil War as the successor to the World War II-era Political Committee of National Liberation. Withdrew from their territories in northern Greece after their defeat during Operation Pyrsos in 1949 and continued as a
government-in-exile
A government-in-exile (GiE) is a political group that claims to be the legitimate government of a sovereign state or semi-sovereign state, but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in a foreign country. Governments in exile usu ...
before dissolving fourteen months later.
* Northern Cyprus, Provisional Turkish Cypriot Administration (1967–1971), formed by Turkish Cypriots in the wake of the Greek junta#Coup d'état of 21 April, 1967 Greek coup d'état and subsequent worsening of Cypriot intercommunal violence, intercommunal violence. Dissolved four years after its establishment, but succeeded by the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
* National Salvation Junta and Portuguese transition to democracy, six provisional governments that followed after the Carnation Revolution and until the I Constitutional Government of Portugal, first democratically elected government under the new Portuguese Constitution, Constitution was sworn in (25 April 1974–23 July 1976)
Collapse of the USSR and aftermath
* Government of National Understanding, established in Czechoslovakia after the Velvet Revolution of 1989.
* National Salvation Front (Romania), National Salvation Front (1989–1990), established in Romania after the fall and execution of Nicolae Ceaușescu and Romanian Revolution, the end of the Socialist Republic of Romania in 1989. Later restructured into a big tent political party following the establishment of a post-communist successor government in 1990, winning the 1990 Romanian general election, general election that year before breaking up into the Democratic National Salvation Front and the Democratic Party (Romania), Democratic Party in 1992.
* Estonian restoration of Independence, Estonian Interim Government (1990–1992)
* State Committee on the State of Emergency (1991), formed by the leaders of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt. Dissolved after the coup's failure, with Mikhail Gorbachev being reinstated as the Soviet head of state.
* Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine, Ukraine's transitional government (1991–1996) formed after the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum, which dissolved the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and formalized Ukraine's independence from the
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
. Officially declared the legal successor of the Ukrainian SSR after Mykola Plaviuk, president of the Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile, government in exile, ceded his powers to Leonid Kravchuk, the winner of the 1991 Ukrainian presidential election. Ultimately succeeded by the current Government of Ukraine, government following a parliamentary motion to adopt Constitution of Ukraine, a new constitution, ending the post-Soviet transition.
* United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (1999–'' de facto'' 2008), formed to stabilize Kosovo in the aftermath of the Kosovo War. Never formally dissolved, but '' de facto'' replaced by the Kosovo, Republic of Kosovo after 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, unilaterally declaring independence in 2008.
21st century
As of 2024 in Europe, only Belarus, South Ossetia, and territories of Russia and Ukraine occupied by each other during the Russian invasion of Ukraine have provisional governments. The former two were established by the opposition in parallel with the Government of South Ossetia, government of the Republic of South Ossetia–State of Alania and the Government of Belarus, government of the Republic of Belarus, while the latter two exist as a occupation governments in opposition to the government of Russia and the government of Ukraine, respectively.
* Provisional Institutions of Self-Government (2002–'' de facto'' 2008), established by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo to facilitate local governance. Like the UN administration, the provisional institutions were never formally dissolved, but were '' de facto'' replaced by the Kosovo, Republic of Kosovo following the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence.
* Administration of South Ossetia (2007–present), appointed by the government of Georgia (country), Georgia as South Ossetia's official ruling body in opposition to secessionist movements in the region. After being driven out of the country during the Russo-Georgian War in 2008, it has operated as a government in exile in opposition to the current, Russian-backed government.
* Coordination Council (Belarus), Belarusian Coordination Council (2020–present) and the United Transitional Cabinet of Belarus (2022–present), established in the aftermath of the 2020 Belarusian presidential election and during subsequent 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, protests. The transitional government is supported and recognized by Lithuania.
* Russian temporary administrative agencies in occupied Ukraine (2022–present), a series of puppet governments installed in the Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
* Ukrainian occupation of Kursk Oblast, Military commandant's office for the Kursk region (2024–present), provisional administration established to administer parts of Kursk Oblast controlled by Ukraine.
Oceania
* Provisional Government of Hawaii (1893–1894), established in 1893 after the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and renamed to the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.
* Naval Government of Guam (1898–1950), established by the United States following its Capture of Guam, capture during the
Spanish–American War
The Spanish–American War (April 21 – August 13, 1898) was fought between Restoration (Spain), Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with the sinking of the USS Maine (1889), USS ''Maine'' in Havana Harbor in Cuba, and resulted in the ...
. Dissolved following the Guam Organic Act of 1950, which established Guam as an Territories of the United States, unincorporated organized territory.
* Caretaker government of Australia#The 1901 caretaker government, 1901 caretaker government of Australia, established pending the 1901 Australian federal election, first election to the newly established Australia, Commonwealth of Australia.
International
* Provisional World Parliament, Provisional World Government (1977–present), established by the Second World Constituent Assembly after the adoption of a world constitution, Constitution for the Federation of Earth.
See also
* Caretaker government
* Government in exile
* Military junta
* Interregnum
* Martial law
* List of territories governed by the United Nations
Notes
References
{{Authority control
Government
Provisional governments,