Following are timelines of the history of

Ottoman Syria Ottoman Syria () is a historiographical term used to describe the group of divisions of the Ottoman Empire within the region of the Levant, usually defined as being east of the Mediterranean Sea, west of the Euphrates River, north of the Ara ...

, taken as the parts of

provinces under Ottoman rule.

Timeline of history of the parts of
Ottoman Syria Ottoman Syria () is a historiographical term used to describe the group of divisions of the Ottoman Empire within the region of the Levant, usually defined as being east of the Mediterranean Sea, west of the Euphrates River, north of the Ara ...
under Ottoman rule

16th century

*July 1516 –

Selim I Selim I (; ; 10 October 1470 – 22 September 1520), known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute (), was the List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520. Despite lasting only eight years, his reign is ...

of the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

declares war on the

Mamluks Mamluk or Mamaluk (; (singular), , ''mamālīk'' (plural); translated as "one who is owned", meaning "slave") were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-sold ...

and invades Syria. *1517: The

captures Jerusalem after Sultan

defeats the last

Mamluk Mamluk or Mamaluk (; (singular), , ''mamālīk'' (plural); translated as "one who is owned", meaning "slave") were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-so ...

Sultan

Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri () or Qansuh II al-Ghawri (c. 1441/1446 – 24 August 1516) was the second-to-last of the Mamluk Sultans. One of the last and most powerful of the Burji dynasty, he reigned from 1501 to 1516. Early life Qansuh, born b ...

at the

Battle of Marj Dabiq The Battle of Marj Dābiq (, meaning "the meadow of Dābiq"; ), a decisive military engagement in Middle Eastern history, was fought on 24 August 1516, near the town of Dabiq, 44 km north of Aleppo (modern Syria). The battle was part of t ...

the previous year. Selim proclaims himself

Caliph A caliphate ( ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with Khalifa, the title of caliph (; , ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of ...

of the Islamic world. *1535–1538:

Ottoman Sultan The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the Boundaries between the continents, transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to Dissolution of the Ottoman Em ...

Suleiman I rebuilds the

Walls of Jerusalem The Walls of Jerusalem (, ) surround the Old City of Jerusalem (approx. 1 km2). In 1535, when Jerusalem was part of the Ottoman Empire, Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent ordered the ruined city walls to be rebuilt. T ...

. *1541:

Suleiman I sealed off the

Golden Gate The Golden Gate is a strait on the west coast of North America that connects San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. It is defined by the headlands of the San Francisco Peninsula and the Marin Peninsula, and, since 1937, has been spanned by ...

to prevent the

Jewish Messiah The Messiah in Judaism () is a savior and liberator figure in Jewish eschatology who is believed to be the future redeemer of the Jews. The concept of messianism originated in Judaism, and in the Hebrew Bible a messiah is a king or High Priest o ...

's entrance. *14 January 1546: A devastating earthquake shook the

Levant The Levant ( ) is the subregion that borders the Eastern Mediterranean, Eastern Mediterranean sea to the west, and forms the core of West Asia and the political term, Middle East, ''Middle East''. In its narrowest sense, which is in use toda ...

. The epicenter of the earthquake was in the

Jordan River The Jordan River or River Jordan (, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn''; , ''Nəhar hayYardēn''), also known as ''Nahr Al-Sharieat'' (), is a endorheic river in the Levant that flows roughly north to south through the Sea of Galilee and drains to the Dead ...

in a location between the

Dead Sea The Dead Sea (; or ; ), also known by #Names, other names, is a landlocked salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east, the Israeli-occupied West Bank to the west and Israel to the southwest. It lies in the endorheic basin of the Jordan Rift Valle ...

and the

Sea of Galilee The Sea of Galilee (, Judeo-Aramaic languages, Judeo-Aramaic: יַמּא דטבריא, גִּנֵּיסַר, ), also called Lake Tiberias, Genezareth Lake or Kinneret, is a freshwater lake in Israel. It is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth ...

. The cities of

Jerusalem Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest cities in the world, and ...

Hebron Hebron (; , or ; , ) is a Palestinian city in the southern West Bank, south of Jerusalem. Hebron is capital of the Hebron Governorate, the largest Governorates of Palestine, governorate in the West Bank. With a population of 201,063 in ...

Nablus Nablus ( ; , ) is a State of Palestine, Palestinian city in the West Bank, located approximately north of Jerusalem, with a population of 156,906. Located between Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim, it is the capital of the Nablus Governorate and a ...

Gaza Gaza may refer to: Places Palestine * Gaza Strip, a Palestinian territory on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea ** Gaza City, a city in the Gaza Strip ** Gaza Governorate, a governorate in the Gaza Strip Mandatory Palestine * Gaza Sub ...

and

Damascus Damascus ( , ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in the Levant region by population, largest city of Syria. It is the oldest capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. Kno ...

were heavily damaged.

17th century

*1604: First

Protectorate of missions Protectorate of missions is a term for the right of protection exercised by a Christian power in a Muslim or other non-Christian country with regard to the persons and establishments of the missionaries. The term does not apply to all protection of ...

agreed under the

Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire were contracts between the Ottoman Empire and several other Christian powers, particularly France. Turkish capitulations, or Ahidnâmes were generally bilateral acts whereby definite arrangements were enter ...

, in which

Ahmad I Ahmed I ( '; ; 18 April 1590 – 22 November 1617) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 to 1617. Ahmed's reign is noteworthy for marking the first breach in the Ottoman tradition of royal fratricide; henceforth, Ottoman rulers would ...

agreed that the subjects of

Henry IV of France Henry IV (; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithets Good King Henry (''le Bon Roi Henri'') or Henry the Great (''Henri le Grand''), was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 16 ...

were free to visit the Holy Places of Jerusalem. French missionaries begin to travel to Jerusalem and other major Ottoman cities. *1610: the first

Arabic Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...

printing press in the

Arab world The Arab world ( '), formally the Arab homeland ( '), also known as the Arab nation ( '), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, comprises a large group of countries, mainly located in West Asia and North Africa. While the majority of people in ...

founded in Dayr-Qazahya by

Maronite Maronites (; ) are a Syriac Christianity, Syriac Christian ethnoreligious group native to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant (particularly Lebanon) whose members belong to the Maronite Church. The largest concentration has traditionally re ...

monks. *1622: Fakhr ad-Din al-Ma'ni, prince of

Shouf Chouf (also spelled Shouf, Shuf or Chuf; ) is a historic region of Lebanon, as well as an administrative district in the governorate ( muhafazat) of Mount Lebanon. Geography Located south-east of Beirut, the region comprises a narrow coastal stri ...

Mount Lebanon Mount Lebanon (, ; , ; ) is a mountain range in Lebanon. It is about long and averages above in elevation, with its peak at . The range provides a typical alpine climate year-round. Mount Lebanon is well-known for its snow-covered mountains, ...

, defeats at the

Battle of Anjar The Battle of Anjar was fought on 1 November 1623 between the army of Fakhr al-Din II and an coalition army led by the List of rulers of Damascus#Ottoman walis, governor of Damascus Mustafa Pasha. Background In 1623, Harfush dynasty, Yunus al-H ...

an army led by the Wali (governor) of

Mustafa Pasha. *1624: occupied with threat from the

Safavids The Guarded Domains of Iran, commonly called Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lasting Iranian empires. It was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often considered the begi ...

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

, the Ottomans agree to make Fakhr ad-Din governor over a region extending from

Aleppo Aleppo is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous Governorates of Syria, governorate of Syria. With an estimated population of 2,098,000 residents it is Syria's largest city by urban area, and ...

Arish ʻArish or el-ʻArīsh ( ' ) is the capital and largest city of the North Sinai Governorate of Egypt, as well as the largest city on the Sinai Peninsula, lying on the Mediterranean coast northeast of Cairo and west of the Egypt–Gaza border ...

. During his rule, Fakhr ad-Din initiates political and cultural relations with

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

. *1633: the Wali of Damascus Ahmed Pasha leads a campaign against Fakhr ad-Din from both land and sea. *1635: Fakhr ad-Din is hanged in Damascus. *1663-5:

Sabbatai Zevi Sabbatai Zevi (, August 1, 1626 – ) was an Ottoman Jewish mystic and ordained rabbi from Smyrna (now İzmir, Turkey). His family were Romaniote Jews from Patras. His two names, ''Shabbethay'' and ''Ṣebi'', mean Saturn and mountain gazelle, ...

, founder of the

Sabbateans The Sabbateans (or Sabbatians) are a variety of Jewish followers, disciples, and believers in Sabbatai Zevi (1626–1676), an Ottoman Jewish rabbi and Kabbalist who was proclaimed to be the Jewish Messiah in 1666 by Nathan of Gaza. Vast ...

, preaches in Jerusalem before travelling back to his native

Smyrna Smyrna ( ; , or ) was an Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean Sea, Aegean coast of Anatolia, Turkey. Due to its advantageous port conditions, its ease of defence, and its good inland connections, Smyrna ...

where he proclaimed himself the

Messiah In Abrahamic religions, a messiah or messias (; , ; , ; ) is a saviour or liberator of a group of people. The concepts of '' mashiach'', messianism, and of a Messianic Age originated in Judaism, and in the Hebrew Bible, in which a ''mashiach ...

18th century

*1700: Judah the Pious with 1,000 followers settle in Jerusalem. *30 October 1759: A devastating earthquake shook

Galilee Galilee (; ; ; ) is a region located in northern Israel and southern Lebanon consisting of two parts: the Upper Galilee (, ; , ) and the Lower Galilee (, ; , ). ''Galilee'' encompasses the area north of the Mount Carmel-Mount Gilboa ridge and ...

. The epicenter of the earthquake was in the

in a location between the

and the

Hula Valley The Hula Valley () is a valley and fertile agricultural region in northern Israel with abundant fresh water that used to be Lake Hula before it was drained. It is a major stopover for birds migrating along the Great Rift Valley between Africa ...

. The cities of

Safed Safed (), also known as Tzfat (), is a city in the Northern District (Israel), Northern District of Israel. Located at an elevation of up to , Safed is the highest city in the Galilee and in Israel. Safed has been identified with (), a fortif ...

Tiberias Tiberias ( ; , ; ) is a city on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee in northern Israel. A major Jewish center during Late Antiquity, it has been considered since the 16th century one of Judaism's Four Holy Cities, along with Jerusalem, Heb ...

Acre The acre ( ) is a Unit of measurement, unit of land area used in the Imperial units, British imperial and the United States customary units#Area, United States customary systems. It is traditionally defined as the area of one Chain (unit), ch ...

Sidon Sidon ( ) or better known as Saida ( ; ) is the third-largest city in Lebanon. It is located on the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean coast in the South Governorate, Lebanon, South Governorate, of which it is the capital. Tyre, Lebanon, Tyre, t ...

were heavily damaged. *3–7 March 1799:

Napoleonic Wars {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Napoleonic Wars , partof = the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , image = Napoleonic Wars (revision).jpg , caption = Left to right, top to bottom:Battl ...

Siege of Jaffa The siege of Jaffa was a military engagement between the French Army under Napoleon Bonaparte and Ottoman forces under Ahmed al-Jazzar. On March 3, 1799, the French laid siege to the city of Jaffa, which was under Ottoman control. It was fough ...

– Napoleon captures the city of

Jaffa Jaffa (, ; , ), also called Japho, Joppa or Joppe in English, is an ancient Levantine Sea, Levantine port city which is part of Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel, located in its southern part. The city sits atop a naturally elevated outcrop on ...

. *20 March–21 May 1799:

: Siege of Acre – An unsuccessful attempt by Napoleon to capture the city of

. *8 April 1799:

: Battle of Nazareth *11 April 1799:

: Battle of Cana *16 April 1799:

: The Battle of Mount Tabor –

Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...

drives

Ottoman Turks The Ottoman Turks () were a Turkic peoples, Turkic ethnic group in Anatolia. Originally from Central Asia, they migrated to Anatolia in the 13th century and founded the Ottoman Empire, in which they remained socio-politically dominant for the e ...

across the

River Jordan The Jordan River or River Jordan (, ''Nahr al-ʾUrdunn''; , ''Nəhar hayYardēn''), also known as ''Nahr Al-Sharieat'' (), is a endorheic basin, endorheic river in the Levant that flows roughly north to south through the Sea of Galilee and d ...

near

19th century

*1831:

Muhammad Ali of Egypt Muhammad Ali (4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Albanians, Albanian viceroy and governor who became the ''de facto'' ruler of History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty, Egypt from 1805 to 1848, widely consi ...

's French-trained forces occupy

Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, t ...

. *1832: an Egyptian Army led by

Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt Ibrahim Pasha ( ''Ibrāhīm Bāshā''; 1789 – 10 November 1848) was an Egyptian general and politician; he was the commander of both the Egyptian and Ottoman armies and the eldest son of Muhammad Ali, the Ottoman Wāli and unrecognized Khedi ...

marches on

Anatolia Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...

and defeats an Ottoman army under

Grand Vizier Grand vizier (; ; ) was the title of the effective head of government of many sovereign states in the Islamic world. It was first held by officials in the later Abbasid Caliphate. It was then held in the Ottoman Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Soko ...

Reshid Pasha at the Battle of Konya. *10 May 1832: The

Egyptians Egyptians (, ; , ; ) are an ethnic group native to the Nile, Nile Valley in Egypt. Egyptian identity is closely tied to Geography of Egypt, geography. The population is concentrated in the Nile Valley, a small strip of cultivable land stretchi ...

, aided by

s, seize

from the

after a 7-month

siege A siege () . is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or by well-prepared assault. Siege warfare (also called siegecrafts or poliorcetics) is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict charact ...

. *1833: Western powers broker the Convention of Kutahya. The terms require Muhammad Ali to withdraw his troops from Anatolia and receive the territories of Syria,

Crete Crete ( ; , Modern Greek, Modern: , Ancient Greek, Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the List of islands by area, 88th largest island in the world and the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, fifth la ...

, and

Hijaz Hejaz is a historical region of the Arabian Peninsula that includes the majority of the western region of Saudi Arabia, covering the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif and Al-Bahah. It is thus known as the "Western Province ...

in exchange. *1834-5: Syrian Peasant revolts, including

Sanjak of Jerusalem The Sanjak of Jerusalem (; ) was an Ottoman sanjak that formed part of the Damascus Eyalet for much of its existence.Abu-Manneh (1999), pp3637. It was created in the 16th century by the Ottoman Empire following the 1516–1517 Ottoman–Mamluk ...

, Sidon Eyalet and

Aleppo Eyalet Aleppo Eyalet (; ) was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. After the Ottoman conquest it was governed from Damascus, but by 1534 Aleppo was made the capital of a new eyalet. By Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters Its reported area in the 19th centur ...

. *1 January 1837:

Galilee earthquake of 1837 The Galilee earthquake of 1837, often called the Safed earthquake, shook the Galilee on January 1 and is one of a number of moderate to large events that have occurred along the Dead Sea Transform fault system that marks the boundary of two tecto ...

– a devastating

earthquake An earthquakealso called a quake, tremor, or tembloris the shaking of the Earth's surface resulting from a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, from those so weak they ...

the shook the

region, killing thousands of people.Sbeinati, M.R., Darawcheh, R. & Mouty, M. 2005. The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D. Annals of Geophysics, 48, 347–435.
/ref> *1839: The

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the union of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into one sovereign state, established by the Acts of Union 1800, Acts of Union in 1801. It continued in this form until ...

, backed by the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

and the

Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire, officially known as the Empire of Austria, was a Multinational state, multinational European Great Powers, great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the Habsburg monarchy, realms of the Habsburgs. Duri ...

, compels

July Monarchy The July Monarchy (), officially the ''Kingdom of France'' (), was a liberalism, liberal constitutional monarchy in France under , starting on 9 August 1830, after the revolutionary victory of the July Revolution of 1830, and ending 26 Februar ...

France to abandon

, and it forces him to return

and

Arabia The Arabian Peninsula (, , or , , ) or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated north-east of Africa on the Arabian plate. At , comparable in size to India, the Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world. Geographically, the ...

to the

. *15 July 1840: The

, the

Kingdom of Prussia The Kingdom of Prussia (, ) was a German state that existed from 1701 to 1918.Marriott, J. A. R., and Charles Grant Robertson. ''The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an Empire''. Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946. It played a signif ...

, and the

sign the Convention of London with the ruler of the

. The signatories offered to Muhammad Ali and his heirs permanent control over

Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...

and the

Acre Sanjak The Sanjak of Acre (; ), often referred as Late Ottoman Galilee, was a prefecture (sanjak) of the Ottoman Empire, located in modern-day northern Israel. The city of Acre was the Sanjak's capital. Acre was captured by the Ottoman Sultan Selim I in ...

, provided that these territories would remain part of the Ottoman Empire and that he agreed within ten days to withdraw from the rest of

and returned to Sultan

Abdülmecid I Abdülmecid I (, ; 25 April 182325 June 1861) was the 31st sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He succeeded his father Mahmud II on 2 July 1839. His reign was notable for the rise of nationalist movements within the empire's territories. Abdülmecid's ...

the

Ottoman fleet The Ottoman Navy () or the Imperial Navy (), also known as the Ottoman Fleet, was the naval warfare arm of the Ottoman Empire. It was established after the Ottomans first reached the sea in 1323 by capturing Praenetos (later called Karamürsel ...

which had defected to

Alexandria Alexandria ( ; ) is the List of cities and towns in Egypt#Largest cities, second largest city in Egypt and the List of coastal settlements of the Mediterranean Sea, largest city on the Mediterranean coast. It lies at the western edge of the Nile ...

. Muhammad Ali was also to immediately withdraw its forces from Arabia, the

Holy Cities A holy city is a city important to the history or faith of a specific religion. Such cities may also contain at least one headquarters complex (often containing a religious edifice, seminary, shrine, residence of the leading cleric of the religi ...

, the Adana District, and all of the Ottoman Empire. *1840: The

Tanzimat The (, , lit. 'Reorganization') was a period of liberal reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. Driven by reformist statesmen such as Mustafa Reşid Pash ...

reforms begin to have an impact in Syria. *1840: Sectarian clashes in Mount Lebanon between

Druze The Druze ( ; , ' or ', , '), who Endonym and exonym, call themselves al-Muwaḥḥidūn (), are an Arabs, Arab Eastern esotericism, esoteric Religious denomination, religious group from West Asia who adhere to the Druze faith, an Abrahamic ...

and

Christian A Christian () is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a Monotheism, monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus Christ. Christians form the largest religious community in the wo ...

Maronites Maronites (; ) are a Syriac Christian ethnoreligious group native to the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant (particularly Lebanon) whose members belong to the Maronite Church. The largest concentration has traditionally resided near Mount ...

. *1847: the Syrian Association founded in Beirut. *1850: Christians massacred in the Vilayet of Aleppo. *1860: The first Jewish neighborhood (

Mishkenot Sha'ananim Mishkenot Sha'ananim (, ''lit.'' Peaceful Dwellings) was the first Jewish settlement built outside the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem, on a hill directly across Mount Zion. It was built in 1859–1860. This guesthouse was one of the first ...

) is built outside the walls of the

Old City of Jerusalem The Old City of Jerusalem (; ) is a walled area in Jerusalem. In a tradition that may have begun with an 1840s British map of the city, the Old City is divided into four uneven quarters: the Muslim Quarter, the Christian Quarter, the Arm ...

. *1860: Clashes between Druze and Maronites in

and

. *9 June 1861: European powers led by France intervene on the side of the Maronites and force the Ottomans to establish the Maronite-dominated Mutesarrifiyyet of Mount Lebanon. *1868: The

American University in Beirut The American University of Beirut (AUB; ) is a private, non-sectarian, and independent university chartered in New York with its main campus in Beirut, Lebanon. AUB is governed by a private, autonomous board of trustees and offers programs lead ...

established under the name of the ''Syrian Protestant College''. *1868: the Syrian Scientific Society founded in Beirut. *1874:

Jerusalem Sanjak The Sanjak of Jerusalem (; ) was an Ottoman sanjak that formed part of the Damascus Eyalet for much of its existence.Abu-Manneh (1999), pp3637. It was created in the 16th century by the Ottoman Empire following the 1516–1517 Ottoman–Mamluk ...

becomes a Mutesarrifiyyet gaining a special administrative status. *1877–1878: The

Russo-Turkish War The Russo-Turkish wars ( ), or the Russo-Ottoman wars (), began in 1568 and continued intermittently until 1918. They consisted of twelve conflicts in total, making them one of the longest series of wars in the history of Europe. All but four of ...

causes increased taxation in Syria. *1882–1903: The

First Aliyah The First Aliyah (), also known as the agriculture Aliyah, was a major wave of Jewish immigration (''aliyah'') to History of Israel#Ottoman period , Ottoman Palestine (region) , Palestine between 1881 and 1903. Jews who migrated in this wave cam ...

took place in which 25,000–35,000 Jew immigrants immigrated to

. *1887-8: Ottoman Palestine was divided into

Nablus Sanjak The Nablus Sanjak (; ) was an administrative area that existed throughout Ottoman Empire, Ottoman rule in the Ottoman Syria, Levant (1517–1917). It was administratively part of the Damascus Eyalet until 1864 when it became part of Syria Vilayet ...

and

. *1893: A fire destroys the

Great Mosque of Damascus The Umayyad Mosque (; ), also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, located in the old city of Damascus, the capital of Syria, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world. Its religious importance stems from the eschatological reports ...

. *1895: Construction of railway

Beirut Beirut ( ; ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Lebanon. , Greater Beirut has a population of 2.5 million, just under half of Lebanon's population, which makes it the List of largest cities in the Levant region by populatio ...

-Damascus. *1895: Construction of railway line Damascus- Rayek. *29–31 August 1897: The

First Zionist Congress The First Zionist Congress () was the inaugural congress of the Zionist Organization, Zionist Organization (ZO) held in the Stadtcasino Basel in the city of Basel on August 29–31, 1897. Two hundred and eight delegates from 17 countries and 2 ...

is held in

Basel Basel ( ; ), also known as Basle ( ), ; ; ; . is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine (at the transition from the High Rhine, High to the Upper Rhine). Basel is Switzerland's List of cities in Switzerland, third-most-populo ...

Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...

, in which the Basel Declaration was approved which determined that the Zionist movement ultimate aim is to establish a

homeland A homeland is a place where a national or ethnic identity has formed. The definition can also mean simply one's country of birth. When used as a proper noun, the Homeland, as well as its equivalents in other languages, often has ethnic natio ...

for the

Jewish people Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly inte ...

in the region of Palestine secured under public law. *1898: German Kaiser

Wilhelm Wilhelm may refer to: People and fictional characters * William Charles John Pitcher, costume designer known professionally as "Wilhelm" * Wilhelm (name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or surname Other uses * Wilhe ...

visits Jerusalem to dedicate the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer. He meets

Theodor Herzl Theodor Herzl (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904) was an Austria-Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist and lawyer who was the father of Types of Zionism, modern political Zionism. Herzl formed the World Zionist Organization, Zionist Organizat ...

outside city walls.

20th century

*1900–1908: Hejaz Railway: construction of Railroad Damascus-

Medina Medina, officially al-Madinah al-Munawwarah (, ), also known as Taybah () and known in pre-Islamic times as Yathrib (), is the capital of Medina Province (Saudi Arabia), Medina Province in the Hejaz region of western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ...

.*30 *1901: The

Jewish National Fund The Jewish National Fund (JNF; , ''Keren Kayemet LeYisrael''; previously , ''Ha Fund HaLeumi'') is a non-profit organizationProfessor Alon Tal, The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion ...

was founded at the Fifth

Zionist Congress The Zionist Congress was established in 1897 by Theodor Herzl as the supreme organ of the Zionist Organization (ZO) and its legislative authority. In 1960 the names were changed to World Zionist Congress ( ''HaKongres HaTsioni HaOlami'') and Wor ...

with the aim of buying and developing land in the

Palestine region The region of Palestine, also known as historic Palestine, is a geographical area in West Asia. It includes the modern states of Israel and Palestine, as well as parts of northwestern Jordan in some definitions. Other names for the region i ...

s of

for Jewish settlement. *1 September 1908: The Hejaz Railway opens. *11 April 1909:

Tel Aviv Tel Aviv-Yafo ( or , ; ), sometimes rendered as Tel Aviv-Jaffa, and usually referred to as just Tel Aviv, is the most populous city in the Gush Dan metropolitan area of Israel. Located on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline and with a popula ...

was founded on the outskirts of the ancient

port city A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Hamburg, Manche ...

. *May 1909:

Hauran Druze Rebellion The Hauran Druze Rebellion was a violent Druze uprising against Ottoman authority in the Syrian province, which erupted in 1909. The rebellion was led by the al-Atrash family, in an aim to gain independence, but ended in brutal suppression of th ...

erupts. *1914: Ottomans fight on the side of the

Central Powers The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,; ; , ; were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918). It consisted of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulga ...

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

. *1915–1917:

Famine A famine is a widespread scarcity of food caused by several possible factors, including, but not limited to war, natural disasters, crop failure, widespread poverty, an Financial crisis, economic catastrophe or government policies. This phenom ...

in Syria resulting in up to 500,000 deaths due to severe shortage of supplies. *28 January–3 February 1915: The British Sinai and Palestine Campaign:

First Suez Offensive The raid on the Suez Canal, also known as actions on the Suez Canal, took place between 26 January and 4 February 1915 when a German-led Ottoman force advanced from southern Palestine to attack the British Empire-protected Suez Canal, marking ...

– A battle between the forces of the

and the

British Empire The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, colonies, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, mandates, and other Dependent territory, territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It bega ...

in which the Turks fail in their attempt to capture or destroy the

Suez Canal The Suez Canal (; , ') is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, Indo-Mediterranean, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia (and by extension, the Sinai Peninsula from the rest ...

and are forced to withdraw their forces. The canal was vital to the British war effort. *March–October 1915: The 1915 locust plague breaks out in region. *16 May 1916:

Britain Britain most often refers to: * Great Britain, a large island comprising the countries of England, Scotland and Wales * The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, a sovereign state in Europe comprising Great Britain and the north-eas ...

and

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

conclude the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement, which defines their respective

spheres of influence In the field of international relations, a sphere of influence (SOI) is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity. While there may be a formal a ...

and control in

Western Asia West Asia (also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia) is the westernmost region of Asia. As defined by most academics, UN bodies and other institutions, the subregion consists of Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Mesopotamia, the Armenian ...

after the expected demise of the

after

. It was largely a trade agreement with a large area set aside for indirect control through an Arab state or a confederation of Arab states. *June 1916: Grand Sharif Hussein, the

Sharif of Mecca The Sharif of Mecca () was the title of the leader of the Sharifate of Mecca, traditional steward of the Holiest sites in Islam, Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina. The term ''sharif'' is Arabic for "noble", "highborn", and is used to desc ...

who shared with his fellow Arabs a strong dislike for his Ottoman overlords, enters into an alliance with the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

and

against the Ottomans and soon thereafter commences what would become known as The Great Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule. *1916: The Mutasarrifiyet of

is abolished. *9 January 1917:

Sinai and Palestine campaign The Sinai and Palestine campaign was part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, taking place between January 1915 and October 1918. The British Empire, the French Third Republic, and the Kingdom of Italy fought alongside the Arab Revol ...

Battle of Rafa The Battle of Rafa, also known as the Action of Rafah, fought on 9 January 1917, was the third and final battle to complete the recapture of the Sinai Peninsula by British forces during the Sinai and Palestine campaign of the First World War. ...

–

forces defeat the Turks in

Rafah Rafah ( ) is a city in the southern Gaza Strip, Palestine, and the capital of the Rafah Governorate. It is located south-west of Gaza City. In 2017, Rafah had a population of 171,889. Due to the Gaza war, about 1.4 million people from Gaza C ...

and complete the re-conquest of the

Sinai Peninsula The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai ( ; ; ; ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a land bridge between Asia and Afri ...

. *26 March 1917:

First Battle of Gaza The First Battle of Gaza was fought on 26 March 1917 during the first attempt by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), which was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from th ...

– British fail to advance into Palestine after 17,000 Turkish troops block their advance. *6 April 1917:

: The Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation – The Ottoman authorities deport the entire civilian population of

and

pursuant to the order from Ahmed Jamal Pasha, the military governor of Ottoman Syria during the

First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

. Although the

Muslim Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God ...

evacuees are allowed to return before long, the Jewish evacuees were not able to return until after the British conquest of Palestine. *19 April 1917:

Second Battle of Gaza The Second Battle of Gaza was fought on 17–19 April 1917, following the defeat of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) at the First Battle of Gaza in March, during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War. Gaza was defended b ...

– Turkey repels British assault on

Beersheba Beersheba ( / ; ), officially Be'er-Sheva, is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. Often referred to as the "Capital of the Negev", it is the centre of the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in Israel, the eighth-most p ...

line. *6 July 1917:

: Arabian troops led by

T. E. Lawrence Thomas Edward Lawrence (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British Army officer, archaeologist, diplomat and writer known for his role during the Arab Revolt and Sinai and Palestine campaign against the Ottoman Empire in the First W ...

capture

Aqaba Aqaba ( , ; , ) is the only coastal city in Jordan and the largest and most populous city on the Gulf of Aqaba. Situated in southernmost Jordan, Aqaba is the administrative center of the Aqaba Governorate. The city had a population of 148, ...

from the Turks, and incorporate the territory into the

Kingdom of Hejaz The Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz (, ''Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāziyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah'') was a state in the Hejaz region of Western Asia that included the western portion of the Arabian Peninsula that was ruled by the Hashemite dynasty. It was self ...

, under the rule of Prince Faisal. The capture of Aqaba helps open supply lines from

Lower Egypt Lower Egypt ( ') is the northernmost region of Egypt, which consists of the fertile Nile Delta between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea, from El Aiyat, south of modern-day Cairo, and Dahshur. Historically, the Nile River split into sev ...

to the Arab and British forces in the field further north in

Transjordan Transjordan may refer to: * Transjordan (region), an area to the east of the Jordan River * Oultrejordain, a Crusader lordship (1118–1187), also called Transjordan * Emirate of Transjordan, British protectorate (1921–1946) * Hashemite Kingdom o ...

and Palestine, and more importantly alleviate a threat of a Turkish offensive against the strategically important

. *31 October 1917:

: Battle of Beersheba – Australian and New Zealand cavalry troops capture

from the Turks. *31 October-7 November 1917:

Third Battle of Gaza The Third Battle of Gaza was fought on the night of 1–2 November 1917 between British and Ottoman forces during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I and came after the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) victory at the Ba ...

– British forces capture

and break the Turkish defensive line in southern Palestine. *2 November 1917: The

Balfour Declaration The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British Government in 1917 during the First World War announcing its support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine, then an Ottoman regio ...

is published in which the British Government declares its support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. *15 November 1917:

: British troops capture

and

. *8–26 December 1917: The British Sinai and Palestine Campaign:

Battle of Jerusalem The Battle of Jerusalem also known as the Fall of Jerusalem occurred during the British Empire's "Jerusalem Operations" against the Ottoman Empire, in World War I, when fighting for the city developed from 17 November, continuing after the s ...

– The

Ottomans Ottoman may refer to: * Osman I, historically known in English as "Ottoman I", founder of the Ottoman Empire * Osman II, historically known in English as "Ottoman II" * Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empir ...

are defeated by the British forces at the Battle of Jerusalem. The

British Army The British Army is the principal Army, land warfare force of the United Kingdom. the British Army comprises 73,847 regular full-time personnel, 4,127 Brigade of Gurkhas, Gurkhas, 25,742 Army Reserve (United Kingdom), volunteer reserve perso ...

's General

Allenby Allenby is a surname of English origin. Notable people with the surname include: *Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby (1861–1936), British Army field-marshal ** Named after Edmund Allenby: *** Viscount Allenby, a title in the Peerage of the Unit ...

enters

on foot, in a reference to the entrance of Caliph

Umar Umar ibn al-Khattab (; ), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634 until his assassination in 644. He succeeded Abu Bakr () and is regarded as a senior companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Mu ...

in 637. *1918: Forces of the

Arab Revolt The Arab Revolt ( ), also known as the Great Arab Revolt ( ), was an armed uprising by the Hashemite-led Arabs of the Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire amidst the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. On the basis of the McMahon–Hussein Co ...

enter

accompanied by

British troops The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom. the British Army comprises 73,847 regular full-time personnel, 4,127 Gurkhas, 25,742 volunteer reserve personnel and 4,697 "other personnel", for a total of 108,4 ...

, ending 400 years of Ottoman rule. *4 April 1918 – The first edition of the Hebrew-language

daily newspaper A newspaper is a Periodical literature, periodical publication containing written News, information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as poli ...

Haaretz ''Haaretz'' (; originally ''Ḥadshot Haaretz'' – , , ) is an List of newspapers in Israel, Israeli newspaper. It was founded in 1918, making it the longest running newspaper currently in print in Israel. The paper is published in Hebrew lan ...

" is published, sponsored by the British military government in Palestine. *June 1918 – First meeting between the

Zionist Zionism is an Ethnic nationalism, ethnocultural nationalist movement that emerged in History of Europe#From revolution to imperialism (1789–1914), Europe in the late 19th century that aimed to establish and maintain a national home for the ...

leader

Chaim Weizmann Chaim Azriel Weizmann ( ; 27 November 1874 – 9 November 1952) was a Russian-born Israeli statesman, biochemist, and Zionist leader who served as president of the World Zionist Organization, Zionist Organization and later as the first pre ...

and the son of the

Hashemite The Hashemites (), also House of Hashim, are the Dynasty, royal family of Jordan, which they have ruled since 1921, and were the royal family of the kingdoms of Kingdom of Hejaz, Hejaz (1916–1925), Arab Kingdom of Syria, Syria (1920), and Kingd ...

Prince Faisal, who led the Arab forces in the

against the Ottoman Empire during the

, which takes place in Faisal's headquarters in

in an attempt to establish favourable relations between

Arabs Arabs (, , ; , , ) are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. A significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world. Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of yea ...

and

Jews Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...

in the

Middle East The Middle East (term originally coined in English language) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq. The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western Eur ...

. *14 July 1918 –

Battle of Abu Tellul The Battle of Abu Tellul (called the Affair of Abu Tellul by the British Battles Nomenclature Committee) was fought on 14 July 1918 during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I after German Empire, German and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Em ...

*19 September–1 October 1918 –

: Battle of Megiddo *23 September –

: British occupation of

Haifa Haifa ( ; , ; ) is the List of cities in Israel, third-largest city in Israel—after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv—with a population of in . The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area, the third-most populous metropolitan area i ...

is completed. *1 October 1918 –

: A combined Arab and British force occupy

. *3 October 1918 –

: The forces of the

Arab revolt The Arab Revolt ( ), also known as the Great Arab Revolt ( ), was an armed uprising by the Hashemite-led Arabs of the Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire amidst the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. On the basis of the McMahon–Hussein Co ...

led by Prince Faysal enter Damascus.Roberts, P.M., World War I, a Student Encyclopedia, 2006, ABC-CLIO, p.657 In 1920 Prince Faysal becomes the king of the

Arab Kingdom of Syria The Syrian Arab Kingdom (, ') was a self-proclaimed, unrecognized monarchy existing briefly in the territory of Bilad al-Sham, historical Syria. It was announced on 5 October 1918 as a fully independent Arab constitutional government with the perm ...

for a short period. *October 1918:

: The British Sinai and Palestine Campaign officially ends with the signing of the

Armistice of Mudros The Armistice of Mudros () ended hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between Ottoman Turkey and the Allies of World War I. It was signed on 30 October 1918 by the Ottoman Minister of Marine Affairs Rauf Bey and British Admiral Somerset ...

and, shortly thereafter, the Ottoman Empire is dissolved.

Notable births

1853 *

Musa al-Husayni Musa Kazim Pasha al-Husayni (, ; 1853 – 27 March 1934) was a Palestinian politician and statesman. He belonged to the prominent al-Husayni family and was mayor of Jerusalem (1918–1920). He was dismissed as mayor by the British authorities and ...

(b.

), Palestinian Arab politician (d. 1934). 1856 *

Yaakov Meir Yaakov Meir CBE (; 1856–1939), was an Orthodox rabbi, and the first Sephardic Chief Rabbi appointed under the British Mandate of Palestine. A Talmudic scholar, fluent in Hebrew as well as five other languages, he enjoyed a reputation as one of ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish rabbi, first

Sephardic Sephardic Jews, also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim, and rarely as Iberian Peninsular Jews, are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the historic Jewish communities of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) and their descendant ...

Chief Rabbi Chief Rabbi () is a title given in several countries to the recognized religious leader of that country's Jewish community, or to a rabbinic leader appointed by the local secular authorities. Since 1911, through a capitulation by Ben-Zion Meir ...

Mandatory Palestine Mandatory Palestine was a British Empire, British geopolitical entity that existed between 1920 and 1948 in the Palestine (region), region of Palestine, and after 1922, under the terms of the League of Nations's Mandate for Palestine. After ...

(d. 1939). 1858 * Yosef Navon (b.

), Palestinian Jewish businessman who financed the construction of the

Jaffa–Jerusalem railway The Jaffa–Jerusalem railway (also J & J) is a railway that connected Jaffa and Jerusalem. The line was built in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem (Ottoman Syria) by the French company ''Société du Chemin de Fer Ottoman de Jaffa à Jérusale ...

(d. 1934). 1870 *

Yosef Eliyahu Chelouche Yosef Eliyahu Shalosh (, ; 1870 – 23 July 1934) was one of the founders of Tel Aviv, an entrepreneur, businessman, and industrialist. Early life Yosef Eliyahu Chelouche was born in Jaffa, Ottoman Syria. His father, Aharon Chelouche, one of ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish entrepreneur, businessman, industrialist, and pioneer (d. 1934). 1874 *2 March –

Yeshayahu Press Yeshayahu Press (; March 2, 1874 – June 11, 1955) was a prominent researcher of the land of Israel and educator, who was born and lived most of his life in Jerusalem. He wrote the first volumes of the four-volume ''Topographical-Historical Encyc ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli researcher (d. 1955). *

Khalil Beidas Khalil Beidas (, also transliterated Khalil Bedas, Khalil Baydas, Khalil Beydas) (1874–1949) was a Palestinian scholar, educator, translator and novelist. Beidas was the father of Palestinian Lebanese banker Yousef Beidas and was a cousin of ...

(b.

Nazareth Nazareth is the largest Cities in Israel, city in the Northern District (Israel), Northern District of Israel. In its population was . Known as "the Arab capital of Israel", Nazareth serves as a cultural, political, religious, economic and ...

), Palestinian Arab scholar and novelist (d. 1949). 1876 *

Pinchas David Horowitz Rabbi Pinchas David Horowitz (; July 15, 1877 or 1876 - November 28, 1941) was a Hasidic rebbe and the founder of the Boston Hasidic dynasty, one of the first Hasidic courts in America. Biography Born in Jerusalem, he was a paternal descendant of ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish-born American

Hasidic Hasidism () or Hasidic Judaism is a religious movement within Judaism that arose in the 18th century as a spiritual revival movement in contemporary Western Ukraine before spreading rapidly throughout Eastern Europe. Today, most of those aff ...

rabbi (d. 1941). *

Akiva Librecht Akiva Librecht (; 1876 – March 3, 1958) was a founding member of Petah Tikva, Israel, and a member of its first council, which he headed in 1912–13. He was also a member of the Kfar Saba council. Librecht was born in 1876 in Jerusalem, then ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli Zionist activist and pioneer (d. 1958). 1880 *23 May –

Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel (; born 23 May 1880, died 4 September 1953), sometimes rendered as Ouziel, was the Sephardi chief rabbi of Mandatory Palestine from 1939 to 1948, and of Israel from 1948 until his death in 1953. Biography Ben-Zion Meir Ha ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi, Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Mandatory Palestine and Israel (d. 1953). *18 August –

Ya'akov Moshe Toledano Rabbi Ya'akov Moshe Toledano (; 18 August 1880 – 15 October 1960) was an Israeli rabbi who served as Minister of Religions for two brief periods between 1958 and 1960. He also served as chief rabbi of Cairo, Alexandria and Tel Aviv. Biograph ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi, and Israeli cabinet minister (d. 1960). 1881 *

Raghib al-Nashashibi Raghib al-Nashashibi (, ) (1881–1951), CBE (hon), was a Palestinian public figure and wealthy landowner during the Ottoman Empire, the British Mandate and the Jordanian administration. He was a member of the Nashashibi clan, one of the most i ...

(b.

), Palestinian Arab landowner and public figure (d. 1951). 1882 *31 July –

Itamar Ben-Avi Itamar Ben-Avi (; , ; 31 July 1882 – 8 April 1943) was the first native speaker of Hebrew in modern times. He was a journalist and Zionist activist. Biography Itamar Ben-Avi was born as Ben-Zion Ben-Yehuda in Jerusalem on 31 July 1882, the so ...

(b.

), Palestinian-Jewish activist for Zionist causes, son of

Eliezer Ben-Yehuda Eliezer Ben‑Yehuda (born Eliezer Yitzhak Perlman; 7 January 1858 – 16 December 1922) was a Russian–Jewish linguist, lexicographer, and journalist who immigrated to Jerusalem in 1881, when the Ottoman Empire ruled it. He is renowned as the ...

and first native speaker of

Modern Hebrew Modern Hebrew (, or ), also known as Israeli Hebrew or simply Hebrew, is the Standard language, standard form of the Hebrew language spoken today. It is the only surviving Canaanite language, as well as one of the List of languages by first w ...

(d. 1943). *19 November –

Izz ad-Din al-Qassam (; 1881 or 19 December 1882 – 20 November 1935) was a Syrian Muslim preacher and a leader in the local struggles against British and French Mandatory rule in the Levant and an opponent of Zionism in the 1920s and 1930s. Qassam was born in ...

(b.

Jableh Jableh (; ', also spelt ''Jebleh'', ''Jabala'', ''Jablah, Gabala'' or ''Gibellum'') is a Mediterranean coastal city in Syria, north of Baniyas and south of Latakia, with c. 80,000 inhabitants (2004 census). As Ancient ''Gabala'', it was a By ...

), Muslim cleric, founder of the militant

Black Hand Black Hand or The Black Hand may refer to: Extortionists and underground groups * Black Hand (), 1919–1924 Mexican-American raiders of the Tierra Amarilla Land Grant * Black Hand (anarchism) (), a presumed secret, anarchist organization based ...

movement in Palestine (d. 1935). * Kamel al-Budeiri (b.

), Palestinian Arab politician and political activist (d. 1923). 1883 *

Jamil al-Ulshi Jamil al-Ulshi (17 January 1883 – 25 March 1951) () was a Syrian politician, two-time Prime Minister of Syria, prime minister of Syria and acting head of state (17 January – 25 March 1943) during the League of Nations mandate, French Mandate ...

(b.

), Syrian Arab politician and acting head of state during the French Mandate era (d. 1951). *17 July – Avraham-Haim Shag (b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli politician (d. 1958). 1885 *

Avraham Elmalih Avraham Elmalih (; 1885 – 2 April 1967) was a journalist, linguist, Zionist activist and Israeli politician. Biography Born in Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, Ottoman Jerusalem in 1885, Elmalih was educated in a yeshiva and an alliance school. He ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli journalist, community leader, Zionist activist and Israeli politician (d. 1967). 1886 *18 September –

Yehuda Burla Yehuda Burla (; 18 September 1886 – 7 November 1969) was an Israeli author. Biography Burla was born in 1886 in Jerusalem, then part of the Ottoman Empire, to a Sephardi Jewish family with rabbinical roots, originating from İzmir. As a chil ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli educator and author (d. 1969). 1887 *2 August –

Gad Frumkin Gad Frumkin (Hebrew: גד פרומקין; August 2, 1887 – March 10, 1960) was an Israeli jurist. He was one of the first trained attorneys in Palestine prior to Israeli independence and one of the few Jews who served as a judge on the Supreme ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli jurist, only Jewish judge on the Supreme Court of

(d. 1960). 1888 *''Approximately'' –

Yisroel Ber Odesser Yisroel Dov Ber Odesser () (approx. 1888 – 23 October 1994), also known as Reb Odesser or Sabba ("grandfather" in Hebrew), was a Breslover Hasid and rabbi who claimed to have received a "Letter From Heaven" sent directly to him by Rebbe Nachma ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi (d. 1994). *4 August – Yitzhaq Shami (b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli writer (d. 1949). *

Alexander Aaronsohn Alexander Aaronsohn (; September 28, 1888 – May 28, 1948) was an author and activist who wrote about the plight of people living in Palestine in his book, ''With the Turks in Palestine''. Aaronsohn was part of the influential Aaronsohn family ...

(b.

Zikhron Ya'akov Zikhron Ya'akov () often shortened to just Zikhron, is a local council (Israel), town in northern Israel, south of the city of Haifa, and part of the Haifa District. It is located at the southern end of the Mount Carmel, Carmel mountain range over ...

), Jewish author and activist in Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine (d. 1948). * Saleh Suleiman (b.

Reineh Reineh (; ) is an Arab town in northern Israel. Located in the Galilee,Mokary, 2017Er-Reina/ref> between Nazareth and Qana of Galilee, it attained local council status in 1968. In it had a population of , the majority of whom are Muslims (85%), ...

), Israeli-Arab politician (d. 1980). *

Izzat Darwaza Muhammad 'Izzat Darwaza (; 1888–1984) was a Palestinian politician, historian, and educator from Nablus. Early in his career, he worked as an Ottoman bureaucrat in Palestine and Lebanon. Darwaza had long been a sympathizer of Arab nationali ...

(b.

), Palestinian Arab politician, historian, and educator (d. 1984). 1889 *11 October – Yosef Yoel Rivlin (b.

) Israeli scholar (d. 1971). *23 October –

Avshalom Feinberg Avshalom Feinberg (, 23 October 1889 – 20 January 1917) was one of the leaders of Nili, a Jewish spy network in Ottoman Palestine, Palestine that helped the United Kingdom, British fight the Ottoman Empire during World War I. He was killed duri ...

(b.

Gedera Gedera, or less commonly known as Gdera (), is a town in the southern part of the Shfela region in the Central District of Israel founded in 1884. It is south of Rehovot. In , it had a population of . History Gedera is in the Book of C ...

), Palestinian Jewish spy, member of the

Nili NILI () was a Jewish espionage network which assisted the United Kingdom in its fight against the Ottoman Empire in the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem between 1915 and 1917, during World War I. NILI was centered in Zikhron Ya'akov, with branches ...

spying network during

(d. 1917). *24 December –

Ovadia Hedaya Ovadia Hedaya (; 24 December 1889 – 8 February 1969) was a leading Israeli rabbi. Biography Rabbi Hadaya was born in 1889 in Aleppo, Ottoman Syria, to rabbi Shalom Hedaya. In 1945, he succeeded his father as head of Yeshivat HaMekub ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi (d. 1969). *

Awni Abd al-Hadi Awni Abd al-Hadi, () aka Auni Bey Abdel Hadi and Awni Abdul Hadi (1889, Nablus, Ottoman Empire – 15 March 1970, Cairo, Egypt) was a Palestinian political figure. He was educated in Beirut, Istanbul, and at the Sorbonne University in Paris. H ...

(b.

), Palestinian Arab politician (d. 1970). *

Rushdi al-Shawwa Rushdi Sa'id Shawwa Bey () (b. 1889 – 5 December 1965) was the Gaza City#Mayors, mayor of Gaza City, Gaza from 1939 to 1952. He was born in his father's house (former mayor Sa'id al-Shawa) in the al-Turukman section of the Shuja'iyya neighborh ...

(b.

), Palestinian Arab politician (d. 1965). 1890 *5 January –

Sarah Aaronsohn Sarah Aaronsohn; 5 January 1890 – 9 October 1917) was a member of Nili, a ring of Jewish spies working for the British in World War I, and a sister of agronomist Aaron Aaronsohn. She is often referred to as the "heroine of Nili." Biography S ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish spy, member of the Nili spying network (d. 1917). *3 May –

Avraham Chaim Naeh Avraham Chaim Naeh (; 3 May 1890 – 21 July 1954) was a Lubavitcher Hasid and major ''posek'' (halachic authority) active during the first half of twentieth century. He is most famous for his works ''Ketzos ha-Shulchan'', ''Piskei HaSiddur'', '' ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi and

posek In Jewish law, a ''posek'' ( , pl. ''poskim'', ) is a legal scholar who determines the application of ''halakha'', the Jewish religious laws derived from the written and Oral Torah, in cases of Jewish law where previous authorities are incon ...

(d. 1954). *

Asher Mizrahi Asher Mizrahi (; 1890 – 27 October 1967) was a Jewish Tunisian tenor singer and musician, who was born in Jerusalem eventually returned to Israel.He was considered one of the greatest Sephardic-Jerusalem cantors of the 20th century and was re ...

(b.

), Jewish tenor singer and musician in

Tunisia Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia also shares m ...

(d. 1967). *

Zaki Alhadif Zaki Alhadif (; 1890 – October 27 1938) was a Sephardic Jewish politician in Mandatory Palestine who served as the mayor of Tiberias. Alhadif was appointed as a temporary mayor in October 1923. He was elected to the post in the 1927 Municipal ...

(b. Tiberias), Palestinian Jewish politician, mayor of Tiberias (d. 1937). 1891 *1 August –

Eliyahu Hacarmeli Eliyahu Hacarmeli (; 1 August 1891 – 21 December 1952) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset from 1949 until 1952. Biography Born Eliyahu Lulu in Haifa during the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman era, Hacarmeli was educated at ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli politician (d. 1952). 1892 *7 April –

Moshe Chelouche Moshe "Musa" Chelouche (, ''Moshe Shlush'', April 7, 1892 – February 26, 1968) was a Jewish politician and businessman in Mandatory Palestine and Israel who served in 1936 for 10 days as the Mayor of Tel Aviv, mayor of Tel Aviv. Biography Chelou ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli politician and businessman, mayor of

for ten days (d. 1968). *24 September -

Tawfiq Canaan Tawfiq Canaan () (24 September 1882 – 15 January 1964) was a pioneering Palestinian physician, medical researcher, ethnographer, and Palestinian nationalist. Born in Beit Jala during the rule of the Ottoman Empire, he served as a medical off ...

(b.

Beit Jala Beit Jala () is a Palestinian Christian town in the Bethlehem Governorate of Palestine, in the West Bank. Beit Jala is located 10 km south of Jerusalem, on the western side of the Hebron road, opposite Bethlehem, at altitude. In 2017, Be ...

), Palestinian Arab physician, medical researcher, and nationalist (d. 1964). *

Aref al-Aref Aref al-Aref (; 1892–1973) was a Palestinian people, Palestinian journalist, historian and politician. He served as mayor of East Jerusalem in the 1950s during the Jordanian annexation of the West Bank. Biography Early life Aref al-Aref was ...

(b.

), Palestinian Arab journalist, historian, and politician (d. 1973). 1893 * 13 August – Gad Machnes (b.

Petah Tikva Petah Tikva (, ), also spelt Petah Tiqwa and known informally as Em HaMoshavot (), is a city in the Central District (Israel), Central District of Israel, east of Tel Aviv. It was founded in 1878, mainly by Haredi Judaism, Haredi Jews of the Old Y ...

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli politician and businessman (d. 1954). 1894 *25 April – Esther Raab (b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli author and poet (d. 1981). *

Amram Blau Amram Blau (; 1894–1974) was a Haredi rabbi in Mandatory Palestine and Israel. He was one of the founders of the fiercely anti-Zionist Neturei Karta. Biography Blau was born in Jerusalem into the city's Hungarian Jewish community. His fath ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi, noted anti-Zionist activist and co-founder of

Neturei Karta Neturei Karta () is a List of Jewish anti-Zionist organizations, Jewish anti-Zionist organization that advocates Palestinian nationalism. Founded by and for Haredim and Zionism, Haredi Jews opposed to Zionism, it is primarily active in parts o ...

(d. 1974). *

Jamal al-Husayni Jamal al-Husayni (; 1894–1982), was born in Jerusalem and was a member of the Husayni family. Husayni served as Secretary to the Executive Committee of the Palestine Arab Congress (1921–1934) and to the Muslim Supreme Council. He was co-f ...

(b.

), Palestinian Arab politician (d. 1982). * Stephan Hanna Stephan (b.

), Palestinian Arab writer, translator, and radio broadcaster (d. 1949). 1895 *

Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit (; 20 January 1895 – 28 January 1967) was an Israeli politician, minister and the only signatory of the Israeli declaration of independence to have been born in the country. He served as Minister of Police from independ ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish police commander and Israeli cabinet minister (d. 1967). *13 October –

Menachem Mendel Monsohn Rabbi Menachem Mendel Monsohn (Hebrew:; October 13, 1895 – September 3, 1953) was a member of the Monsohn family of Jerusalem, born in the Old City of Jerusalem. He was a great-grandson of Abraham-Leib Monsohn, one of the founders of the Ashke ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish born American rabbi (d. 1953). 1896 *

Israel Rokach Israel Rokach, Order of the British Empire, Honorary CBE (; December 31, 1896 – September 13, 1959) was an Israeli politician, Knesset member, and the fourth Mayor of Tel Aviv from 1936 to 1953. Biography Israel Rokach was born in 1896 in Neve ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli politician, second mayor of

(d. 1959). *

Avshalom Gissin Avshalom Gissin (; 1896 – 5 May 1921) was a Jewish officer in the Ottoman Army and a Zionist Zionism is an Ethnic nationalism, ethnocultural nationalist movement that emerged in History of Europe#From revolution to imperialism (1789–19 ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish Ottoman Army officer and activist in local defense for Zionist pioneers (d. 1921). * Yitzhak Arieli (b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi (d. 1974). *

Mordechai Weingarten Mordechai Weingarten (; 1896–1964) was a Jewish community leader in Jerusalem during the British Mandate. Mordechai Weingarten was born in the Old City of Jerusalem. His family had moved to the Old City in 1813 and lived in the courtyard of the ...

(b.

), Jewish community leader in Jerusalem during the

1948 Arab-Israeli War Events January * January 1 ** The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is inaugurated. ** The current Constitutions of Constitution of Italy, Italy and of Constitution of New Jersey, New Jersey (both later subject to amendment) ...

mukhtar A mukhtar (; ) is a village chief in the Levant: "an old institution that goes back to the time of the Ottoman rule". According to Amir S. Cheshin, Bill Hutman and Avi Melamed, the mukhtar "for centuries were the central figures". They "were ...

of Jerusalem's

Jewish Quarter Jewish Quarter may refer to: *Jewish quarter (diaspora), areas of many cities and towns traditionally inhabited by Jews *Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem), one of the four traditional quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem *Jewish Quarter (), a popular name ...

(d. 1964). *

Mohamed Ali Eltaher Mohamed Ali Eltaher (; 1896–1974) was a Palestinian journalist and newspaper editor. Early life and career Eltaher was born in Nablus to father Aref Eltaher and mother Badieh Kurdieh, and was one of seven siblings. His family belonged to the Ja ...

(b.

), Palestinian Arab journalist (d. 1974). 1897 *3 May - Musa Alami (b.

), Palestinian Arab politician (d. 1984). *7 June –

David Tidhar David Tidhar (; 1897 – 1970) was a Jewish-Israeli police officer, private detective and author. Early life Tidhar was originally named Todrosovitz. He was involved in community affairs from an early age. Career Prior to the outbreak of World W ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli police officer, private detective, and author (d. 1970). *23 July -

Radi Annab Radi Hassan Annab (; 23 July 1897 – 12 September 1993) was a Jordanian Jordanian military ranks, military officer and the first Arab commander of the Arab Legion, which later became the Jordanian Armed Forces. He played a pivotal role in the Ara ...

(b.

), Palestinian-born Jordanian military officer (d. 1993). *20 December – Netanel Hochberg (b.

Ness Ziona Ness Ziona (, ''Nes Tziyona'') is a city in Central District (Israel), Central District, Israel. In it had a population of , and its jurisdiction was 15,579 dunams (). Identification Lying within Ness Ziona's city bounds is the ruin of the Arab ...

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli agronomist (d. 1983). *

Amin al-Husseini Mohammed Amin al-Husseini (; 4 July 1974) was a Palestinian Arab nationalist and Muslim leader in Mandatory Palestine. was the scion of the family of Jerusalemite Arab nobles, who trace their origins to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Hussein ...

(b.

), Palestinian Arab nationalist leader

Grand Mufti of Jerusalem The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem is the Sunni Muslim cleric in charge of Jerusalem's Islamic holy places, including Al-Aqsa. The position was created by the British military government led by Ronald Storrs in 1918.See Islamic Leadership in Jerusa ...

(d. 1974). 1898 *24 February –

Yaakov Ades Yaakov Hai Zion Ades (; February 24, 1898 – July 19, 1963), also spelled Adas or Adess, was a Sephardi Hakham, Rosh Yeshiva, and Rabbinical High Court judge. As rosh yeshiva of Porat Yosef Yeshiva in Jerusalem, he raised thousands of stude ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli rabbi,

rosh yeshiva Rosh yeshiva or Rosh Hayeshiva (, plural, pl. , '; Anglicized pl. ''rosh yeshivas'') is the title given to the dean of a yeshiva, a Jewish educational institution that focuses on the study of traditional religious texts, primarily the Talmud and th ...

, and dayan (d. 1963). * Moshe Ben-Ami (b.

), Israeli politician and lawyer (d. 1960). * Amin Tarif (b.

Julis Julis ( ''Jūlis'', ''G'ulis'') is a Druze village and Local council (Israel), local council in the Northern District (Israel), Northern District of Israel. In it had a population of . Etymology According to local legend, the name is derived fr ...

), Palestinian and Israeli Druze leader (d. 1993). *20 October –

Yehiel R. Elyachar Jehiel Raphael Elyachar (October 20, 1898 – March 29, 1989) was an engineer, real estate development, real estate developer and Philanthropy, philanthropist who contributed to American and Israeli causes. He distinguished himself during Worl ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish-born American engineer, real estate developer, and philanthropist (d. 1989). 1899 *

Eliyahu Elyashar Eliyahu Elyashar (; 10 October 1899 - 30 October 1981) was an Israeli politician and writer. Biography Elyashar was born in Jerusalem at a time when it was part of the Ottoman Empire. His father, Yitzhak Shemaya Elyashar, was the grandson of rab ...

(b.

), Israeli politician and writer (d. 1981). *

Yaqub al-Ghusayn Yaqub al-Ghusayn (, ) (1899–1948) was a Palestinian landowner from Ramla and the founder of the Youth Congress Party. Early life and education He got his initial education at the Sultani School in Jerusalem from where he graduated in 1917. ...

(b.

Ramla Ramla (), also known as Ramle (, ), is a city in the Central District of Israel. Ramle is one of Israel's mixed cities, with significant numbers of both Jews and Arabs. The city was founded in the early 8th century CE by the Umayyad caliph S ...

), Palestinian Arab politician (d. 1948). 1900 *16 December –

Avraham Kalfon Avraham Kalfon (; born 16 December 1900, died 4 July 1983) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Mapai between 1952 and 1955. Biography Born in Tiberias during the Ottoman era, Kalfon was educated at an Alliance sch ...

(b.

), Israeli politician (d. 1983). *

Yusuf Abu Durra Yusuf Sa'id Abu Durra (, 1900 – 18 February 1940), also known as Abu Abed was one of the chief Palestinian Arab rebel commanders during the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine. Abu Durra was a close disciple of the Muslim preacher and rebel Izz ...

(b.

Silat al-Harithiya Silat al-Harithiya () is a Palestinian village in the Jenin Governorate of Palestine, located northwest of Jenin in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics census, the town had a population of 9,422 in 20 ...

), Palestinian Arab rebel commander (d. 1940). 1902 *27 January –

Yosef Sapir Yosef Sapir (; January 27, 1902 – February 26, 1972) was an Israeli politician and Knesset member of the 1st to 7th Knessets. He served as head of the General Zionists and was a founding member of the Gahal party. Sapir was born in Jaffa in 1 ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish politician and Israeli cabinet minister (d. 1972). *2 February –

Eliyahu Sasson Eliyahu Sasson (; 2 February 1902 – 8 October 1978) was a diplomat, member of the Knesset and minister in the government of Israel. Biography Education Sasson was born in Damascus in Ottoman Syria. He studied at an Alliance School in his ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish politician and Israeli cabinet minister (d. 1978). 1903 *22 July –

Ami Assaf Ami Assaf (; 22 July 1903 – 17 May 1963) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Mapai from 1949 until 1961. Biography Born Ami Vilkomitz in Rosh Pinna, Assaf attended the Herzliya Gymnasium. After finishing school, ...

(b.

Rosh Pinna Rosh Pinna () or Rosh Pina, is a town in the Korazim Plateau in the Upper Galilee on the eastern slopes of Mount Kna'an in the Northern District of Israel. It was established as Gei Oni in 1878 by local Jews from Tzfat but was nearly abando ...

Upper Galilee The Upper Galilee (, ''HaGalil Ha'Elyon''; , ''Al Jaleel Al A'alaa'') is a geographical region located in northern Israel and southern Lebanon. Part of the larger Galilee region, it is characterized by its higher elevations and mountainous terra ...

), Palestinian Jewish community leader and Israeli politician (d. 1963). *2 August – Ezra Danin (b.

), Israeli politician and

Haganah Haganah ( , ) was the main Zionist political violence, Zionist paramilitary organization that operated for the Yishuv in the Mandatory Palestine, British Mandate for Palestine. It was founded in 1920 to defend the Yishuv's presence in the reg ...

intelligence officer (d. 1984). 1905 *23 July -

Oved Ben-Ami Oved Ben-Ami (; July 23, 1905 – October 17, 1988) was an Israeli politician and businessman. He was one of the founders of the cities of Netanya and Ashdod and was a longtime mayor of Netanya. He was also among the key founders of the Israeli ...

(b.

), Israeli politician and businessman, Zionist settlement activist and first mayor of

Netanya Netanya () () or Natanya (), is a city in the "Planet Bekasi" Central District (Israel), Setanyahu of Israel, Israel BAB ih, and is the capital of the surrounding Sharon plain. It is north of Tel Aviv, and south of Haifa, between the Poleg stre ...

(d. 1988). 1906 *

Mahmud Al-Nashaf Mahmud Al-Nashaf (, ; 1906 – 10 November 1979) was an Israeli Arab politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Agriculture and Development between 1959 and 1961. Biography Born in Tayibe during the Ottoman era, Al-Nashaf was elected ...

(b.

Tayibe Tayibe, also spelled Taibeh or Tayiba, (, South Levantine pronunciation: ; ) is an Arab city in central Israel, north east of Kfar Saba.Ahmed A-Dahar Ahmed Kemal A-Dahar (, ; 1906 – 6 February 1984) was an Israeli Arab politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Progress and Development between 1959 and 1965. Biography Born in Nazareth during the Ottoman era, A-Dahar was a member ...

(b.

), Israeli Arab politician (d. 1984). 1907 *26 February –

Zvi Berenson Zvi Berenson (; February 26, 1907 – January 30, 2001) was an Israeli jurist who served as a judge on the Supreme Court of Israel. He was one of the writers of the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948. Early life Berenson was born in Safe ...

(b.

), Israeli jurist, judge on the

Supreme Court of Israel The Supreme Court of Israel (, Hebrew acronym Bagatz; ) is the Supreme court, highest court in Israel. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all other courts, and in some cases original jurisdiction. The Supreme Court consists of 15 jud ...

and writer of the first draft of the

Israeli Declaration of Independence The Israeli Declaration of Independence, formally the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel (), was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 (5 Iyar 5708), at the end of the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, civil war phase and ...

(d. 2001). *10 June –

Ezra Ichilov Ezra Ichilov (; 10 June 1907 – 25 June 1961) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for the General Zionists and the Liberal Party (Israel), Liberal Party between 1951 and 1961. Biography Ichilov was born in Petah Tikv ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish community leader and Israeli politician (d. 1961). * Benjamin Shwadran (b.

), Israeli historian (d. 2001). * Reuben Alcalay (b.

), Israeli lexicographer (d. 1976). *

Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni Abdul Qadir al-Husayni (; 1907 – 8 April 1948) was a Palestinian revolutionary and Arab nationalist guerrilla military leader. In late 1933, he founded the secret militant group known as the Organization for Holy Struggle (''Munathamat al-Ji ...

(b.

), Palestinian Arab nationalist leader (died 1948). 1908 *16 July –

Yizhar Harari Yizhar Harari (; 16 July 1908 – 1 February 1978) was a Zionist activist and Israeli politician. Biography Yizhar Harari was born in Jaffa, then under Ottoman rule, to Haim and Yehudit Harari. He studied political science and journalism at th ...

(b.

), Palestinian Jewish activist and Israeli politician (d. 1978). * Ya'akov Gil (b.

), Israeli politician and rabbi (d. 1990). 1909 *25 March –

Elyakum Ostashinski Elyakum Ostashinski or Elyakum Austshinsky (), born 1909, died 1983, was the first mayor of Rishon LeZion, and later CEO of the Vineyard Association. Education Ostashinski was born in Petah Tikva. His parents were pioneers of the First Aliyah ...

(b.

), Israeli politician (d. 1983). *27 July –

Rachel Tzabari Rachel Tzabari (; 27 July 1909 – 16 February 1995) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Mapai and its successors between 1952 and 1969. Biography Born in Tel Aviv during the Ottoman era to Jewish parents who immi ...

(b.

), Israeli politician (d. 1995). *23 October –

Avraham Biran Avraham Biran (; born 23 October 1909 – 16 September 2008) was an Israeli archaeologist, best known for heading excavations at Tel Dan in northern Israel. He headed the Institute of Archaeology at Hebrew Union College in Jerusalem for many yea ...

(b.

), Israeli Jewish archaeologist (d. 2008). *13 December –

Amnon Harlap Amnon Harlap (; 13 December 1909 – 29 May 2006) was an Israeli footballer, who played for Hapoel Tel Aviv and the Mandatory Palestine national football team. Playing career Harlap was born in Rehovot in 1909, and started playing football with ...

(b.

Rehovot Rehovot (, / ) is a city in the Central District (Israel), Central District of Israel, about south of Tel Aviv. In it had a population of . Etymology Israel Belkind, founder of the Bilu (movement), Bilu movement, proposed the name "Rehovot ...

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli footballer (d. 2006). *20 December –

Reuven Shiloah Reuven Shiloah (; born Zaslansky, later shortened to Zaslani; Shiloah was his underground alias; December 20, 1909 – May 10, 1959) was a leader of the Israeli Intelligence Community and one of its founders. He was the founder and the first hea ...

(b.

), Israeli intelligence officer, first director of

Mossad The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations (), popularly known as Mossad ( , ), is the national intelligence agency of the Israel, State of Israel. It is one of the main entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community, along with M ...

(d. 1959). *

Moshe Castel Moshe Castel (; 1909 – December 12, 1991) was an Israelis, Israeli painter. Biography Moshe Elazar Castel born in Jerusalem, History of Palestine#Ottoman period, Ottoman Palestine, in 1909, to Rabbi Yehuda Castel and his wife Rachel. The ...

(b.

), Israeli painter (d. 1991). 1910 *13 January –

Yehuda Tzadka Yehuda Yehoshua Tzadka (; 13 January 1910 – 20 October 1991) was a respected Sephardi rabbi and rosh yeshiva of the Porat Yosef Yeshiva in Jerusalem. He became a student in the yeshiva after his bar mitzvah, and continued to study and teach ther ...

(b.

), Israeli rabbi (d. 1991). *15 April –

Bracha Zefira Bracha Zefira (, also spelled Braha Tzfira; 15 April 1910 – 1 April 1990) was a pioneering Israeli folk singer, songwriter, Musicology, musicologist, and actress of Yemenite Jews, Yemenite Jewish origin. She is credited with bringing Yemenite a ...

(b.

), Israeli folk singer, songwriter, musicologist, and actress (d. 1990). *20 July –

Shlomo Zalman Auerbach Shlomo Zalman Auerbach (; July 20, 1910 – February 20, 1995) was an Orthodox Jewish rabbi, posek, and rosh yeshiva of the Kol Torah yeshiva in Jerusalem. The Jerusalem neighborhood Ramat Shlomo is named after Auerbach. Biography Auerbach was ...

(b.

), Israeli Haredi rabbi (d. 1995). *5 October – Avraham Nudelman (b.

), Palestinian Jewish and Israeli footballer (d. 1985). * Shoshana Shababo (b.

), Israeli writer (d. 1992). *

Sara Levi-Tanai Sara Levi-Tanai (; c. 1910 – 3 October 2005) was an Israeli choreographer and song writer. She was the founder and artistic director of the Inbal Dance Theater and recipient of the Israel Prize in dance. Prizes and awards * In 1964, Levi-Tanai' ...

(b.

), Israeli choreographer (d. 2005). * Tarab Abdul Hadi (b.

Jenin Jenin ( ; , ) is a city in the West Bank, Palestine, and is the capital of the Jenin Governorate. It is a hub for the surrounding towns. Jenin came under Israeli occupied territories, Israeli occupation in 1967, and was put under the administra ...

), Palestinian Arab feminist activist (d. 1976). *

Faras Hamdan Faras Hamdan (, ; 1910 – 29 November 1966) was an Israeli Arab politician who served as a member of the Knesset for the Agriculture and Development party between 1951 and 1959. Biography Hamdan was born in Baqa al-Gharbiyye during the Ottoman ...

(b.

Baqa al-Gharbiyye Baqa al-Gharbiyye (, ; lit. ''Western Baqa'') is a predominantly Arab city in the "Triangle" region of Israel near the Green Line. In 2003, Baqa al-Gharbiyye united with the Jatt local council to form Baqa-Jatt, a unification that was dissolv ...

), Israeli-Arab politician (d. 1966). 1911 *16 January – Mordechai Benshemesh (b.

) Palestinian Jewish born Australian architect (d. 1993). *5 March –

Binyamin Kahane Binyamin Kahane (; 5 March 1911 – 30 October 1956), was an Israeli Air Force officer and pilot who was killed during a reconnaissance sortie. He was awarded the Medal of Courage by the Israeli Defense Forces posthumously. The aerial tactics ...

(b.

) Israeli pilot who pioneered prominent aerial tactics (d. 1956). *8 November –

Yair Sprinzak Professor Yair Sprinzak (; 8 November 1911 – 6 September 1999) was an Israeli scientist and politician who served as a Knesset for Moledet between 1988 and 1992. Biography Born in Tel Aviv during the Ottoman era, Sprinzak went to high school ...

(b.

) Israeli scientist and politician (d. 1999). *

Diyab Obeid Diyab Obeid (, ; 1911 – 18 February 1984) was an Israeli Arab politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Cooperation and Brotherhood and Cooperation and Development between 1961 and 1974. Born in Tayibe during the Ottoman era, Obeid ...

(b.

Tayibe Tayibe, also spelled Taibeh or Tayiba, (, South Levantine pronunciation: ; ) is an Arab city in central Israel, north east of Kfar Saba.Sholom Schwadron Sholom Mordechai Hakohen Schwadron (; 1912–21 December 1997) was a Haredi rabbi and orator. He was known as the "Maggid of Jerusalem" for his fiery, inspirational mussar talks. Some of the stories he told about the character and conduct of ...

(b.

), Israeli

Haredi Haredi Judaism (, ) is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that is characterized by its strict interpretation of religious sources and its accepted (Jewish law) and traditions, in opposition to more accommodating values and practices. Its members are ...

rabbi (d. 1997). *29 May – Yehoshua Bar-Yosef (b.

), Israeli writer (d. 1992). 1913 *25 October –

Avraham Yoffe Abraham Yoffe (, October 25, 1913 – April 11, 1983) was an Israel general during the Six-Day War. He later entered politics and served as a member of the Knesset for Likud between 1974 and 1977. Biography Yoffe was born in Yavne'el in 1913, ...

(b.

Yavne'el Yavne'el (, ) is a moshava and Local council (Israel), local council in the Northern District (Israel), Northern District of Israel. Founded in 1901, it is one of the oldest rural Jewish communities in the country. According to the Israel Centra ...

), Israeli military officer and politician (d. 1983). *12 March – Ya'akov Frank (b.

), Israeli politician (d. 1993). *

Aaron Valero Aaron Valero (; 1913–2000) was an Israeli physician and educator who helped establish hospitals and medical schools, authored medical publications and contributed greatly to the advancement of medical education in Israel in the latter half of ...

(b.

), Israeli physician and educator (d. 2000). *

Elias Nakhleh Elias Nakhleh (, ; 1913 – 6 September 1990) was an Israeli Arab politician who served as a member of the Knesset between 1959 and 1974. Biography Born in Rameh during the Ottoman era, Nakhleh joined the British Army and served in Lebanon, ret ...

(b.

Rameh Rameh (; ; alternatively spelled ar-Rame or ar-Rama) is an Arab citizens of Israel, Arab local council (Israel), town in the Northern District (Israel), Northern District of Israel. Located east of Nahf and Karmiel, in it had a population of . O ...

), Israeli-Arab politician (d. 1990). 1914 *23 January –

Yehuda Cohen Yehuda Cohen (; 23 January 1914 – 8 August 2009) was an Israeli judge. He was appointed to the Israeli Supreme Court in 1982 until his retirement in 1984. Early life and education Yehuda Cohen was born in Safed. He studied mathematics at the ...

(b.

), Israeli Jewish Supreme Court justice (d. 2009). *18 March - Shneior Lifson (.

), Israeli scientist (d. 2001). *20 May –

Avraham Shapira Avraham Shapira (; , Jerusalem – 27 September 2007) was a prominent rabbi in the Religious Zionist world. Shapira had been the head of the Rabbinical court of Jerusalem, and both a member and the head of the Supreme Rabbinic Court. He se ...

(b.

), Israeli rabbi, Ashkenazi chief rabbi of Israel (d. 2007). *24 October –

Dov Yermiya Dov Yermiya (; October 24, 1914 – January 30, 2016) was an Israeli military officer and political activist who became notable for severely criticizing Israeli military actions. Early life Dov Yermiya was born on moshav Beit Gan, now a part of ...

(b.

Beit Gan Beit may refer to: *Beit (surname) *Beit baronets *Bet (letter), a letter of the Semitic abjad *A component of Arabic placenames and Hebrew placenames, literally meaning 'house' *'' Masada: Beit'' album by American jazz band Masada *Bayt (poetry) ...

), Israeli military officer and political activist (d. 2016). *14 November –

Shmuel Tankus Aluf (Rear Admiral) Shmuel "Shmulik" Tankus (‎; 14 November 1914 – 4 March 2012) was the fifth commander of the Israeli Navy, serving from 30 June 1954 until 1960. Tankus was born in 1914 in the Neve Shalom district of Jaffa under Otto ...

(b.

), Israeli military officer, fifth commander of the

Israeli Navy The Israeli Navy (, ''Ḥeil HaYam HaYisraeli'', ; ) is the Israel Defense Forces#Arms, naval warfare service arm of the Israel Defense Forces, operating primarily in the Mediterranean Sea theater as well as the Gulf of Eilat and the Red Sea th ...

(d. 2012). *8 December –

Ruth Amiran Ruth Amiran (; ; December 8, 1914 – December 14, 2005) was an Israeli archaeologist whose book ''Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land: From Its Beginnings in the Neolithic Period to the End of the Iron Age'' which was published in 1970 is a standa ...

(b.

), Israeli archaeologist (d. 2005). 1915 *4 January –

Benjamin Elazari Volcani Benjamin Elazari Volcani (; born 4 January 1915, died 1 February 1999) was an Israeli microbiologist who discovered life in the Dead Sea and pioneered biological silicon research at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of Cali ...

(b.

Ben Shemen Ben Shemen (, ''lit.'' very fruitful) is a moshav in central Israel. Located around four kilometres east of Lod, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hevel Modi'in Regional Council. In it had a population of . Etymology The village's name is take ...

), Israeli-American biologist (d. 1999). *20 May –

Moshe Dayan Moshe Dayan (; May 20, 1915 – October 16, 1981) was an Israeli military leader and politician. As commander of the Jerusalem front in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Chief of General Staff (Israel), Chief of the General Staff of the Israel Defe ...

(b.

Kibbutz A kibbutz ( / , ; : kibbutzim / ) is an intentional community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The first kibbutz, established in 1910, was Degania Alef, Degania. Today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economi ...

Degania Alef Degania Alef (, ) is a kibbutz in northern Israel. The Jewish communal settlement ('' kvutza'') was founded in 1910, making it the earliest Labor Zionist farming commune in the Land of Israel. Its status as "the mother of all kibbutzim" is some ...

Lower Galilee The Lower Galilee (; ) is a region within the Northern District of Israel. The Lower Galilee is bordered by the Jezreel Valley to the south; the Upper Galilee to the north, from which it is separated by the Beit HaKerem Valley; the Jordan Rift ...

), Israeli Jewish military officer and cabinet minister (d. 1981). *23 June –

Oded Burla Oded Burla (; June 23, 1915 – July 26, 2009) was an Israeli writer, poet, and artist. He is considered one of the founders of children's literature in Hebrew. Biography Oded Burla was born in Jerusalem to a Sephardic Jewish family. His ...

(b.

), Israeli writer, poet, and artist (d. 2009). *10 December –

Eliezer Waldenberg Eliezer Yehuda Waldenberg (; December 10, 1915 – November 21, 2006) was a rabbi, posek, and dayan in Jerusalem. He is known as a leading authority on medicine and Jewish law and referred to as the Tzitz Eliezer after his 21-volume halachic tre ...

(b.

), Israeli Haredi rabbi and dayan (d. 2006). 1916 *2 April – Menachem Porush (b.

), Israeli

ultra-Orthodox Haredi Judaism (, ) is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that is characterized by its strict interpretation of religious sources and its accepted (Jewish law) and traditions, in opposition to more accommodating values and practices. Its members are ...

Jewish politician (d. 2010). *27 September –

S. Yizhar Yizhar Smilansky (; 27 September 1916 – 21 August 2006), known by his pen name S. Yizhar (), was an Israeli writer and politician. Widely regarded as one of the preeminent figures in Israeli literature, he was awarded the Israel Prize in 1959 f ...

(b.

), Israeli Jewish author (d. 2006). *

Zahara Schatz Zahara Schatz (; 1916–1999), was an Israeli artist and designer. She was the daughter of Boris Schatz, who founded the Bezalel Academy of Art and Design in Jerusalem. She was best known for the six-branched Temple menorah, menorah she desig ...

(b.

), Israeli Jewish painter and sculptor (d. 1999). *

Binyamin Shahor Binyamin Shahor (, 1916 – 26 November 1979) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for the National Religious Party between 1959 and 1974. Biography Born in Jerusalem during the Ottoman era, Shahor received a religious ...

(b.

), Israeli Jewish politician (d. 1979). 1917 *6 March –

Ruth Dayan Ruth Dayan (; 6 March 1917 – 5 February 2021) was an Israeli social activist who was the founder of the Maskit fashion house. She was also the first wife of Israeli Foreign Minister and General, Moshe Dayan (1915–1981). Active in many social ...

(b.

), Israeli social activist, founder of the

Maskit Maskit () is an State of Israel, Israeli fashion house founded in 1954 by Ruth Dayan, the first wife of Moshe Dayan. It was the first fashion house in Israel. Maskit produces textiles, clothing, objets d’art, and jewelry. Etymology The Hebre ...

fashion house, and widow of Moshe Dayan (d. 2021). *21 March –

Yigael Yadin Yigael Yadin ( ; 20 March 1917 – 28 June 1984) was an Israeli archeologist, soldier and politician. He was the second Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces and Deputy Prime Minister from 1977 to 1981. Biography Yigael Sukenik (later Y ...

(b.

), Israeli Jewish archeologist, military officer and cabinet minister (d. 1984). *17 May –

Tony Cliff Tony Cliff (born Yigael Glückstein, ; 20 May 1917 – 9 April 2000) was a Trotskyist activist. Born to a Jewish family in Ottoman Palestine, he moved to Britain in 1947 and by the end of the 1950s had assumed the pen name of Tony Cliff. A fo ...

(b.

), originally Yigael Gluckstein, Palestinian Jewish born

Trotskyist Trotskyism (, ) is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Russian revolutionary and intellectual Leon Trotsky along with some other members of the Left Opposition and the Fourth International. Trotsky described himself as an ...

activist in Britain (d. 2000). *8 June –

David Coren David Coren (; 8 June 1917 – 14 January 2011) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for the Alignment between 1969 and 1977. He also served as head of and as president of the Western Galilee College. Biography Born D ...

(b.

), Israeli Jewish politician (d. 2011). *17 July – Yehoshua Zettler (b.

Kfar Saba Kfar Saba ( ), officially Kfar Sava , is a List of Israeli cities, city in the Sharon plain, Sharon region, of the Central District (Israel), Central District of State of Israel, Israel. In 2019 it had a population of 110,456, making it the 16th-l ...

), senior member of Jewish paramilitary group, Lehi, in

Mandate Palestine The Mandate for Palestine was a League of Nations mandate for British administration of the territories of Palestine and Transjordanwhich had been part of the Ottoman Empire for four centuriesfollowing the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in Wo ...

(d. 2009). *25 December –

Yigal Mossinson Yigal Mossinson (; 25 December 1917 – 1 May 1994), also known as Igal Mossinsohn, Yigal Mosenzon and Yig'al Mosinzon, was an Israeli novelist, playwright, and inventor. He was the author of the Hasamba children's book series. Among his many aw ...

(b.

Ein Ganim Ein Ganim () was the first ''moshav po'alim'' ("workers' moshav") in Israel. The moshav was established in 1908 near Petah Tikva by members of the Second Aliyah and was named after the Levitical city of Ein Ganim, mentioned in the book of Joshua ...

), Israeli novelist, playwright, and inventor (d. 1994). 1918 *4 January –

Yossi Harel Yossi Harel (; January 4, 1918 – April 26, 2008) was the commander of the operation and a leading member of the Israeli intelligence community. Biography Yossi Hamburger (later Harel) and his twin brother Natan were born in Jerusalem to M ...

(b.

), Israeli military intelligence officer and pre-state

member, commander of illegal Jewish immigrants ships including the

SS Exodus ''Exodus 1947'' was a Packet boat, packet steamship that was built in the United States in 1928 as ''President Warfield'' for the Baltimore Steam Packet Company. From her completion in 1928 until 1942 she carried passengers and freight across Che ...

(d. 2008). *30 January –

Meir Meivar Meir Meivar (; born Meir Meiberg; Safed, Mandatory Palestine, 1918 – Jerusalem, Israel, 2000), was the Haganah commander of the city of Safed during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Meivar was the mayor of Safed in 1965–1966. Biography Meir ...

(b.

), Israeli politician and Haganah commander (d. 2000) *10 October –

Yigal Allon Yigal Allon (; 10 October 1918 – 29 February 1980) was an Israeli military leader and politician. He was a commander of the Palmach and a general in the Israel Defense Forces, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). He was also a leader of the Ahdut HaA ...

(b.

Kfar Tavor Kfar Tavor (, ) is a village in the Lower Galilee region of Northern Israel, at the foot of Mount Tabor. Founded in 1901, it was awarded local council status in 1949. In it had a population of . As of 2017, nearly all of its citizens are Jewis ...

), Israeli Jewish military officer and cabinet minister (d. 1980). *15 October –

Yigal Hurvitz Yigal Hurvitz (; 15 October 1918 – 10 January 1994) was an Israeli farmer, businessman and politician who served as a government minister in the late 1970s and 1980s. Biography Hurvitz was born in Nahlat Yehuda (today part of Rishon LeZion) i ...

(b. Nahlat Yehuda), Israeli politician (d. 1994). 1919 *19 April – Haneh Hadad (b.

Jish Jish (, ), also known by its Hebrew name of Gush Halab (, ), or by its classical name of Gischala, is a local council in Upper Galilee, located on the northeastern slopes of Mount Meron, north of Safed, in Israel's Northern District. In , it ...

), Israeli-Arab politician and police officer (d. 2020). *8 May –

Aharon Remez Aluf Aharon Remez (; 8 May 1919 – 3 April 1994) was an Israeli civil servant, politician and diplomat, and the second commander of the Israeli Air Force. Biography Born in Tel Aviv in 1919, Remez's father David was Israel's first Minister of ...

(b.

), Israeli politician and diplomat, and commander of the Israeli Air Force (d. 1994). *10 June –

Haidar Abdel-Shafi Haidar Abdel-Shafi (Heidar Abdul-Shafi) ( June 10, 1919 – September 25, 2007), was a Palestinian physician, community leader and political leader who was the head of the Palestinian delegation to the Madrid Conference of 1991. Backgroun ...

(b.

), Palestinian political leader (d. 2007). *1 July –

Nissim Eliad Nissim Eliad (; 1 July 1919 – 15 November 2014) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for the Independent Liberals between 1968 and 1977. Biography Born Nissim Amsalem in Tiberias, Eliad was a member of the Maccabi ...

(b.

), Israeli politician (d. 2014). *5 August –

Menachem Ratzon Menachem Ratzon (; 5 August 1919 – 12 November 1987) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the first Knesset for Mapam. Biography Born in Petah Tikva shortly after the end of World War I, Ratzon worked in orchards, industry and a ...

(b.

), Israeli politician (d. 1987). *Full date unknown –

Hanna Ben Dov Hanna Ben Dov (; 1919 in Jerusalem – 2008 in Paris) was an Israeli abstract painter. Life & Work Ben Dov's father, Ya'ackov Ben-Dov, was a famous Israeli photographer who founded the photography department in the Bezalel Academy of Art and D ...

(b.

), Israeli painter (d. 2008). *Full date unknown –

Ya'akov Mizrahi Ya'akov Mizrahi (; 1919 – 13 August 1980) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Agudat Yisrael between 1972 and 1974. Biography Mizrachi was born in Rehovot in 1919 to a family who had emigrated from Yemen. He was ...

(b.

), Israeli politician (died 1979). *Full date unknown –

Binyamin Gibli Binyamin Gibli (; 1919 – August 19, 2008) was the head of Israeli Military Intelligence from June 1950 to March 1955. Shabtai Teveth (1996) ''Ben-Gurion's Spy: The Story of the Political Scandal That Shaped Modern Israel'' Columbia University pr ...

(b.

), Israeli military intelligence officer (d. 2008).

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of Ottoman Syria History Ottoman Palestine History of Ottoman Syria Ottoman period in Lebanon Ottoman Syria history Ottoman Empire-related lists