Numerous rebellions against China's

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

took place between the mid-19th and early 20th centuries, prior to the abdication of the last Emperor of China, Puyi, in February 1912. The table below lists some of these uprisings and important related events.

Taiping Rebellion

Nian Rebellion

{, class="wikitable" width="800" , - valign="top" ! scope="row" width="14%", Date , , War , , Pro-Chinese parties , , Rebels , , Death , , Length , -valign="top" style="text-align:center;" , 1851 – 1868 , , Nian Rebellion , , , , Nian rebels
''Co-belligerents:''
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Red Turban rebels , , {{center, 100,000+ killed , , {{Age in months, weeks and days, year1=1853, year2=1868
(minimum)
{{Age in months, weeks and days, year1=1851, year2=1868
(maximum)

Miao Rebellion

{, class="wikitable" width="800" , - valign="top" ! scope="row" width="14%", Date , , War , , Pro-Chinese parties , , Rebels , , Death , , Length , -valign="top" , {{center, 1854 – 1873 , , {{center, Miao Rebellion{{refn, Also known as the Qian Rebellion., group = lower-alpha , , {{center, {{flag, Qing Dynasty, 1862, name=Qing China , , {{center, Miao people , , {{center, 4.9 million+ killed , , {{center, {{Age in months, weeks and days, year1=1854, year2=1873

Red Turban Rebellion

{, class="wikitable" width="800" , - valign="top" ! scope="row" width="14%", Date , , War , , Pro-Chinese parties , , Rebels , , Death , , Length , -valign="top" , {{center, 1854 – 1856 , , {{center, Red Turban Rebellion{{refn, Also known as the Red Turban Revolt and the Taiping Rebellion in Guangdong., group = lower-alpha , , {{center, {{flag, Qing Dynasty, 1862, name=Qing China , , {{center, Red Turban rebels , , {{center, Unknown , , {{center, {{Age in months, weeks and days, year1=1854, year2=1856

Da Cheng Rebellion

{, class="wikitable" width="800" , - valign="top" ! scope="row" width="14%", Date , , War , , Pro-Chinese parties , , Rebels , , Death , , Length , -valign="top" , {{center, 1855 – 1861 , , {{center, Da Cheng Rebellion{{refn, Also known as the Hong Soldiers Rebellion., group = lower-alpha , , {{center, {{flag, Qing Dynasty, 1862, name=Qing China , , {{center, Hong Soldiers rebels , , {{center, Unknown , , {{center, {{Age in months, weeks and days, year1=1855, year2=1861

Panthay Rebellion

{, class="wikitable" width="800" , - valign="top" ! scope="row" width="14%", Date , , War , , Pro-Chinese parties , , Rebels , , Death , , Length , -valign="top" , {{center, 1856 – 1873 , , {{center, Panthay Rebellion{{refn, Also known as the Du Wenxiu Rebellion and the Tu Wen-hsiu Rebellion., group = lower-alpha , , {{center, {{flag, Qing Dynasty, 1862, name=Qing China , , {{center, pro-Du Wenxiu forces, , {{center, Unknown , , {{center, {{Age in months, weeks and days, year1=1856, year2=1873

First Dungan Revolt

{, class="wikitable" width="800" , - valign="top" ! scope="row" width="14%", Date , , War , , Pro-Chinese parties , , Rebels , , Death , , Length , -valign="top" , {{center, 1862 – 1877 , , {{center, First Dungan Revolt{{refn, Also known as the Tongzhi Hui Revolt and the Hui (Muslim) Minorities War., group = lower-alpha , , {{center, {{flag, Qing Dynasty, 1862, name=Qing China , , {{center, Kashgar's rebels , , {{center, Unknown , , {{center, {{Age in months, weeks and days, year1=1862, year2=1877

Summary

{, class="wikitable" width="800" , - valign="top" ! scope="row" width="14%", Date, , Event , -valign="top" , 1850–1864 , , The Taiping Rebellion, led by the heterodox Christian convert Hong Xiuquan, sees southern China descend into civil war. The rebellion later becomes an inspiration to

Sun Yat-sen Sun Yat-senUsually known as Sun Zhongshan () in Chinese; also known by Names of Sun Yat-sen, several other names. (; 12 November 186612 March 1925) was a Chinese physician, revolutionary, statesman, and political philosopher who founded the Republ ...

, the leader of the

1911 Revolution The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC). The revolution was the culmination of a decade ...

. , -valign="top" , 1851–1868 , , The Nian Rebellion, revolt in Northern China , -valign="top" , 1861–1895 , , The

Self-Strengthening Movement The Self-Strengthening Movement, also known as the Westernization or Western Affairs Movement (–1895), was a period of reforms initiated during the late Qing dynasty following the military disasters of the Opium Wars and Taiping Rebellion. The ...

seeks institutional reform – members of China's elite seek to modernise the nation. , -valign="top" , 1890s , , More intellectuals and members of the elite, mostly students studying abroad, vow to overthrow the

Manchu The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic peoples, Tungusic East Asian people, East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized Ethnic minorities in China, ethnic minority in China and the people from wh ...

Qing Dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

and build a

republic A republic, based on the Latin phrase ''res publica'' ('public affair' or 'people's affair'), is a State (polity), state in which Power (social and political), political power rests with the public (people), typically through their Representat ...

. , -valign="top" , 1892 , , Yeung Ku-wan, together with Tse Tsan-tai and others, start the Furen Literary Society in

Hong Kong Hong Kong)., Legally Hong Kong, China in international treaties and organizations. is a special administrative region of China. With 7.5 million residents in a territory, Hong Kong is the fourth most densely populated region in the wor ...

. , -valign="top" , 1894, ,

founds the Revive China Society (''Xingzhonghui'') in

Honolulu Honolulu ( ; ) is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Hawaii, located in the Pacific Ocean. It is the county seat of the Consolidated city-county, consolidated City and County of Honol ...

, Hawaii. , -valign="top" , 1895 , , China is defeated in the

First Sino-Japanese War The First Sino-Japanese War (25 July 189417 April 1895), or the First China–Japan War, was a conflict between the Qing dynasty of China and the Empire of Japan primarily over influence in Joseon, Korea. In Chinese it is commonly known as th ...

, revealing the severe weaknesses of the Qing state, and the power of the modernised Japanese Empire. , -valign="top" , 1895 , , The Furen Literary Society is merged into the Hong Kong chapter of the Revive China Society, with Yeung Ku-wan as president and Sun Yat-sen as Secretary. , -valign="top" , 1895 , , The Gongche Shangshu movement – a petition of civil service candidates – becomes the first modern Chinese political movement, with intellectuals and members of the elite petitioning the Qing government for political reform. The leaders of the movement become the key figures of the Hundred Days' Reform. , -valign="top" , 1895 , , The abortive First Guangzhou uprising is organised by the Hong Kong chapter of the Revive China Society. Sun Yat-sen and Yeung Ku-wan are forced to leave China and Hong Kong, respectively. , -valign="top" , 1898 , , The Hundred Days' Reform sees the young

Guangxu Emperor The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908), also known by his temple name Emperor Dezong of Qing, personal name Zaitian, was the tenth Emperor of China, emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China ...

initiate 103 days of reform, which are ended by conservative opponents led by Empress Dowager Cixi. Many reformers are forced to leave the country. , -valign="top" , 1898 , , The

Boxer Rebellion The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Uprising, was an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-Christian uprising in North China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty, by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious F ...

highlights hostility to foreigners and domestic political frustration. The movement targets foreign concessions and missionaries in China. , -valign="top" , Early 1900s , , The Revive China Society and other revolutionary groups stage abortive coups across the country, including the Huizhou uprising in 1900, the Ping-liu-li uprising in 1906, and the Huanggang uprising in 1907. Japan becomes the most popular destination for Chinese students, as revolutionary sentiments spread. , -valign="top" , 1901, , Yeung Kui-wan is assassinated and buried in an unnamed tomb in Hong Kong. , -valign="top" , 1905 , , Sun Yat-sen and Song Jiaoren found the Tongmenghui, an alliance of many Chinese revolutionary groups, in Tokyo. Its oath is "To expel Tartar barbarians and to revive China, to establish a republic, and to distribute land equally among the people". , -valign="top" , 1911 , , The Railway Protection Movement begins in response to public anger over the sale, by the Qing government, of railway construction rights to foreigners. Violence spreads to

Sichuan Sichuan is a province in Southwestern China, occupying the Sichuan Basin and Tibetan Plateau—between the Jinsha River to the west, the Daba Mountains to the north, and the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau to the south. Its capital city is Cheng ...

Shaanxi Shaanxi is a Provinces of China, province in north Northwestern China. It borders the province-level divisions of Inner Mongolia to the north; Shanxi and Henan to the east; Hubei, Chongqing, and Sichuan to the south; and Gansu and Ningxia to t ...

and

Hunan Hunan is an inland Provinces of China, province in Central China. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the Administrative divisions of China, province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi to the east, Gu ...

. The Qing government mobilises troops to put down unrest in

Hubei Hubei is a province of China, province in Central China. It has the List of Chinese provincial-level divisions by GDP, seventh-largest economy among Chinese provinces, the second-largest within Central China, and the third-largest among inland ...

. , -valign="top" , April 27, 1911, , Second Guangzhou Uprising or the Yellow Flower Mound revolt, is led by Huang Xing, the Tong Meng Hui leader. Over a hundred revolutionaries force their way into the residence of the viceroy of

Guangdong ) means "wide" or "vast", and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226. The name "''Guang''" ultimately came from Guangxin ( zh, labels=no, first=t, t= , s=广信), an outpost established in Han dynasty ...

and

Guangxi Guangxi,; officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the China, People's Republic of China, located in South China and bordering Vietnam (Hà Giang Province, Hà Giang, Cao Bằn ...

provinces. The revolt ends in a catastrophic defeat, and most of the revolutionaries are killed. , -valign="top" , October 10, 1911 , , Revolutionary groups organise the Wuchang Uprising in the

city of Wuchang. This serves as the catalyst for the

Xinhai Revolution The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC). The revolution was the culmination of a decade ...

and the establishment of the

Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...

. , -valign="top" , January 1, 1912 , , Sun Yat-sen announces the establishment of the

in Nanking, and is inaugurated as the provisional president of the republic. , -valign="top" , February 12, 1912 , , The last Qing emperor, Puyi, abdicates. , -valign="top" , February 14, 1912 , , Yuan Shikai is elected provisional president of the Republic of China by the provisional Nanjing senate and on March 10, in Peking (Beijing), is sworn in.

Notes

{{reflist, group=lower-alpha

References

{{reflist

Bibliography

* {{cite book, last=Tucker, first=Spencer C., year=2017, title=The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History, publisher=ABC-CLIO, location=Santa Barbara, California, isbn=978-1-44-084-2948 *'' Sunday Morning Post'' (hard copy).

. 9 October 2011. {{Qing dynasty topics {{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of late anti-Qing Dynasty rebellions 19th century in China 19th-century rebellions 20th century in China