The following is a

timeline A timeline is a list of events displayed in chronological order. It is typically a graphic design showing a long bar labelled with dates paralleling it, and usually contemporaneous events. Timelines can use any suitable scale representing t ...

of the

history History is the systematic study of the past, focusing primarily on the Human history, human past. As an academic discipline, it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some t ...

of the city of

Aleppo Aleppo is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous Governorates of Syria, governorate of Syria. With an estimated population of 2,098,000 residents it is Syria's largest city by urban area, and ...

Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, t ...

Prior to 10th century

* Founded before 2000 BCE * 1800–1525 BCE – part of the Amorite dynasty * 333 BCE –

Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon (; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip ...

in power. * 286 BCE – Hellenic settlement of Beroea established. * 88 BCE – City becomes part of Kingdom of Armenia. * 64 BCE – City becomes part of

Roman Syria Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of King of Armenia Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria. ...

. * 611 CE – Persian Chosroes II in power. * 637 ** July–October: Siege of Aleppo by Muslim forces. **

Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque () also known as al-Omari (), al-Tuteh () and al-Atras mosque (), is the oldest mosque in Aleppo, Syria. Built in 637, it is one of the oldest mosques in the Levant. It is located in the western part of the Ancient City of Al ...

built. * 717 – Great Mosque built.

10th–12th centuries

* 944 –

Sayf al-Dawla ʿAlī ibn ʾAbū'l-Hayjāʾ ʿAbdallāh ibn Ḥamdān ibn Ḥamdūn ibn al-Ḥārith al-Taghlibī (, 22 June 916 – 8 February 967), more commonly known simply by his honorific of Sayf al-Dawla (, ), was the founder of the Emirate of Aleppo, ...

in power. * 962 – City sacked by the Byzantines. * 1086 - Aleppo submit to the rule of Malik-Shah, the Turkish ruler of the

Seljuk Empire The Seljuk Empire, or the Great Seljuk Empire, was a High Middle Ages, high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian tradition, Turco-Persian, Sunni Islam, Sunni Muslim empire, established and ruled by the Qiniq (tribe), Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. ...

* 1094 – After defeating opposing Seljuk governor Aq Sunqur, Tutush becomes ruler of the city. * 1124 – City besieged by Christian

crusaders The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and at times directed by the Papacy during the Middle Ages. The most prominent of these were the campaigns to the Holy Land aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and its surrounding ...

under

Baldwin II of Jerusalem Baldwin II, also known as Baldwin of Bourcq (; – 21August 1131), was Count of Edessa from 1100 to 1118, and King of Jerusalem from 1118 until his death. He accompanied Godfrey of Bouillon and Baldwin of Boulogne to the Holy Land during the ...

. * 1124 – Al-Halawiyah Madrasa built. * 1138 – 11 October:

Earthquake An earthquakealso called a quake, tremor, or tembloris the shaking of the Earth's surface resulting from a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, from those so weak they ...

was one of deadliest of all time. * 1168 – Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa established. * 1170 – 29 June:

. * 1183 –

Saladin Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ( – 4 March 1193), commonly known as Saladin, was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Hailing from a Kurdish family, he was the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria. An important figure of the Third Crusade, h ...

assumes power. * 1193 **

Az-Zahir Ghazi Al-Malik az-Zahir Ghiyath ud-din Ghazi ibn Yusuf ibn Ayyub (commonly known as az-Zahir Ghazi; 1172 – 8 October 1216) was the Kurdish Ayyubid emir of Aleppo between 1186 and 1216. He was the third son of Saladin and his lands included northern ...

in power. ** Al-Shadbakhtiyah Madrasa built.

13th century

* 1211 – Hammam al-Sultan built. * 1212 – Bab al-Nasr (gate) rebuilt. * 1218 – Aqueduct restored. * 1223 – Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa established. * 1230 –

Bab al-Maqam Bab al-Maqam (), meaning the ''Gate of Maqam'' is one of the Gates of Aleppo. The 13th century structure was built by al-Aziz Muhammad on the road that connected the Maqamat with the Citadel. Deviations in its design from the majority of me ...

(gate) built. * 1236 – Al-Firdaws Madrasa established. * 1237 ** Khanqah al-Farafira (monastery) and Al-Kameliyah Madrasa built. **

Bab al-Nairab Bab al-Nairab (, also spelled Bab al-Nayrab) meaning the "Gate of al-Nayrab", was one of the nine historical gates of the Ancient City of Aleppo, Ancient City of Aleppo in northern Syria, but has since disappeared. Its name refers to the nearby vill ...

(gate) built (approximate date). * 1242 – Al-Sharafiyah Madrasa built. * 1251 – Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa built. * 1256 – Bab Qinnasrin (gate) rebuilt. * 1260 – City besieged by

Mongol Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia and other 11 autonomous territories), as well as the republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia in Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of M ...

forces under

Hulagu Khan Hulegu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulagu; ; ; ; ( 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Western Asia. As a son of Tolui and the Keraite princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of ...

. * 1280 – City besieged by

forces.

14th–15th centuries

* 1303 –

Mahmandar Mosque Mahmandar Mosque () is one of the oldest mosques in Aleppo, Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turke ...

built. * 1318 – Altun Bogha Mosque built. * 1350 –

Al-Sahibiyah Mosque Al-Sahibiyah Mosque () also known as Fustoq mosque ('جَامِع فُسْتُق' or 'جَامِع فُسْتَق', 'Jāmiʿ Fustaq' or 'Jāmiʿ Fustuq'), is a 14th-century mosque in Aleppo, Syria. It is located in the heart of the Ancient City ...

built. * 1354 –

Bimaristan A bimaristan (; ), or simply maristan, known in Arabic also as ("house of healing"; in Turkish), is a hospital in the historic Islamic world. Its origins can be traced back to Sassanian Empire prior to the Muslim conquest of Persia. The word ...

Arghun al-Kamili (asylum) active. * 1398 – Al-Otrush Mosque and Al-Tawashi mosque built. * 1400 – City sacked by forces of

Timur Timur, also known as Tamerlane (1320s17/18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeat ...

of Transoxia. * 1427 –

Citadel A citadel is the most fortified area of a town or city. It may be a castle, fortress, or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of ''city'', meaning "little city", because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core. ...

expanded. * 1418 – Central Synagogue rebuilt. * 1425 –

Al-Saffahiyah Mosque The Al-Saffahiyah Mosque () is a mosque in Aleppo, located to the south-west of the Citadel, at "Al-Jalloum" district of the ancient city, to the east of Al-Shibani Church-School. The mosque was built in 1425 under the patronage of ''Ahmed bin Sa ...

built. * 1429 –

Forty Martyrs Cathedral The Forty Martyrs Armenian Cathedral (, ) of Aleppo, Syria, is a 15th-century Armenian Apostolic church located in the old Christian quarter of Al-Jdayde, Jdeydeh. It is significant among the Armenian churches for being one of the oldest active ...

consecrated. * 1450 ** Khan al-Qadi active in

Al-Madina Souq Al-Madina Souq () is the covered souq-market located at the heart of the Syrian city of Aleppo within the walled Ancient City of Aleppo, ancient part of the city. With its long and narrow alleys, al-Madina Souq is the largest covered historic mark ...

. ** Hammam al-Bayadah built. * 1472 – Khan al-Burghul built in

. * 1491 –

Hammam Yalbugha Hammam Yalbugha () is a Mamluk-era public bath ("hammam") in Aleppo, Syria. It was built in 1491 by the Emir of Aleppo Saif ad-Din Yalbugha al-Naseri. It is located next to the entrance of the Citadel of Aleppo, on the banks of the Quweiq The ...

built. * 1500 ** Cathedral of Our Lady of Syrians built. ** Church of the Dormition of Our Lady renovated.

16th century

* 1509 – Bab al-Hadid (gate) rebuilt. * 1516 – Ottoman

Selim I Selim I (; ; 10 October 1470 – 22 September 1520), known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute (), was the List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520. Despite lasting only eight years, his reign is ...

in power. * 1517 – Becomes part of Ottoman Empire. * 1534 – City becomes capital of

Aleppo Eyalet Aleppo Eyalet (; ) was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. After the Ottoman conquest it was governed from Damascus, but by 1534 Aleppo was made the capital of a new eyalet. By Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters Its reported area in the 19th centur ...

. * 1537 – Population: 80,000. * 1539 – Souq Khan al-Nahhaseen built in

. * 1546 – Khan al-Shouneh built in

. * 1547 –

Khusruwiyah Mosque The Khusraw mosque Arabized as Khusruwiyah Mosque (; ) was a mosque complex in Aleppo, Syria. It was located southeast of the Citadel A citadel is the most fortified area of a town or city. It may be a castle, fortress, or fortified center. Th ...

built. * 1548 – Consulate of

Republic of Venice The Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and Maritime republics, maritime republic with its capital in Venice. Founded, according to tradition, in 697 ...

established. * 1557 –

Al-Adiliyah Mosque Al-Adiliyah Mosque (, ) or Dukaginzâde Mehmed Pasha mosque was a külliye in Aleppo, located to the southwest of the Citadel of Aleppo, Citadel, in "Al-Jalloum" district of the ancient city, few meters away from Al-Saffahiyah mosque. The mosque ...

built (approximate date). * 1562 – Consulate of

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

established. * 1583 – Consulate of England established.

17th–18th centuries

* 1603 – Beit Wakil (mansion) built. * 1622 –

Levant Company The Levant Company was an English chartered company formed in 1592. Elizabeth I of England approved its initial charter on 11 September 1592 when the Venice Company (1583) and the Turkey Company (1581) merged, because their charters had expired, ...

in business. * 1613 – Consulate of the

Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...

established. * 1629 – Guild of "makers of swords, knives, daggers, bows, and shields" organized. * 1682 - Souq Khan al-Wazir built in

. * 1683 - Population: 115,000. * 1706 - Printing press established. * 1724 – Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa established. * 1730 – Madrasa Ridaiya established.

19th century

* 1805 – Uprising. * 1812 – Earthquake;

citadel A citadel is the most fortified area of a town or city. It may be a castle, fortress, or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of ''city'', meaning "little city", because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core. ...

collapses. * 1814 – "Janissary massacre." * 1822 – Earthquake. * 1823 ** Cholera outbreak. ** Population: 250,000 (approximate). * 1827 – Plague. * 1830 – Earthquake. * 1832 ** Ibrahim Pasha takes city for

Muhammad Ali of Egypt Muhammad Ali (4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Albanians, Albanian viceroy and governor who became the ''de facto'' ruler of History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty, Egypt from 1805 to 1848, widely consi ...

. ** Cholera outbreak. * 1834 –

Military barracks Barracks are buildings used to accommodate military personnel and quasi-military personnel such as police. The English word originates from the 17th century via French and Italian from an old Spanish word 'soldier's tent', but today barracks ar ...

built in the Citadel. * 1840 – Mohammed Ali relinquishes power. * 1850 ** City besieged by Beduins. **

Massacre of Aleppo (1850) The Massacre of Aleppo (), often referred to simply as The Events (), was a riot perpetrated by Islam, Muslim residents of Aleppo, largely from the eastern quarters of the city, against Christians, Christian residents, largely located in the nort ...

. * 1853 –

Pogrom A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of Massacre, massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews. The term entered the English language from Russian to describe late 19th- and early 20th-century Anti-Jewis ...

of Jews. * 1858 – Population: 70,000 (approximate). * 1859 – Terre-Sainte College opens. * 1864 – City becomes capital of Aleppo Vilayet. * 1868 – Municipal council formed. * 1873 – Saint Elias Cathedral built. * 1875 –

of Jews. * 1878 – Population: 95,000 (approximate). * 1885 – Aleppo chamber of commerce founded. * 1892 – Thanawiyyat al-Ma'mun (school) opens. * 1899 - Bab al-Faraj Clock Tower built.

20th century

* 1901 –

Ades Synagogue The Ades Synagogue (), also known as the Great Synagogue Ades of the Glorious Aleppo Community, is an Orthodox Judaism, Orthodox Judaism, Jewish congregation and synagogue, located at 1 Beer Sheba Street, in the Nachlaot neighborhood of Jerusale ...

established. * 1906 – Hama-Aleppo railway in operation. * 1909 – Abd al-Wahab al-Inklizi becomes mayor. * 1910 ** Nadi al-Ta'ddud (Mutual Aid Society) founded. ** Population: 130,000 (approximate). * 1911 –

Baron Hotel Baron Hotel (also Baron's Hotel; or ''Le Baron''), is the oldest hotel that currently operates in Syria. It is located on Baron street in down-town Aleppo's Aziziyeh district. The Baron has sustained some civil war-related minor damage but is ...

in business. * 1912 –

Baghdad Railway Baghdad ( or ; , ) is the capital and List of largest cities of Iraq, largest city of Iraq, located along the Tigris in the central part of the country. With a population exceeding 7 million, it ranks among the List of largest cities in the A ...

in operation. * 1916 –

Aleppo College Aleppo College (; also called Aleppo American College) is a junior college. It awards high school degrees at the tenth grade. And up to 1964, it awarded freshman and sophomore classes in arts, engineering and medicine at the 11th and 12th Grades. I ...

established. * 1918 – Ihsan al-Jabiri becomes mayor. * 1920 - Syria mandated to the French; city becomes capital of

State of Aleppo The State of Aleppo (; ') was one of the six states that were established by the France, French High Commissioner of the Levant, General Henri Gouraud (French Army officer), Henri Gouraud, in the Mandate for Syria and Lebanon, French Mandate of ...

. * 1922 - Red Hand Society organized (approximate date). * 1924 ** Damascus and Aleppo united by the French. **

Airport An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial Aviation, air transport. They usually consist of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surf ...

in operation (approximate date). ** Municipal library established. * 1925 – Al-Yarmouk Sporting Club formed. * 1927 – ''al-Hadith'' journal begins publication. * 1931 -

National Museum of Aleppo The National Museum of Aleppo () is the largest museum in the city of Aleppo, Syria, and was founded in 1931. It is located in the heart of the northern city on Baron Street, adjacent to the famous Baron Hotel and near the Bab al-Faraj (Aleppo), ...

founded. * 1933 - Grand Serail d'Alep opens. * 1936 - ''al-Nazir'' newspaper begins publication. * 1945 ** National Library of Aleppo and Club d'Alep open. * 1947 -

of Jews. * 1948 ** People's Party established. ** Al-Baladi Stadium opens. * 1949 ** Aleppo Public Park created. ** Al-Ittihad Sports Club and Jalaa FC formed. * 1950 ** Population: 362,500. ** ''al-Nass'' newspaper begins publication (approximate date). * 1952 – Hurriya Sporting Club formed. * 1958 –

University of Aleppo University of Aleppo (, also called Aleppo University) is a public university located in Aleppo, Syria. It is the second largest university in Syria after the University of Damascus. During 2005–06, the university had over 61,000 undergraduate ...

established. * 1963 –

Nasserist Nasserism ( ) is an Arab nationalist and Arab socialist political ideology based on the thinking of Gamal Abdel Nasser, one of the two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and Egypt's second President. Spanning the domestic a ...

insurgency. * 1964 – Population: 547,030 (estimate). * 1965 – Chemins de Fer Syriens headquartered in city. * 1970 ** Our Lady of Assumption church opens. ** Population: 639,428. * 1971 – Statue of

Qustaki al-Himsi Qustaki al-Himsi (, ; 1858–1941) was a Syrian writer and poet of the Nahda movement (the Arabic renaissance), a prominent figure in the Arabic literature of the 19th and 20th centuries and one of the first reformers of the traditional Arab ...

erected in Liberty Square. * 1975 – Popular Traditions Museum opens in Beit Achiqbash. * 1977 – International School of Aleppo established. * 1979 – Aleppo Artillery School massacre took place by

Muslim Brotherhood The Society of the Muslim Brothers ('' ''), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood ( ', is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar, Imam and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928. Al-Banna's teachings s ...

. * 1980 – Siege of Aleppo (1980), Siege of Aleppo. * 1983 – International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas seed bank founde

https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2015/09/rescuing-ancient-seeds-from-a-war-torn-city/406978/] * 1985 – Population: 1,145,117 (estimate). * 1986 – Al-Hamadaniah Stadium opens. * 1990 – Population: 1,216,000. * 1994 ** Aleppo Citadel Museum opens. ** Population: 1,542,000 (estimate). * 1997 – Lycée Français d'Alep established.

21st century

* 2002 – Private University of Science and Arts established. * 2004 – Population: 2,132,100. * 2006 – City designated an Islamic Capital of Culture. * 2007 – Aleppo International Stadium opens. * 2008 ** Sabah Fakhri Institute of music opened. ** Population: 4,450,000 (estimate). * 2012 ** 10 February: February 2012 Aleppo bombings, Bombings. ** 18 March: March 2012 Aleppo bombing, Bombing. ** 4 May: Protest and crackdown. ** 19 July: Battle of Aleppo (2012–2013), Battle of Aleppo begins. ** 9 September: Bombing near the 7 April Stadium. ** 3 October: Bombing in Saadallah Al-Jabiri Square. * 2013 ** 15 January: Aleppo University bombings. ** 19 March: Chemical weapon attack by militants. * 2016 ** 22 December: Battle of Aleppo ends. * 2020 ** 16 February: Syrian Armed Forces recapture the entire city of Aleppo. *2024 ** 30 November: Syrian opposition forces Battle of Aleppo (2024), capture most of the city in a Northwestern Syria offensive (2024), surprise offensive.

References

Bibliography

;Published in 18th–19th century * * * * * * * * * (
1898 ed.
an
1912 ed.
;Published in 20th century * * * *Ralph Davis, ''Aleppo and Devonshire Square English Traders in the Levant in the Eighteenth Century'' (1967) Macmillan * * * Yasser Tabbaa. "Circles of Power: Palace, Citadel, and City in Ayyubid Aleppo." Ars Orientalis 23 (1993): 181–200. * ;Published in 21st century * * * * * * Nora Lafi,
Building and Destroying Authenticity in Aleppo: Heritage between Conservation, Transformation, Destruction, and Re-Invention
in Christoph Bernhardt, Martin Sabrow, Achim Saupe (eds.)., Gebaute Geschichte. Historische Authentizität im Stadtraum, Göttingen, Wallstein, 2017, pp. 206–228. * *

External links

* 1930s–1940s * * Europeana

* Digital Public Library of America
Items related to Aleppo
* 2016– {{Syria year nav Timelines of cities in Syria, Aleppo History of Aleppo, * Years in Syria