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The time-traveler hypothesis, also known as chrononaut UFO, future humans, extratempestrial model and
Terminator Terminator may refer to: Science and technology Genetics * Terminator (genetics), the end of a gene for transcription * Terminator technology, proposed methods for restricting the use of genetically modified plants by causing second generation s ...
theory is the proposal that
unidentified flying objects An unidentified flying object (UFO), more recently renamed by US officials as a UAP (unidentified aerial phenomenon), is any perceived aerial phenomenon that cannot be immediately identified or explained. On investigation, most UFOs are ide ...
are humans traveling from the future using advanced technology. Some notable people have given recent public exposure to the hypothesis, such as retired
NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research. NASA was established in 1958, succeedi ...
aerospace engineer Larry Lemke,
Wisconsin Wisconsin () is a state in the upper Midwestern United States. Wisconsin is the 25th-largest state by total area and the 20th-most populous. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake M ...
congressman Mike Gallagher, and American filmmaker
Steven Spielberg Steven Allan Spielberg (; born December 18, 1946) is an American director, writer, and producer. A major figure of the New Hollywood era and pioneer of the modern blockbuster, he is the most commercially successful director of all time. Spi ...
. The time-traveler hypothesis is considered extremely implausible by mainstream scholars and is generally regarded as unorthodox even among fringe conspiracy theorists who argue that UFOs are extraterrestrial spacecraft or interdimensional phenomena.


Antecedents


Origins of time travel speculation

The notion of time travel from the future to the past is thought to have been introduced for the first time in literature by French botanist and geologist Pierre Boitard in his popular 1861 book ''Paris avant les hommes'' (Paris before Men), featuring a man sent back to
prehistoric Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use o ...
Earth where he interacts with an ape-like ancestor, A few years later, in 1887,
Camille Flammarion Nicolas Camille Flammarion Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, FRAS (; 26 February 1842 – 3 June 1925) was a French astronomer and author. He was a prolific author of more than fifty titles, including popular science works about astrono ...
published ''Lumen'', a novel featuring an alien soul traveling through different worlds and historical periods. Although traveling back in time is almost-universally considered physically impossible, theoretical research has explored whether it might be possible. It has also been speculated by scientists such as J. Richard Gott,
Ronald Mallet Ronald Lawrence Mallett (born March 30, 1945) is an American theoretical physicist, academic and author. He has been a faculty member of the University of Connecticut since 1975 and is best known for his scientific position on the possibility of ...
and others that humans may someday be able to time travel to the past.


Speculation of future human evolution

Many authors and researchers have speculated about the
future evolution ''Future Evolution'' is a book written by paleontologist Peter Ward and illustrated by Alexis Rockman. He addresses his own opinion of future evolution and compares it with Dougal Dixon's '' After Man: A Zoology of the Future'' and H. G. Well ...
of mankind. In 1888 English author H. G. Wells published his famous science-fiction novella ''
The Time Machine ''The Time Machine'' is a science fiction novella by H. G. Wells, published in 1895. The work is generally credited with the popularization of the concept of time travel by using a vehicle or device to travel purposely and selectively fo ...
'' featuring a future evolution of humans and is generally regarded as one of the first modern instances of both time travel and
speculative evolution Speculative evolution is a genre of speculative fiction and an artistic movement focused on hypothetical scenarios in the evolution of life, and a significant form of fictional biology. It is also known as speculative biology and it is referred ...
. Other writers on speculative evolution include Edgar Rice Burroughs, British philosopher and science fiction writer
Olaf Stapledon William Olaf Stapledon (10 May 1886 – 6 September 1950) – known as Olaf Stapledon – was a British philosopher and author of science fiction.Andy Sawyer, " illiamOlaf Stapledon (1886-1950)", in Bould, Mark, et al, eds. ''Fifty Key Figure ...
with his 1930 "
future history A future history is a postulated history of the future and is used by authors of science fiction and other speculative fiction to construct a common background for fiction. Sometimes the author publishes a timeline of events in the history, whi ...
" novel '' Last and First Men'', American author
Kurt Vonnegut Kurt Vonnegut Jr. (November 11, 1922 – April 11, 2007) was an American writer known for his satirical and darkly humorous novels. In a career spanning over 50 years, he published fourteen novels, three short-story collections, five plays, and ...
in '' Galápagos'', British writer Stephen Baxter in ''
Evolution Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation ...
'', Turkish artist and author Cevdet Mehmet Kösemen in ''
All Tomorrows ''All Tomorrows: A Billion Year Chronicle of the Myriad Species and Mixed Fortunes of Man'' is a 2006 work of science fiction and speculative evolution written and illustrated by the Turkish artist C. M. Kosemen under the pen name Nemo Ramjet. It ...
'' and others.
Climate change In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to ...
, the
technological singularity The technological singularity—or simply the singularity—is a hypothetical future point in time at which technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, resulting in unforeseeable changes to human civilization. According to the m ...
, space travel and genetic enhancement have also been identified as potential factors capable of altering the evolution of humans in the future, leading to different transhuman and
posthuman Posthuman or post-human is a concept originating in the fields of science fiction, futurology, contemporary art, and philosophy that means a person or entity that exists in a state beyond being human. The concept aims at addressing a variety o ...
scenarios.


UFOs and initial explanations

Human beings have reported unknown objects in the skies since antiquity. In the 1890s, a wave of mystery airships sightings was reported throughout the US, followed by
Foo fighter The term ''foo fighter'' was used by Allied aircraft pilots during World War II to describe various UFOs or mysterious aerial phenomena seen in the skies over both the European and Pacific theaters of operations. Though ''foo fighter'' initially ...
s and
ghost rockets Ghost rockets ( sv, Spökraketer, also called Scandinavian ghost rockets) were rocket- or missile-shaped unidentified flying objects sighted in 1946, mostly in Sweden and nearby countries like Finland. The first reports of ghost rockets were ma ...
during
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
. The modern UFO era began in the Summer of 1947, days after the United States announced plans to re-industrialize Germany over strenuous Soviet objection, sparking the Cold War. Amid fears of a Soviet response, civilian pilot
Kenneth Arnold Kenneth Albert Arnold (March 29, 1915 – January 16, 1984) was an American aviator, businessman, and politician. He is best known for making what is generally considered the first widely reported modern unidentified flying object sighting in ...
reported witnessing a formation of supersonic aircraft. Wartime prohibition of live "man on the street" broadcasts having ended, Arnold's sighting was covered nationwide on radio and print media. In the days and weeks following the Arnold sighting, a nationwide craze swept the nation as over 800 copycat sightings were published in the English-speaking press. 1947 sources speculated that the sightings resulted from novel US or Soviet technology, misidentification of mundane objects, or behavioral effects like mass hysteria; Fringe sources suggested that the sightings were a sign of the end of the world, were angelic or demonic, or were vehicles carrying people from other planets or other "dimensions".


Formation and spread


Implausibility of humanoid aliens

Contactee and
Alien Abduction Alien abduction (also called abduction phenomenon, alien abduction syndrome, or UFO abduction) refers to the phenomenon of people reporting their experience of being kidnapped by extraterrestrial beings and subjected to physical and psychologica ...
folklore often describe encounters with human or humanoid figures and abductors. In his 1964 article ''The Nonprevalence of Humanoids''
George Gaylord Simpson George Gaylord Simpson (June 16, 1902 – October 6, 1984) was an American paleontologist. Simpson was perhaps the most influential paleontologist of the twentieth century, and a major participant in the modern synthesis, contributing '' Tempo ...
claimed that it is extremely unlikely that there exists any form of
extraterrestrial intelligence Extraterrestrial intelligence (often abbreviated ETI) refers to hypothetical intelligent extraterrestrial life. The question of whether other inhabited worlds might exist has been debated since ancient times. The modern form of the concept emerge ...
in the
Solar System The Solar System Capitalization of the name varies. The International Astronomical Union, the authoritative body regarding astronomical nomenclature, specifies capitalizing the names of all individual astronomical objects but uses mixed "Solar ...
or elsewhere and that, even if they did exist, it was even more unlikely that they would be
humanoid A humanoid (; from English ''human'' and '' -oid'' "resembling") is a non-human entity with human form or characteristics. The earliest recorded use of the term, in 1870, referred to indigenous peoples in areas colonized by Europeans. By the 20 ...
s. His article was cited and analysed, alongside
evolutionary biologist Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth. It is also defined as the study of the history of life fo ...
Theodosius Dobzhansky Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky (russian: Феодо́сий Григо́рьевич Добржа́нский; uk, Теодо́сій Григо́рович Добржа́нський; January 25, 1900 – December 18, 1975) was a prominent ...
’s similar view on the
implausibility {{Short pages monitor