Thune (Braunschweig)

Braunschweig () or Brunswick ( ; from Low German , local dialect: ) is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the North Sea via the rivers Aller and Weser. In 2024, it had a population of 272,417. The Braunschweig-Wolfsburg-Salzgitter region had 1.02 million residents including the cities Wolfsburg and Salzgitter, it is the second largest urban center in Lower Saxony after Hanover. The urban agglomeration of Braunschweig had a population of 551,000 with almost 45% having a migration background, making it the most diverse urban agglomeration in the whole state. The city consists of 37.5% immigrants (approximately 102,000) with a high amount of migrants coming from other European countries, Asia and Africa. 73% of the Germans residing in Braunschweig come from different parts of the country, particularly North Rhine Westphalia, Hessen and the former states of East Germany. Braunschweig is considered a metropolis and a regiopolis. It is one of the largest regiopolitan cities in Northern Germany and the largest regiopolis in Lower Saxony. The city is seen as a major hub within the region due to it having multiple characteristics of a metropolitan city in a smaller scale or in a comparative amount to other metropolitan cities in Germany.

56.8% or 109.2 km² of the city's area is made up of greenspaces such as parks and forests. Braunschweig has a population density of 3,285 per km² excluding the green areas because only about 82.8 km² of the total area is properly urban, making it quite a dense city. Many districts of the city have a density over 3,300 people per square kilometer such as Weststadt, Innenstadt, Westliches Ringgebiet, Nordstadt, or Östliches Ringgebiet. Due to the city's limited urban core and efforts in preserving green spaces, 81% of the residential buildings are multi-storey apartments limiting 74% of the flats with a space below 100 square meters. The city is constructing more residential areas within city limits so that by 2030 the population increases over 20%.

A powerful and influential centre of commerce in medieval Germany, Brunswick was a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th until the 17th century. It was the capital city of three successive states: the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1269–1432, 1754–1807, and 1813–1814), the Duchy of Brunswick (1814–1918), and the Free State of Brunswick (1918–1946).

Today, Brunswick is the second-largest city in Lower Saxony and a major centre of scientific research and development.

History

Foundation and early history

The date and circumstances of the town's foundation are unknown. Tradition maintains that Brunswick was created through the merger of two settlements, one founded by Brun(o), a Saxon count who died in 880, on one side of the River Oker – the legend gives the year 861 for the foundation – and the other the settlement of a legendary Count Dankward, after whom Dankwarderode Castle (the "Castle of Dankward's clearing"), which was reconstructed in the 19th century, is named.

The town's original name of ''Brunswik'' may be a combination of the name Bruno and Low German ''wik'' (related to the Latin ''vicus''), a place where merchants rested and stored their goods. The town's name, therefore, may indicate a resting place, consistent with its location by a ford across the Oker River. An alternative explanation of the city's name is that it comes from ''Brand'', or burning, indicating a place which developed after the landscape was cleared through burning. The city was first mentioned in documents from the St. Magni Church from 1031, which give the city's name as ''Brunesguik''.

Middle Ages and early modern period

Up to the 12th century, Brunswick was ruled by the Saxon noble family of the Brunonids; then, through marriage, the town fell to the House of Welf. In 1142, Henry the Lion of the House of Welf became duke of Saxony and made Braunschweig the capital of his state (which, from 1156 on, also included the Duchy of Bavaria). He turned Dankwarderode Castle, the residence of the counts of Brunswick, into his own ''Pfalz'' and developed the city further to represent his authority. Under Henry's rule, the Cathedral of St. Blasius was built and he also had the statue of a lion, his heraldic animal, erected in front of the castle. The lion subsequently became the city's landmark.

Henry the Lion became so powerful that he dared to refuse military aid to the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, which led to his banishment in 1182. Henry went into exile in England. He had previously established ties to the English crown in 1168, through his marriage to King Henry II of England's daughter Matilda, sister of Richard the Lionheart. However, Henry's son Otto, who regained influence and was eventually crowned Holy Roman Emperor, continued to foster the city's development.

During the Middle Ages, Brunswick was an important center of trade, one of the economic and political centers in Northern Europe and a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th century to the middle of the 17th century. By the year 1600, Brunswick was the seventh largest city in Germany. Although formally one of the residences of the rulers of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire, Brunswick was '' de facto'' ruled independently by a powerful class of patricians and the guilds throughout much of the Late Middle Ages and the Early modern period. Because of the growing power of Brunswick's burghers, the Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, who ruled over one of the subdivisions of Brunswick-Lüneburg, finally moved their ''Residenz'' out of the city and to the nearby town of Wolfenbüttel in 1432. The Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel did not regain control over the city until the late 17th century, when Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, took the city by siege.

In the 18th century Brunswick was not only a political, but also a cultural centre. Influenced by the philosophy of the Enlightenment, dukes like Anthony Ulrich and Charles I became patrons of the arts and sciences. In 1745, Charles I founded the ''Collegium Carolinum'', predecessor of the Brunswick University of Technology, and in 1753 he moved the ducal residence back to Brunswick. With this he attracted poets and thinkers such as Lessing, Leisewitz, and Jakob Mauvillon to his court and the city. ''Emilia Galotti'' by Lessing and Goethe's ''Faust'' were performed for the first time in Brunswick.

19th century

In 1806, the city was captured by the French during the Napoleonic Wars and became part of the short-lived Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807. The exiled Duke Frederick William raised a volunteer corps, the Black Brunswickers, who fought the French in several battles.

After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Brunswick was made capital of the re-established independent Duchy of Brunswick, later a constituent state of the German Empire from 1871. In the aftermath of the July Revolution in 1830, in Brunswick duke Charles II was forced to abdicate. His absolutist governing style had previously alienated the nobility and bourgeoisie, while the lower classes were disaffected by the bad economic situation. During the night of 7–8 September 1830, the ducal palace in Brunswick was stormed by an angry mob, set on fire, and destroyed completely. Charles was succeeded by his brother William VIII. During William's reign, liberal reforms were made and Brunswick's parliament was strengthened.

During the 19th century, industrialisation caused a rapid growth of population in the city, eventually causing Brunswick to be for the first time significantly enlarged beyond its medieval fortifications and the River Oker. On 1 December 1838, the first section of the Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway line connecting Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel opened as the first railway line in Northern Germany, operated by the Duchy of Brunswick State Railway.

Early to mid-20th century

On 8 November 1918, at the end of World War I, a socialist workers' council forced Duke Ernest Augustus to abdicate. On 10 November, the council proclaimed the Socialist Republic of Brunswick under one-party government by the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD); however, the subsequent ''Landtag'' election on 22 December 1918 was won by the Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD), and the USPD and MSPD formed a coalition government. An uprising in Braunschweig in 1919, led by the communist Spartacus League, was defeated when ''Freikorps'' troops under Georg Ludwig Rudolf Maercker took over the city on order of the German Minister of Defence, Gustav Noske. An MSPD-led government was subsequently established; in December 1921, a new constitution was approved for the Free State of Brunswick, now a parliamentary republic within the Weimar Republic, again with Braunschweig as its capital.

After the ''Landtag'' election of 1930, Brunswick became the second state in Germany where the Nazis participated in government, when the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) formed a coalition government with several conservative and right-wing parties. With the support of Dietrich Klagges, Brunswick's minister of the interior, the NSDAP organized a large SA rally in Braunschweig. On 17–18 October 1931, 100,000 SA stormtroopers marched through the city; street fights between Nazis, socialists, and communists left several dead or injured. On 25 February 1932, the state of Brunswick granted Adolf Hitler German citizenship to allow him to run in the 1932 German presidential election. In Braunschweig, Nazis carried out several attacks on political enemies, with the acquiescence of the state government.

After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, several state institutions were placed in Braunschweig, including the ''Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt'' in Völkenrode, the Hitler Youth Academy for Youth Leadership, and the SS- Junkerschule Braunschweig. With the Reichswerke Hermann Göring in Salzgitter and the Stadt des KdF-Wagens, as well as several factories in the city itself (including Büssing and the Volkswagenwerk Braunschweig), the Braunschweig region became one of the centres of the German arms industry.

During the Second World War, Braunschweig was a sub-area headquarters of Wehrkreis XI (one of Germany's military districts), and was the garrison city of the 31st Infantry Division that took part in the invasions of Poland, Belgium, and France, largely being destroyed during its retreat following the invasion of Russia. In this period, thousands of Eastern workers were brought to the city as forced labor, and in the 1943–1945 period at least 360 children taken away from such workers died in the '' Entbindungsheim für Ostarbeiterinnen'' ("Maternity Ward for Eastern Workers").

In 1944, two subcamps of the Neuengamme concentration camp were established in Braunschweig. The subcamp ''Schillstraße'' or ''Büssing-NAG/Schillstraße'', located where the BraWo Park's parking lot is today, held about 800 male prisoners, who were forced to work in the arms production at Büssing-NAG. After about 300 had died due to disease, hunger, and maltreatment over the course of just a few months, a further 200 were transferred to the infirmary of a nearby subcamp in early January 1945 in order to reduce the number of deaths. However, this was only effective to some degree, as another 80 bodies landed in the city's crematory until the subcamp's closing in March 1945, when Büssing-NAG had to halt production due to severe bombing damages. Today the
Gedenkstätte Schillstraße
'' located very close to the former premises of the subcamp, documents Braunschweig's history during the Third Reich. Büssing-NAG also had another subcamp in the nearby Vechelde, which held a further 400 male prisoners.

The subcamp ''SS-Reitschule'', named so as it was located on the former premises of the SS-Junker School's riding school, held approximately 800 prisoners, all female, who were tasked with clearing away rubble. This subcamp was commissioned by the city of Braunschweig. Although it was only open for two months - from December 1944 until February 1945, there were at least 17 deaths and a transfer of about 50 prisoners to a nearby subcamp's infirmary. The number of survivors is unknown.

Piera Sonnino (1922–1999), an Italian author, writes of her imprisonment in Braunschweig in her book, ''This Has Happened'', published in English in 2006 by MacMillan Palgrave.

The Allied air raid on October 15, 1944, destroyed most of the city's churches, and the ''Altstadt'' (old town), the largest homogeneous ensemble of half-timbered houses in Germany. 100 out of 800 half-timbered houses survived as well as the most important places and streets, preserved in 5 areas of the old town.

The city's cathedral, which had been converted to a ''Nationale Weihestätte'' (national shrine) by the Nazi government, still stood.

Postwar period to the 21st century

About 10% of the inner city survived Allied bombing and remain to represent its distinctive architecture. The cathedral was restored to its function as a Protestant church. Outside the old town city centre large historic quarters remain like Östliches Ringgebiet with its Gründerzeit architecture.

Politically, after the war, the Free State of Brunswick was dissolved by the Allied occupying authorities, Braunschweig ceased to be a capital, and most of its lands were incorporated in the newly formed state of Lower Saxony.

During the Cold War, Braunschweig, then part of West Germany, suffered economically due to its proximity to the Iron Curtain. The city lost its historically strong economic ties to what was then East Germany; for decades, economic growth remained, on average, below the rest of the country while unemployment was above-average for West Germany.

On 28 February 1974, as part of a district reform in Lower Saxony, the rural district of Braunschweig, which had surrounded the city, was disestablished. The major part of the former district was incorporated into the city of Braunschweig, increasing its population by roughly 52,000 people.

In the 1990s, efforts increased to reconstruct historic buildings that had been destroyed in the air raid. The façade of the '' Braunschweiger Schloss'' was rebuilt, and buildings such as the ''Alte Waage'' (originally built in 1534) now stand again.

Population

Braunschweig has a population of 272,000 and is the 2nd largest city in Lower Saxony. Braunschweig is considered as one of the oldest cities in Germany, founded in 1031 by Henry the Lion. Braunschweig first reached its peak of over 100,000 in 1890. In the 1960s and 1970s industrialization boomed in Braunschweig due to automobile and other companies coming to Braunschweig and surrounding cities like Wolfsburg and Salzgitter. Braunschweig's population reached its highest peak of population in 1975 with population of about 273,000 and is expected to exceed this count during the year 2025 and other years. Braunschweig's population started to decline in the 1980s. In the 1990s - after the German reunification - it began to grow again as many East Germans moved there due to its close proximity to former East Germany, 75% of the Germans living in Braunschweig come from different parts of Germany; most are from Former East Germany, Hessen and North Rhine Westphalia. Currently, Braunschweig has a strong focus on research and development. According to 2019 data, it has the highest R&D intensity (ratio of R&D expenditure to GDP) in the entire EU and over 4% of all employed people are R&D personnel.

Religion

In 2015, 91,785 people (or 36.3% of the population) were Protestant and 34,604 (13.7%) people were Roman Catholic; 126,379 people (50.0%) either adhered to other denominations or followed no religion.

Islam

Roughly 27,000 Muslims (9.8% of the population)
were in Braunschweig during 2024. Mosques like DMK Moschee, Fatih Moschee Braunschweig and cultural clubs are present throughout the city but mosque buildings with minerates have not been built in Braunschweig but can be seen in its urban area for example the Grüne Moschee in Wolfenbüttel, Fatih Moschee Salzgitter and the Albanischer-Kulturverein in Gifhorn. The region had around 95,000 to 105,000 Muslims, accounting to approximately 10% of the total region's population.

Immigration

A total of 102,156 of Braunschweig's residents, including citizens with second passport, had a migration background in 2024 (37.5% of the total population). People from over 175 nations live in Braunschweig, contributing to its cosmopolitan atmosphere and demographics. A high proportion of foreigners in the city come from Asia and Africa, something not seen in many cities in a similar size range. One of the main asylums, for refugees and asylum seekers, of Lower Saxony is located in Braunschweig as well as multiple smaller asylums are present throughout the city too, contributing to a higher amount of migrants and refugees in the city compared to other parts of the state though a high number of them are not counted as residents. The city's universities and interest in increasing the number of families from foreign countries has led to a higher trend in immigration. Braunschweig has had a relatively stable population because of multiple housing restrictions and other factors but many Germans are leaving the city so in order to take up their spaces, many foreigners are coming to the city. Multiple residential areas are being constructed in order to withstand the high inflow of migrants to the city.

By the year 2030, over 44% of the population in Braunschweig is projected to have a foreign background, this includes first and second generation foreigners and naturalized foreigners due to around 51% of the population below 18 having foreign ancestry and high immigration rate. The population is also expected to increase by 20% by the year 2030 from 2020.

Weststadt has the highest migration percentage of all districts being 63.2%, followed by Nordstadt-Schunteraue with 55.8%, Westliches Ringgebiet with 52.4% and Mitte with 49.6%. Among the 37.5% of people with a migration background, 47,946 were Non-German citizens (17.6%); the following table lists up the largest minority groups, including citizens with a migration background from a specific nation or region:

43,537 residents in the city are from Asia and largest groups of people from Asia are Turkey (10.665), Syria (5.770), Kazakhstan (4.235), China (3.100) and India (3.085).

From other European countries, there are 38,734 residents with majority of the people coming from Poland (13.365), Russia (8.278), Italy (3.630) and Ukraine (3.462).

15,398 people with African descent live in the city.
Majority are from Cameroon (2.233), Tunisia (2.215), Ghana (1.100) and Nigeria (871).

The combined population of residents with decent from bot Americas is 4,233 with the two most predominant nations present being Brazil (786) and Colombia (713).

Urban agglomeration

The urban agglomeration area of Braunschweig is approximately 551,000 in 2024, making it one of the largest regiopolis in Germany and the largest one in Lower Saxony. This area includes Wolfenbüttel, Meine, northern parts of Salzgitter, Weddel, Sickte, Timmerlah, Lengede and other towns and regions within a 15 kilometer radius though Salzgitter is an exception being 20 kilometers away. The field area and green spaces are not counted because a high amount of the areas are not registered. Braunschweig's urban area makes it a bigger city compared to others with a similar size e.g. Aachen, Wiesbaden or Gelsenkirchen, and since the urban area is not significantly smaller than Hanover, it makes itself an important and major city in Lower Saxony. Companies like New Yorker, Salzgitter AG, Jägermeister, Siemens, Bosch, Volkswagen, Nordzucker, Continental, and others are headquartered or have a branch in this area.

The metropolitan population of Braunschweig is 1.66 million and is considered as Region Braunschweig, including cities and towns such as Wolfsburg, Goslar or Gifhorn, which is the further range of Braunschweig and is not the same as the smaller ranged urban aggomeration.
The metropolitan region of Braunschweig is a subdivision of the larger Metropolregion Hannover-Braunschweig-Göttingen-Wolfsburg.

Information about the urban agglomeration in 2024

The population of the urban aggomeration with a migration background in 2024 was 246,995: almost 45% of the population.
This makes the agglomeration one of the most diverse in Germany and the most in Lower Saxony. Over 70% of the Germans in the urban agglomeration come from different parts of Germany with most of them coming from eastern States due to the proximity. The city is unique because unlike most cities with immigrant populations concentrated inside the city itself, higher number of migrant populations are also found in surrounding areas. Braunschweig's urban agglomeration has a higher migration percentage compared to its city due to industrialization and other major factors since 2011. One of the largest Chinese, Indian, Cameroonian, Russians, Polish, Vietnamese and Tunisian communities in Germany are located in the surroundings and within Braunschweig.

Braunschweig-Salgitter-Wolfsburg Area

The three cities form a Oberzentren and a sub-metropolitan area.
The area is primarily dependent on the steel, automotive and R&D industries. The population of the area is a bit over 1 million (1,014,477) as of 2023. The three main cities have a total population of 512,600, where over half the population lives. The area has 40.6% of the population with a migration background. The area contributes highly to the economy of the country especially due to Volkswagen, Siemens, Salzgitter AG and other companies. The area has one of the highest GDP per Capita in the whole of Europe with Wolfsburg having the highest in the whole country and Braunschweig having one of the highest.

Climate

Braunschweig's climate is classified as oceanic (Köppen: ''Cfb''; Trewartha: ''Dobk''). The average annual temperature in Braunschweig is . The average annual rainfall is with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around .

The Braunschweig weather station has recorded the following extreme values:
* Highest Temperature on 20 July 2022.
* Warmest Minimum on 10 July 2010.
* Coldest Maximum on 11 February 1929.
* Lowest Temperature on 11 February 1929.
* Highest Daily Precipitation on 17 July 2002.
* Wettest Month in July 2002.
* Wettest Year in 2002.
* Driest Year in 1959.
* Earliest Snowfall: 4 October 1925.
* Latest Snowfall: 22 April 1929.
* Longest annual sunshine: 2,128.2 hours in 2018.
* Shortest annual sunshine: 1,270.4 hours in 1960.

Main sights

*The ''Burgplatz'' (Castle Square), comprising a group of buildings of great historical and cultural significance: the Cathedral ( St Blasius, built at the end of the 12th century); the ''Burg Dankwarderode'' (Dankwarderode Castle) (a 19th-century reconstruction of the old castle of Henry the Lion); the Neo-Gothic Town Hall (built in 1893–1900); as well as some picturesque half-timbered houses, such as the ''Gildehaus'' (Guild House), today the seat of the Craftsman's Association. In the centre of the square stands a copy of the '' Burglöwe'' (Brunswick Lion), a Romanesque statue of a lion, cast in bronze in 1166. The original statue can be seen in the museum of Dankwarderode Castle. The lion remains the symbol of Braunschweig today.
*The ''Altstadtmarkt'' ("Old Town market"), surrounded by the Old Town town hall (built between the 13th and the 15th centuries in Gothic style), and the ''Martinikirche'' (Church of Saint Martin, from 1195), with important historical houses including the ''Gewandhaus'' (the former house of the drapers' guild, built sometime before 1268) and the ''Stechinelli-Haus'' (built in 1690) and a fountain from 1408.
*The ''Kohlmarkt'' ("coal market"), a market with many historical houses and a fountain from 1869.
*The ''Hagenmarkt'' ("Hagen market"), with the 13th-century ''Katharinenkirche'' (Church of Saint Catherine) and the ''Heinrichsbrunnen'' ("Henry the Lion's Fountain") from 1874.
*The ''Magniviertel'' ( St Magnus' Quarter), a remainder of ancient Braunschweig, lined with cobblestoned streets, little shops and cafés, centred on the 13th-century ''Magnikirche'' (St Magnus' Church). Here is also the ''Rizzi-Haus'', a highly distinctive, cartoonish office building designed by architect James Rizzi for the Expo 2000.
*The Romanesque and Gothic ''Andreaskirche'' (Church of Saint Andrew), built mainly between the 13th and 16th centuries with stained glass by Charles Crodel. Surrounding the church are the '' Liberei'', the oldest surviving freestanding library building in Germany, and the reconstructed ''Alte Waage''.
*The Gothic '' Aegidienkirche'' (Church of Saint Giles), built in the 13th century, with an adjoining monastery, which is today a museum.
*The '' Staatstheater'' (State Theatre), newly built in the 19th century, goes back to the first standing public theatre in Germany, founded in 1690 by Duke Anthony Ulrich.
*The ducal palace of Braunschweig was bombed in World War II and demolished in 1960. The exterior was rebuilt to contain a palace museum, a library and a shopping centre, which opened in 2007.
*The baroque palace '' Schloss Richmond'' ("Richmond Palace"), built between 1768 and 1769 with a surrounding English garden for Princess Augusta of Great Britain, wife of Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, to remind her of her home in England.
*The BraWoPark is a shopping and a business center near Braunschweig Hauptbahnhof ("Braunschweig Central Station") and contains three office towers, with the tallest having a height of 90 meters.
*Riddagshausen Abbey (German: ''Kloster Riddagshausen''), a former Cistercian monastery, with the surrounding nature reserve and arboretum. The nature reserve ''Riddagshäuser Teiche'' is designated as an Important Bird Area and Special Protection Area.
*Gründerzeit quarters like östliches Ringgebiet, westliches Ringgebiet and Nordstadt-Schunteraue.

File:Braunschweiger Burgplatz.jpg, ''Burgplatz'', with Castle, Cathedral, lion, and Town Hall
File:Braunschweiger Loewe Original Brunswick Lion.jpg, Brunswick Lion, original on display in castle museum
File:Braunschweig, Rathaus (1).jpg, Town Hall
File:Braunschweig, Handwerkskammer.jpg, ''Veltheimsches Haus'' (left) and ''Gildehaus'' (right)
File:Braunschweig Brunswick Gewandhaus Ostfassade.jpg, ''Gewandhaus''
File:Braunschweig Altstadtrathaus mit Brunnen.jpg, ''Altstadtmarkt'', with Old Town town hall (left) and ''Stechinelli-Haus''
File:Braunschweig St.Martini 2005-01-23 (south).jpg, Church of St. Martin
File:Braunschweig Brunswick Ritter St Georg (2006).JPG, ''Altstadt'' ("Old Town")
File:Braunschweig Brunswick Haus zum Stern (2004).JPG, ''Haus zum Stern'' on ''Kohlmarkt''
File:Braunschweig, St. Katharinen, Heinrichsbrunnen (2).jpg, Church of St. Catherine and Henry the Lion's Fountain
File:Braunschweig Brunswick Magni-Kirche Turm Suedosten (2006).JPG, St. Magnus' Church
File:Braunschweig fachwerk 02.jpg, ''Magniviertel''
File:Happy RIZZI House Braunschweig von Süden.jpg, Happy Rizzi House
File:Braunschweig, St. Andreaskirche (2).jpg, ''Andreaskirche''
File:Braunschweig, Alte Waage (1).jpg, ''Alte Waage''
File:Aegidienkirche 03 1a.jpg, Church of St. Giles
File:TheaterBS.jpg, State Theatre
File:ECE Schloss 06u07 1b.jpg, Rebuilt exterior of Brunswick Palace
File:Braunschweig Brunswick Schloss Richmond Frontansicht.jpg, ''Schloss Richmond'' (Richmond Palace)
File:BS BraWoPark BusinessCenter II.JPG, alt=The second building of BraWoPark, Building BraWoPark
File:BS BraWoPark 3 Baustelle.JPG, alt=Third building for BraWoPark, Business Center BraWoPark
File:Braunschweig Brunswick Klosterkirche Riddagshausen Osten (2006).jpg, Riddagshausen Abbey
File:Braunschweig Luftaufnahme Oestliches Ringgebiet (2011).JPG, Östliches Ringgebiet
File:Grundschule-Bueltenweg BS-Img01.jpg, Nördliches Ringgebiet
File:Wolfenbuettel Schloss (2006).jpg, Wolfenbüttel Castle in nearby Wolfenbüttel with its around 1,000 timber-framed buildings
File:Botanischer Garten Braunschweig - Wasserfall.jpg, ''Botanischer Garten''
File:Braunschweig Brunswick Portikus Teich Buergerpark (2007).JPG, ''Bürgerpark''
File:Braunschweig park 02.jpg, ''Löwenwall''
File:Inselwallpark Plastik.jpg, ''Inselwallpark''
File:Museumpark Oker.JPG, ''Museumpark''

Parks and gardens

Parks and gardens in the city include the botanical garden '' Botanischer Garten der Technischen Universität Braunschweig'', founded in 1840 by Johann Heinrich Blasius, the ''Bürgerpark'', the ''Löwenwall'' with an obelisk from 1825, the ''Prinz-Albrecht-Park'', and the ''Inselwallpark''. Other parks and recreation areas are ''Stadtpark'', ''Westpark'', ''Theaterpark'', ''Museumpark'', ''Heidbergsee'', ''Südsee'', '' Ölpersee'', the zoological garden ''Arche Noah Zoo Braunschweig'' and the nearby Essehof Zoo.

Politics

Subdivisions

Braunschweig is made up of 19 boroughs (German: ''Stadtbezirke''), which themselves may consist of several quarters (German: ''Stadtteile'') each. The 19 boroughs, with their official numbers, are:

*112: Wabe-Schunter-Beberbach
*113: Hondelage
*114: Volkmarode
*120: Östliches Ringgebiet
*131: Innenstadt
*132: Viewegsgarten-Bebelhof
*211: Stöckheim-Leiferde
*212: Heidberg-Melverode
*213: Südstadt-Rautheim-Mascherode
*221: Weststadt
*222: Timmerlah-Geitelde-Stiddien
*223: Broitzem
*224: Rüningen
*310: Westliches Ringgebiet
*321: Lehndorf-Watenbüttel
*322: Veltenhof-Rühme
*323: Wenden-Thune-Harxbüttel
*331: Nordstadt
*332: Schunteraue

File:Braunschweig Stadtbezirke.png, Boroughs of Braunschweig
File:Braunschweig Stadtteile.png, ''Stadtteile'' of Braunschweig
File:Braunschweig Luftaufnahme Innenstadt (2011).JPG, ''Innenstadt''
File:Braunschweig Luftaufnahme Oestliches Ringgebiet (2011).JPG, ''Östliches Ringgebiet''
File:Braunschweig Madamenweg (2010).JPG, ''Westliches Ringgebiet''
File:Braunschweig Weststadt Luftbild.jpg, ''Weststadt''
File:Riddagshausen 5.jpg, ''Riddagshausen'' (''Wabe-Schunter-Beberbach'')

;Notes:

Mayor

The current mayor of Braunschweig is Thorsten Kornblum of the Social Democratic Party (SPD); he has been mayor since 2021. The most recent mayoral election was held on 12 September 2021, with a runoff held on 26 September, and the results were as follows:

! rowspan=2 colspan=2, Candidate
! rowspan=2, Party
! colspan=2, First round
! colspan=2, Second round
, -
! Votes
! %
! Votes
! %
, -
,
, align=left, Thorsten Kornblum
, align=left, Social Democratic Party
, 41,734
, 38.4
, 79,861
, 65.9
, -
,
, align=left, Kaspar Haller
, align=left, Christian Democratic Union
, 29,011
, 26.7
, 41,401
, 34.1
, -
,
, align=left, Tatjana Schneider
, align=left, Alliance 90/The Greens
, 24,802
, 22.8
, -
,
, align=left, Mirco Hanker
, align=left, Alternative for Germany
, 4,704
, 4.3
, -
,
, align=left, Birgit Huvendieck
, align=left, Citizens' Initiative Braunschweig
, 3,215
, 3.0
, -
,
, align=left, Anke Schneider
, align=left, The Left
, 2,827
, 2.6
, -
,
, align=left, Thomas Hofmann
, align=left, Die PARTEI
, 1,904
, 1.7
, -
,
, align=left, Erdmann Gust
, align=left, Independent
, 614
, 0.6
, -
! colspan=3, Valid votes
! 108,811
! 99.3
! 121,262
! 98.1
, -
! colspan=3, Invalid votes
! 721
! 0.7
! 2,407
! 1.9
, -
! colspan=3, Total
! 109,532
! 100.0
! 123,669
! 100.0
, -
! colspan=3, Electorate/voter turnout
! 197,728
! 55.4
! 197,414
! 62.6
, -
, colspan=7, Source
City of Braunschweig

City council

The Braunschweig city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 12 September 2021, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2, Party
! Votes
! %
! +/-
! Seats
! +/-
, -
,
, align=left, Social Democratic Party (SPD)
, 93,546
, 29.5
, 3.5
, 16
, 2
, -
,
, align=left, Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
, 71,880
, 22.7
, 10.6
, 12
, 5
, -
,
, align=left, Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
, 69,670
, 22.0
, 4.2
, 12
, 2
, -
,
, align=left, Free Democratic Party (FDP)
, 18,704
, 5.9
, 1.4
, 3
, 1
, -
,
, align=left, Citizens' Initiative Braunschweig
, 16,778
, 5.3
, 0.7
, 3
, ±0
, -
,
, align=left, Alternative for Germany (AfD)
, 13,512
, 4.3
, 4.6
, 2
, 3
, -
,
, align=left, The Left (Die Linke)
, 12,428
, 3.9
, 0.7
, 2
, 1
, -
, -
,
, align=left, Volt Germany (Volt)
, 6,467
, 2.0
, New
, 1
, New
, -
,
, align=left, Die PARTEI (PARTEI)
, 6,302
, 2.0
, 0.5
, 1
, ±0
, -
,
, align=left, Pirate Party (Piraten)
, 3,261
, 1.0
, 1.4
, 1
, ±0
, -
,
, align=left, Grassroots Democratic Party (dieBasis)
, 2,999
, 0.9
, New
, 1
, New
, -
, colspan=7 bgcolor=lightgrey,
, -
,
, align=left, Alliance for Innovation and Justice (BIG)
, 1,646
, 0.5
, New
, 0
, New
, -
! colspan=2, Total
! 317,193
! 100.0
!
!
!
, -
! colspan=2, Valid votes
! 107,850
! 98.5
!
!
!
, -
! colspan=2, Invalid votes
! 1,606
! 1.5
!
!
!
, -
! colspan=2, Total
! 109,456
! 100.0
!
! 54
! ±0
, -
! colspan=2, Electorate/voter turnout
! 197,728
! 55.4
! 0.2
!
!
, -
, colspan=7, Source
City of Braunschweig

Transport

Braunschweig's city centre is mostly a car-free pedestrian zone.

Road

Two main autobahns serve Braunschweig, the A2 (Berlin—Hanover—Dortmund) and the A39 (Salzgitter—Wolfsburg). City roads are generally wide, as they were built after World War II to support the anticipated use of the car. There are several car parks in the city.

Bicycle

Many residents travel around town by bicycle using an extensive system of bicycle-only lanes. The main train station includes a bicycle parking area.

Train

The city is on the main rail line between Frankfurt and Berlin, as well as a small hub on a few South- and North-bound branches to Bad Harzburg; Salzgitter; Gifhorn and two electrified 2 track branches towards Lehrte (and the Hannover-Berlin mainline), and towards Wolfsburg linking to the same mainline.
Around 110,000 people use the main station daily.

Deutsche Bahn (German Railways, with their DB Regio Subsidiary) serves the city with a few local services, although Errix towards Uelzen (Northwards) and Bad Harzburg (Southwards) operate the aforementioned directions, as well as Hildesheim and Wolfsburg (West-East respectively) trains having been handed to Enno, and the RE70 service to Hannover being run by the Westfalenbahn.
Deutsche Bahn (German Railways, in this case their Fehrnverkehr subsidiary) operates inter-city and high-speed InterCityExpress (ICE) trains, with frequent stops at Braunschweig Central Station, with usual next/last stops being Hannover; Hildesheim; Magdeburg (on the Frankfurt-Berlin mainline)or Wolfsburg.

(German: ''Braunschweig Hauptbahnhof'').

Tram and bus

The Braunschweig tramway network is an inexpensive and extensive long electric tramway system. First opened in 1897, it has been modernized, including a extension in 2007. The network has an gauge, unique for a European railway or tramway network. However, it is being supplemented in stages by a third rail, to allow future joint working with the main railway network. Projects to extend the tram system 18 Kilometers more are planned to be completed by the year 2030. The daily ridership of the trams in Braunschweig is 135,000 and 75,000 for the Busses with an approximate count of 65 million annual passengers using the public transport system.

The municipally owned Braunschweiger Verkehrs-AG currently operates six tram lines and several bus lines. The tram lines are:

Air

Braunschweig Airport (BWE / EDVE) is located north of the city at , elev. .

Name

Many other geographical locations around the world are named Brunswick, after the historical English name of Braunschweig. Between 1714 and 1837, the House of Hanover ruled Great Britain in personal union with the Electorate of Hanover. The House of Hanover was formally known as the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Hanover line. As a result, many places in the British colonies were named after Brunswick, such as the province of New Brunswick in Canada.

Ironically, the city of Braunschweig was not ruled by the Hanoverians while its name was being given to other Brunswicks around the world. Starting in 1269, the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg underwent a series of divisions and mergers, with parts of the territory being transferred between various branches of the family. The city of Braunschweig went to the senior branch of the house, the Wolfenbüttel line, while Lüneburg eventually ended up with the Hanover line. Although the territory had been split, all branches of the family continued to style themselves as the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In 1884, the senior branch of the House of Welf became extinct. The Hanover line, being the last surviving line of the family, subsequently held the throne of the Duchy of Brunswick from November 1913 until November 1918.

Government offices

The offices of the Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (BFU) are located in Braunschweig.

Research and science

Braunschweig has been an important industrial area.
Today it is known for its University and research institutes, mainly the ''Johann Heinrich von Thuenen Institute'', the ''Julius Kühn-Institut'', and the ''Institute for Animal Food'' of the Friedrich Loeffler Institute, until the end of 2007 all part of the Federal Agricultural Research Centre, the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). The PTB Braunschweig maintains the atomic clock responsible for the DCF77 time signal and the official German time. In 2006 the region of Braunschweig was the most R&D-intensive area in the whole European Economic Area, investing 7.1% of its GDP for research & technology. In 2019, the figure had risen to 7.79%, making Braunschweig retain its ranking as the most R&D-intensive region in Germany. In 2007 Braunschweig was presented the City of Science award by the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft.

Braunschweig University of Technology (German: ''Technische Universität Braunschweig'') was founded in 1745 and is the oldest member of TU9, an incorporated society of the nine most prestigious, oldest, and largest universities focusing on engineering and technology in Germany. With approximately 18,000 students, Braunschweig University of Technology is the third largest university in Lower Saxony.

Education

Also located in Braunschweig is the , a secondary school founded in 1415. It has had several notable pupils, such as Carl Friedrich Gauss, Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Richard Dedekind and Louis Spohr. Since 2004, Braunschweig also has an ''International School''. Other notable secondary schools include the Gymnasium Neue Oberschule, Gymnasium Gaussschule, , , , and .

Lower Saxony's only university of art, founded in 1963, can be found in Braunschweig, the ''Hochschule für Bildende Künste Braunschweig'' (Braunschweig College of Fine Arts). The HBK is an institution of higher artistic and scientific education and offers the opportunity to study for interdisciplinary artistic and scientific qualifications. Additionally, one of the campuses of the Eastphalia University of Applied Sciences (German: ''Ostfalia Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften'', formerly ''Fachhochschule Braunschweig/Wolfenbüttel'') was located in the city until 2010.

Economy

In 2015, the German weekly business news magazine ''Wirtschaftswoche'' ranked Braunschweig as one of the most dynamic economic spaces in all of Germany.

Braunschweig was one of the centres of the industrialization in Northern Germany. During the 19th and early 20th century the canning and railroad industries and the sugar production were of great importance for Braunschweig's economy, but eventually other branches such as the automotive industry became more important, while especially the canning industry began to vanish from the city after the end of World War II. The defunct truck and bus manufacturer Büssing was headquartered in Braunschweig. Current factory, factories in the city include Volkswagenwerk Braunschweig, Volkswagen, Siemens, Bombardier Transportation, and Robert Bosch GmbH, Bosch.

The fashion label NewYorker, the publishing house Westermann Verlag, Nordzucker, Volkswagen Group, Volkswagen Financial Services and Volkswagen Group, Volkswagen Bank have their headquarters in the city as well as the Volkswagen utility vehicle holding. Also two major optical companies were headquartered in Braunschweig: Voigtländer and Rollei.

During the 1980s and early 1990s the computer companies Atari and Commodore International both had branches for development and production within the city.

Braunschweig is the home of two piano companies, both known worldwide for the high quality of their instruments: Wilhelm Schimmel, Schimmel and Grotrian-Steinweg. Both companies were founded in the 19th century. Additionally :de:Sandberg Guitars, Sandberg Guitars is based in Braunschweig.

Culture

Braunschweig is famous for ''Till Eulenspiegel'', a medieval jester who played many practical jokes on its citizens.
It also had many breweries, and still a very peculiar kind of beer is made called ''Brunswick Mum, Mumme'', first quoted in 1390, a malt-extract that was shipped all over the world. Two major breweries still produce in Braunschweig, the , founded in 1627, and the former brewery, founded in 1871, now operated by Oettinger Beer.

Braunschweiger (sausage), Braunschweiger Mettwurst, a soft, spreadable smoked pork sausage, is named after the city. Other traditional local dishes include Asparagus, white asparagus, ''Braunschweiger Lebkuchen'', ''Braunkohl'' (a variant of kale served with Bregenwurst), and ''Uhlen un Apen'' (Low German for "Owls and Guenons", a pastry).

Media

Braunschweig's major local newspaper is the ''Braunschweiger Zeitung'', first published in 1946. Papers formerly published in Braunschweig include the ''Braunschweigische Anzeigen''/''Braunschweigische Staatszeitung'' (1745–1934), the ''Braunschweigische Landeszeitung'' (1880–1936) and the ''Braunschweiger Stadtanzeiger''/''Braunschweiger Allgemeiner Anzeiger'' (1886–1941), and the social-democratic ' (1871–1933).

Near Braunschweig at Cremlingen-Abbenrode, there is a large medium wave transmitter, which transmits the program of ''Deutschlandfunk'' on 756 kHz, the Cremlingen transmitter.

Festivals

'':de:Schoduvel, Schoduvel'', a medieval Northern German form of Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria, carnival was celebrated in Braunschweig as early as the 13th century. Since 1979 an annual Rosenmontag parade is held in Braunschweig, the largest in Northern Germany, which is named Schoduvel in honour of the medieval custom.

An annual ''Weihnachtsmarkt'' (Christmas market) is held in late November and December on the Burgplatz in the centre of Braunschweig. In 2008 the market had 900,000 visitors.

Museums and galleries

The city's most important museum is the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum, a well known art museum and the oldest public museum in Germany, founded in 1754. It houses a collection of masters of Western art, including Albrecht Dürer, Dürer, Giorgione, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Cranach, Hans Holbein the Younger, Holbein, Anthony van Dyck, Van Dyck, Jan Vermeer, Vermeer, Peter Paul Rubens, Rubens, and Rembrandt.

The Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum, State Museum of Brunswick (''Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum''), founded in 1891, houses a permanent collection documenting the history of the Brunswick Land, Brunswick area ranging from its early history to the present.

The Municipal Museum of Brunswick (''Städtisches Museum Braunschweig''), founded in 1861, is a museum for art and cultural history, documenting the history of the city of Braunschweig.

The Naturhistorisches Museum (Braunschweig), State Natural History Museum is a zoology museum founded in 1754.

Other museums in the city include the Museum of Photography (''Museum für Photographie''), the Jewish Museum (''Jüdisches Museum''), the Museum for Agricultural Technology ''Gut Steinhof'', and the Friedrich Gerstäcker, Gerstäcker-Museum. Frequent exhibitions of contemporary art are also held by the Art Society of Braunschweig (German: ''Kunstverein Braunschweig''), housed in the ''Villa Salve Hospes'', a classicist villa built between 1805 and 1808.

Music and dance

The ''Braunschweig Classix Festival'' was an annual classical music festival. It is the largest promoter of classical music in the region and one of the most prominent music festivals in Lower Saxony.

From 2001 to 2009, and again since 2013, the annual finals of the international breakdance competition Battle of the Year have been held at the Volkswagen Halle in Braunschweig.

''Braunschweiger TSC'' is among the leading competitive formation dance teams in the world and has won multiple World and European championship titles.

Sports

Braunschweig's major local Association football, football team is Eintracht Braunschweig. Founded in 1895, Eintracht Braunschweig can look back on a long and chequered history. Eintracht Braunschweig won the List of German football champions, German football championship in 1966–67 Bundesliga, 1967, and currently plays in the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German football, and attracts a large number of supporters. Braunschweig was also arguably the city in which the first ever game of football in Germany took place. The game had been brought to Germany by the local school teacher Konrad Koch, also the first to write down a German version of the Laws of the Game (association football), rules of football,However, Koch's original German version of the rules of football, published in 1875, still resembled Rugby football—the unmodified rules of The Football Association were not commonly used in Germany before the 1900s. who organized the first match between pupils from his school ''Martino-Katharineum'' in 1874. The 2011 German drama film Lessons of a Dream is based on Koch.

Eintracht Braunschweig also fields a successful women's field hockey team that claimed nine national championship titles between 1965 and 1978. In the past, the club also had first or second-tier teams in the sports of ice hockey, field handball, and water polo.

The New Yorker Lions (formerly Braunschweig Lions) are the city's American football team, winning a record number of 12 German Bowl titles, as well as five Eurobowls (a shared record).

The city's professional basketball team, the Basketball Löwen Braunschweig, plays in the Basketball Bundesliga, the highest level in Germany. The Löwen's predecessor SG Braunschweig had previously played in the Bundesliga as well. Eintracht Braunschweig's women's basketball team plays in the , the second tier of women's basketball in Germany.

In handball, MTV Braunschweig, the city's oldest sports club (founded in 1847), plays in the semi-professional :de:3. Liga (Handball), 3. Liga.

Other sports clubs from Braunschweig that play or have played at the Bundesliga (disambiguation), Bundesliga or 2nd Bundesliga (disambiguation), 2nd Bundesliga level include (baseball), (field hockey), (handball), Rugby-Welfen Braunschweig (rugby union), and (volleyball).

Annual sporting events held in Braunschweig include the international Equestrianism, equestrian tournament ''Löwen Classics'', ''Rund um den Elm'', Germany's oldest Road bicycle racing, road bicycle race, and the professional tennis tournament ''Sparkassen Open''.

Twin towns – sister cities

Braunschweig is Sister city, twinned with:

* Bandung, Indonesia (1960)
* Nîmes, France (1962)
* Bath, Somerset, Bath, England (1971)
* Sousse, Tunisia (1980)
* Kiryat Tiv'on, Israel (1985)
* Magdeburg, Germany (1987)
* Kazan, Russia (1988)
* Omaha, Nebraska, Omaha, United States (1992)
* Zhuhai, China (2011)
* Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality, Nelson Mandela Bay, (2024)

Notable people

;Alphabetical list of some notable people associated with Braunschweig

See also

*Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region

Notes

References

Bibliography

*Richard Andree: ''Braunschweiger Volkskunde.'' 2nd edition. Vieweg, Braunschweig 1901.
*Reinhard Bein, Ernst-August Roloff (eds.): ''Der Löwe unterm Hakenkreuz. Reiseführer durch Braunschweig und Umgebung 1930–1945.'' MatrixMedia Verlag, Göttingen 2010, .
*Luitgard Camerer, Manfred Garzmann, Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): ''Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon.'' Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1992, .
*Oskar Doering: ''Braunschweig.'' E. A. Seemann, Leipzig 1905.
*Hermann Dürre: ''Geschichte der Stadt Braunschweig im Mittelalter.'' Grüneberg, Braunschweig 1861.
*Reinhard Dorn: ''Mittelalterliche Kirchen in Braunschweig.'' Niemeyer, Hameln 1978, .
*F. Fuhse (ed.): ''Vaterländische Geschichten und Denkwürdigkeiten der Lande Braunschweig und Hannover, Band 1: Braunschweig.'' 3rd edition. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 1925.
*Manfred Garzmann, Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (eds.): ''Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon. Ergänzungsband.'' Joh. Heinr. Meyer Verlag, Braunschweig 1996, .
*Otto Hohnstein: ''Braunschweig am Ende des Mittelalters.'' Ramdohr, Braunschweig 1886.
*Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Gerhard Schildt (eds.): ''Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region.'' 2nd edition. Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2001, .
*Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Dieter Lent et al. (eds.): ''Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon – 8. bis 18. Jahrhundert.'' Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2006, .
*Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Günter Scheel (eds.): ''Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon – 19. und 20. Jahrhundert.'' Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1996, .
*Jörg Leuschner, Karl Heinrich Kaufhold, Claudia Märtl (eds.): ''Die Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte des Braunschweigischen Landes vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart.'' 3 vols. Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim 2008, .
*Richard Moderhack (ed.): ''Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte im Überblick.'' 3rd edition, Braunschweigischer Geschichtsverein, Braunschweig 1979.
*Richard Moderhack: ''Braunschweiger Stadtgeschichte.'' Wagner, Braunschweig 1997, .
*E. Oppermann: ''Landeskunde des Herzogtums Braunschweig. Geschichte und Geographie.'' E. Appelhans, Braunschweig 1911.
*Rudolf Prescher: ''Der Rote Hahn über Braunschweig.'' Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1955.
*Birte Rogacki-Thiemann: ''Braunschweig. Eine kleine Stadtgeschichte.'' Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2005, .
*Ernst-August Roloff: ''Braunschweig und der Staat von Weimar.'' Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1964.
*Ernst-August Roloff: ''Wie braun war Braunschweig? Hitler und der Freistaat Braunschweig.'' Braunschweiger Zeitung, Braunschweig 2003.
*Gerd Spies (ed.): ''Braunschweig – Das Bild der Stadt in 900 Jahren. Geschichte und Ansichten.'' 2 vols., Städtisches Museum Braunschweig, Braunschweig 1985.
*Gerd Spies (ed.): ''Brunswiek 1031 – Braunschweig 1981. Die Stadt Heinrichs des Löwen von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart.'' 2 vols., Städtisches Museum Braunschweig, Braunschweig 1982.
*Werner Spieß: ''Geschichte der Stadt Braunschweig im Nachmittelalter. Vom Ausgang des Mittelalters bis zum Ende der Stadtfreiheit 1491–1671.'' 2 vols., Waisenhaus-Buchdruckerei und Verlag, Braunschweig 1966, .
*Henning Steinführer, Gerd Biegel (eds.): ''1913 – Braunschweig zwischen Monarchie und Moderne.'' Appelhans Verlag, Braunschweig 2015, .

External links

Official website

Daily newspaper Braunschweiger Zeitung

{{Authority control

Braunschweig,
Capitals of former nations
Duchy of Brunswick
Members of the Hanseatic League
Urban districts of Lower Saxony