This article lists kings of Thrace and Dacia, and includes

Thracian The Thracians (; ; ) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Southeast Europe in ancient history.. "The Thracians were an Indo-European people who occupied the area that today is shared between north-eastern Greece, ...

Paeonian In antiquity, Paeonia or Paionia () was the land and kingdom of the Paeonians (or Paionians; ). The exact original boundaries of Paeonia, like the early history of its inhabitants, are obscure, but it is known that it roughly corresponds to m ...

Celt The Celts ( , see Names of the Celts#Pronunciation, pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples ( ) were a collection of Indo-European languages, Indo-European peoples. "The Celts, an ancient Indo-European people, reached the apoge ...

ic,

Dacia Dacia (, ; ) was the land inhabited by the Dacians, its core in Transylvania, stretching to the Danube in the south, the Black Sea in the east, and the Tisza in the west. The Carpathian Mountains were located in the middle of Dacia. It thus ro ...

Scythian The Scythians ( or ) or Scyths (, but note Scytho- () in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranian equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC fr ...

Persia Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

n or

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek (, ; ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the classical antiquity, ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Greek ...

rulers up to the point of its fall to the

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Roman people, Romans conquered most of this during the Roman Republic, Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of ...

, with a few figures from

Greek mythology Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the Ancient Greece, ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology. These stories conc ...

Mythological

Haemus In Greek mythology, King Haemus (; , ''Haîmos'') of Thrace, was the son of Boreas, the north wind. Mythology Haemus was vain and haughty and compared himself and his wife, Queen Rhodope, to Zeus and Hera. The gods changed him and his wife in ...

, became a mountain

Haemus Mons The Balkan mountain range is located in the eastern part of the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It is conventionally taken to begin at the peak of Vrashka Chuka on the border between Bulgaria and Serbia. It then runs f ...

* Thrax, son of

Ares Ares (; , ''Árēs'' ) is the List of Greek deities, Greek god of war god, war and courage. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, and the son of Zeus and Hera. The Greeks were ambivalent towards him. He embodies the physical valor necessary for ...

* Tegyrios, mortal *

Eumolpus In Greek Mythology, Eumolpus (; Ancient Greek: Εὔμολπος ''Eúmolpos'', "good singer" or "sweet singing", derived from εὖ ''eu'' "good" and μολπή ''molpe'' "song", "singing") was a legendary king of Thrace. He was described as hav ...

, inherited a kingdom from Tegyrios *

Tereus In Greek mythology, Tereus (; Ancient Greek: Τηρεύς) was a Thracian king,Thucydides: ''History of the Peloponnesian War'' 2:29 the son of Ares and the naiad Bistonis. He was the brother of Dryas. Tereus was the husband of the Athenian pr ...

, the king that was turned into a

hoopoe Hoopoes () are colourful birds found across Africa, Asia, and Europe, notable for their distinctive "Crest (feathers), crown" of feathers which can be raised or lowered at will. Two living and one extinct species are recognized, though for many y ...

Phineus In Greek mythology, Phineus (; ), was a king of Salmydessus in Thrace and seer, who appears in accounts of the Argonauts' voyage. Some accounts make him a king in PaphlagoniaScholia on Apollonius of Rhodes, 2.178, 237; Scholia ''ad eund'' 2.1 ...

Phoenicia Phoenicians were an Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, ancient Semitic group of people who lived in the Phoenician city-states along a coastal strip in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily modern Lebanon and the Syria, Syrian ...

n son of

Agenor Agenor (; ) was in Greek mythology and history a Phoenician monarch, king of Tyre, Lebanon, Tyre or Sidon. The Greeks, Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484–425 BC), born in the city of Halicarnassus under the Achaemenid Empire, estimated that Agen ...

, blind king and seer *

Poltys :'' Poltys'' is also a genus of spiders In Greek mythology, Poltys (Ancient Greek: Πόλτυς) is a mythical king and eponym of the Thracian city of Poltyobria (or ''Poltymbria''; also called Aenus), featured in Apollodorus's account of the sto ...

, son of

Poseidon Poseidon (; ) is one of the twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and mythology, presiding over the sea, storms, earthquakes and horses.Burkert 1985pp. 136–139 He was the protector of seafarers and the guardian of many Hellenic cit ...

Pyreneus In Greek mythology, Pyreneus was a king of Thrace. Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 5.274 ff. Mythology In Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'', Pyreneus invites the Muse In ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology, the Muses (, ) were the Artistic in ...

, died trying to harm the

Muses In ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology, the Muses (, ) were the Artistic inspiration, inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. They were considered the source of the knowledge embodied in the poetry, lyric p ...

Harpalycus In Greek mythology, the name Harpalycus () may refer to: *Harpalycus, an Arcadian prince as one of the 50 sons of the impious King Lycaon either by the naiad Cyllene, Nonacris or by unknown woman. He and his brothers were the most nefarious and ...

, king of the Amymnaeans *Thoas, founder of

Thoana Tyana, earlier known as Tuwana during the Iron Age, and Tūwanuwa during the Bronze Age, was an ancient city in the Anatolian region of Cappadocia, in modern Kemerhisar, Niğde Province, Central Anatolia, Turkey. It was the capital of a Luwia ...

Mopsus Mopsus (; Ancient Greek: Μόψος, ''Mopsos'') was the name of one of two famous seers in Greek mythology; his rival being Calchas. A historical or legendary ''Mopsos'' or ''Mukšuš'' may have been the founder of a house in power at widespread ...

, killed

Myrine In Greek mythology, the name Myrina, Myrinne or Myrinna () may refer to the following individuals: * Myrina, a queen of the Amazons. According to Diodorus Siculus, she led a military expedition in Libya and won a victory over the people known as th ...

, an amazon queen *

Peirous In Greek mythology, Peirous or Peiroos (Ancient Greek: Πείροος) was a Thracian war leader from the city of Aenus and an ally of King Priam during the Trojan War. Peirous was the son of Imbrasus and father of Rhygmus (who fought at Troy al ...

, a Thracian war leader killed by Thoas the

Aetolian Aetolia () is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, forming the eastern part of the modern regional unit of Aetolia-Acarnania. Geography The Achelous River separates Aetolia from Acarnania to the west; on the ...

Rhesus of Thrace Rhesus (; Ancient Greek: Ῥῆσος ''Rhêsos'') is a mythical king of Thrace in '' The Iliad'' who fought on the side of Trojans. Rhesus arrived late to the battle and while asleep in his camp, Diomedes and Odysseus stole his team of horses d ...

, died in the

Trojan War The Trojan War was a legendary conflict in Greek mythology that took place around the twelfth or thirteenth century BC. The war was waged by the Achaeans (Homer), Achaeans (Ancient Greece, Greeks) against the city of Troy after Paris (mytho ...

Cisseus In Greek mythology, Cisseus (Ancient Greek: Κισσεὺς means "wreathe with ivy") may refer to the following personages: *Cisseus, an Egyptian prince as one of the sons of King Aegyptus. His mother was the naiad Caliadne and thus full brothe ...

, father of

Theano In Greek mythology, Theano (; Ancient Greek: Θεανώ) may refer to the following personages: * Theano, wife of Metapontus, king of Icaria. Metapontus demanded that she bear him children, or leave the kingdom. She presented the children of M ...

, the wife of

Antenor __NOTOC__ Antenor (, ''Antḗnōr''; BC) was an Athenian sculptor. He is recorded as the creator of the joint statues of the tyrannicides Harmodius and Aristogeiton funded by the Athenians on the expulsion of Hippias. These statues were ...

Diomedes of Thrace In Greek mythology, King Diomedes of Thrace (Ancient Greek: Διομήδης) was the son of Ares and Cyrene. He lived on the shores of the Black Sea ruling the warlike tribe of Bistones. He is known for his man-eating horses, which Heracles s ...

Giant In folklore, giants (from Ancient Greek: ''wiktionary:gigas, gigas'', cognate wiktionary:giga-, giga-) are beings of humanoid appearance, but are at times prodigious in size and strength or bear an otherwise notable appearance. The word ''gia ...

that ruled over the

Bistones Bistones () is the name of a Thracian people who dwelt between Mount Rhodopé and the Aegean Sea, beside Lake Bistonis, near Abdera extending westward as far as the river Nestus. It was through the land of the Bistones that Xerxes marched on h ...

Lycurgus Lycurgus (; ) was the legendary lawgiver of Sparta, credited with the formation of its (), involving political, economic, and social reforms to produce a military-oriented Spartan society in accordance with the Delphic oracle. The Spartans i ...

, of the

Edoni The Edoni (also ''Edones'', ''Edonians'', ''Edonides'') () were a Thracian tribe who dwelt mostly between the Nestus and the Strymon rivers in southern Thrace, but also once dwelt west of the Strymon at least as far as the Axios. They inhabited ...

Oeagrus In Greek mythology, Oeagrus () was a king of Thrace, and father of Orpheus. Biography Kingdom There are various versions as to where Oeagrus' domain was actually situated. In one version, he ruled over the Edonian kingdom in the region of My ...

, father of

Orpheus In Greek mythology, Orpheus (; , classical pronunciation: ) was a Thracians, Thracian bard, legendary musician and prophet. He was also a renowned Ancient Greek poetry, poet and, according to legend, travelled with Jason and the Argonauts in se ...

and Linus *

of the

Cicones The Cicones (; ) or Ciconians were a Homeric ThracianHerodotus, ''The Histories'' (Penguin Classics), edd. John M. Marincola and Aubery de Selincourt, 2003, p. 452 (I10): "The Thracian tribes lying along his route were the Paeti, Cicones, Bist ...

Polymestor In Greek mythology, Polymestor or Polymnestor () was a king of the Bistonians in Thrace. Polymestor appears in Euripides' play ''Hecuba'' and in the Ovidian myth "Hecuba, Polyxena and Polydorus". Polymestor was also the name of a Greek king of A ...

of the

Bistonians Bistones () is the name of a Thracian people who dwelt between Mount Rhodopé and the Aegean Sea, beside Lake Bistonis, near Abdera extending westward as far as the river Nestus. It was through the land of the Bistones that Xerxes marched on h ...

Zalmoxis Zalmoxis is a divinity of the Getae and Dacians (a people of the lower Danube), mentioned by Herodotus in his ''Histories'' Book IV, 93–96, written before 425 BC. Said to have been so called from the bear's skin (ζάλμος) in which ...

of the

Getae The Getae or Getai ( or , also Getans) were a large nation who inhabited the regions to either side of the Lower Danube in what is today northern Bulgaria and southern Romania, throughout much of Classical Antiquity. The main source of informa ...

Charnabon In Greek mythology, Charnabon (Ancient Greek "Χαρναβών", gen. "Χαρναβώντος") was a king of the Getae, mentioned in Sophocles' tragedy '' Triptolemos'' as ruling the Getae, without a precise geographical location of his kingdom. ...

of the

, who came into power when grain was first given to men mentioned by

Sophocles Sophocles ( 497/496 – winter 406/405 BC)Sommerstein (2002), p. 41. was an ancient Greek tragedian known as one of three from whom at least two plays have survived in full. His first plays were written later than, or contemporary with, those ...

*''

Pyraechmes In Greek mythology, Pyraechmes (; ) was, along with Asteropaeus, a leader of the Paeonians in the Trojan War. Mythology Pyraechmes came from the city of Amydon. Although Homer mentions Pyraechmes as the leader of the Paeonians early on in th ...

'' of the

Paeonians Paeonians () were an ancient Proto-Indo-Europeans, Indo-European people that dwelt in Paeonia (kingdom), Paeonia. Paeonia was an old country whose location was to the north of Ancient Macedonia, to the south of Dardania (Roman province), Dardania ...

*''

Asteropaios In the ''Iliad'', Asteropaios (; ; ) was a leader of the Trojan-allied Paeonians along with fellow warrior Pyraechmes. Family Asteropaios was the son of Pelagon, who was the son of the river god Axios and the mortal woman Periboia, daughter o ...

'' of the

Persian

Darius I Darius I ( ; – 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE. He ruled the empire at its territorial peak, when it included much of West A ...

Satrapy A satrap () was a governor of the provinces of the ancient Median and Persian (Achaemenid) Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires. A satrapy is the territory governed by a satrap. ...

named

Skudra Skudra () was a province (satrapy) of the Persian Achaemenid Empire in Europe between 510s BC and 479 BC. Its name is attested in Persian and Egyptian inscriptions (an Egyptian record of c. 498–497 BC, and a list on the tomb of Darius the Grea ...

by 516 BC *

, Thrace is resubjucated by Mardonius at 492 BC *

Xerxes I Xerxes I ( – August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was a List of monarchs of Persia, Persian ruler who served as the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC. He was ...

, retains Thrace from 486 BC to 479 BC

Tribal kings

Olorus Olorus () was the name of a king of Thrace. His daughter Hegesipyle married the Athenian statesman and general Miltiades, who defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC.Herodotus6.39.2 Notes References * Herodotus, ''Histories' ...

, 5th century BC *

Syrmus Syrmus or Syrmos (also ''Syrmios'', Ancient Greek: Σύρμος) was a king of the West Thracian Triballi tribe during the 330s BC. He is mentioned by Arrian, Strabo and Plutarch. After the death of his father, Philip II, Alexander the Great pa ...

, king of the

Triballi The Triballi (, ) were an ancient people who lived in northern Bulgaria in the region of Roman Oescus up to southeastern Serbia, possibly near the territory of the Morava Valley in the late Iron Age. The Triballi lived between Thracians to the ...

4th century BC *

Bergaios Bergaios or Bergaeus (), 400 – 350 BC, was a Thracian king in the Pangaian region. He is known mainly from the several types of coins that he struck, which resemble those of Thasos. Bergaios could mean literally, 'a man from Berge' but the lege ...

, petty king of Pangaeum *

Dromichaetes Dromichaetes () was king of the Getae on both sides of the lower Danube (present day Romania and Bulgaria) around 300 BC. Background The Getae had been federated in the Odrysian kingdom in the 5th century BC. It is not known how the relatio ...

, of the

300 BC *

Langarus Langarus (; died 335 BC), king of the Agrianians, was a contemporary of Alexander the Great (336–323 BC), with whom he ingratiated himself even before the death of Philip II, previous king of Macedon. Langarus rendered Alexander important se ...

, of the

Agrianes The Agrianes (Ancient Greek: Ἀγριᾶνες, ''Agrianes'' or Ἀγρίαι, ''Agriai'') or Agrianians, were a tribe whose country was centered at Upper Strymon, in present-day central Western Bulgaria as well as southeasternmost Serbia, at t ...

Pleuratus Pleuratus I (Ancient Greek: Πλευρᾶτος; ruled 356–335 BC) was an Illyrian king of the Illyrian tribe of the Taulantii. Pleuratus was the father of Glaucias. Pleuratus managed to defeat Philip II during Macedon's expansion, wounding ...

, a

Illyria In classical and late antiquity, Illyria (; , ''Illyría'' or , ''Illyrís''; , ''Illyricum'') was a region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by numerous tribes of people collectively known as the Illyrians. The Ancient Gree ...

n king that attacked

Tylis Copper coin of Cavarus, the last king of Tylis Tylis ( Greek: Τύλις) or Tyle was a capital of a short-lived Balkan state mentioned by Polybius that was founded by Celts led by Comontorius in the 3rd century BC. Following their invasion ...

213–208 BC *

Diegylis Diegylis (Ancient Greek: Διήγυλις) was a chieftain of the Thracian Caeni tribe and father of Ziselmius. He is described by ancient sources (such as Diodorus Siculus) as extremely bloodthirsty.Diodorus Siculus, ''Bibliotheca historica'', ...

, chieftain of the

Caeni Kainoi () or Caeni is the name of a Thracian tribe, mentioned by the Roman historian Livy Titus Livius (; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( ), was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, title ...

extremely bloodthirsty 145 BC *

Ziselmius Ziselmius, or Zibelmius or Zisemis (Ancient Greek: Ζισέλμιος) was a chieftain of the Thracian Caeni tribe and son of Diegylis. Both Ziselmius and his father are mainly known due to the writings of Diodorus of Sicily who described them as c ...

, Diegylis' son * Mostis, of the

, king ~130–90 BC * Abrupolis of the

Sapaean Sapaeans, Sapaei or Sapaioi (Ancient Greek, "Σαπαίοι") were a Thracian tribe close to the Greek city of Abdera. One of their kings was named Abrupolis and had allied himself with the Romans. They ruled Thrace after the Odrysians until ...

s, 2nd century BC *

King Blachernai King is a royal title given to a male monarch. A king is an absolute monarch if he holds unrestricted governmental power or exercises full sovereignty over a nation. Conversely, he is a constitutional monarch if his power is restrained by fi ...

a local Royal thracian of the Odrysian Astaean Family 2nd century BC mentioned by Dionysus of Byzantium. * Rabocentus of the

Bessi The Bessi (; , or , ) or Bessae, were a Thracian tribe that inhabited the upper valley of the Hebros and the lands between the Haemus and Rhodope mountain ranges in historical Thrace. Geography The exact geographic location of the Bessi is ...

mentioned by

Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises tha ...

* Cosingas, chieftain and priest of Hera to the tribes of

Cebrenii Cebrenii () is a Thracian tribe. They are mentioned by Polyaenus Polyaenus: Stratagems - BOOK 7: The generals of the Cebrenii and Sycaeboae, two Thracian tribes, were chosen from among the priests of Hera. Cosingas, according to the tradition of ...

and Sucaeboae * Getas, king of the

Edones The Edoni (also ''Edones'', ''Edonians'', ''Edonides'') () were a Thracian tribe who dwelt mostly between the Nestus and the Strymon rivers in southern Thrace, but also once dwelt west of the Strymon at least as far as the Axios. They inhabite ...

Getic and Dacian

, king of the Getae as mentioned by Sophocles in

Triptolemus Triptolemus (), also known as Buzyges (), was a hero of Eleusis (Boeotia), Eleusis in Greek mythology, central to the Eleusinian Mysteries and is worshipped as the inventor and patron of agriculture. Triptolemus is credited with being the fir ...

- 5th century BC *

Cothelas Cothelas (), also known as Gudila (fl. 4th century BC), was a king of the Getae who ruled an area near the Black Sea, between northern Thrace and the Danube. His polity also included the important port of Odessos. Around 341 BC, he concluded a tr ...

, father of Meda of Odessa – 4th century BC * Rex Histrianorum, ruler in Histria, mentioned by Trogus Pompeius and Justinus - 339 BC *

Dual Dual or Duals may refer to: Paired/two things * Dual (mathematics), a notion of paired concepts that mirror one another ** Dual (category theory), a formalization of mathematical duality *** see more cases in :Duality theories * Dual number, a nu ...

– 3rd century BC * Moskon – 3rd century BC *

– 3rd century BC * Zalmodegicus – around 200 BC *

Rhemaxos Rhemaxos was an ancient king who ruled to the north of Danube around 200 BC and who was the protector of the Greek colonies in Dobruja Dobruja or Dobrudja (; or ''Dobrudža''; , or ; ; Dobrujan Tatar: ''Tomrîğa''; Ukrainian language, Ukr ...

– around 200 BC * Rubobostes – around 200 BC *

Zoltes Zoltes was a chief of the southern Thracians, living in the Haemus mountains area. Leading small groups, he often made incursions into the Pontic cities and within their territories. He attacked the city of Histria, calling off the siege only a ...

– 200 BC * Oroles – 2nd century BC * Dicomes – 1st century BC *

Rholes Rholes or Roles (Ancient Greek Ῥώλης) was a Getae chieftain in Scythia Minor (modern Dobruja) mentioned by Cassius Dio in his ''Roman History''. According to Dio, he helped Roman general Marcus Licinius Crassus defeat the Bastarnae, and when ...

– 1st century BC *

Dapyx Dapyx was a 1st-century BC chieftain of a Getae tribe or a tribe union in Scythia Minor (nowadays in Dobruja). The Roman historian Cassius Dio talks about him in his report on the campaigns of Marcus Licinius Crassus Marcus Licinius Crassus ...

– 1st century BC * Zyraxes – 1st century BC *

Burebista Burebista () was the king of the Getae and Dacian tribes from 82/61BC to 45/44BC. He was the first king who successfully unified the tribes of the Dacian kingdom, which comprised the area located between the Danube, Tisza, and Dniester rivers, ...

– 82–44 BC *

Deceneus Deceneus or Decaeneus (Greek: Δεκαίνεος, ''Dekaineos'') was a priest of Dacia during the reign of Burebista (82/61–45/44 BC). He is mentioned in the near-contemporary Greek ''Geographica'' of Strabo and in the 6th-century Latin ''Getica ...

– 44 BC - around 27 BC High Priest * Thiamarkos - 1st century BC - 1st century AD, Dacian king (inscription "Basileys Thiamarkos epoiei") *

Cotiso Cotiso, Cotish or Cotison (flourished c. 30 BC) was a Dacian or Getic king who apparently ruled the mountains between Banat and Oltenia (modern-day Romania). Horace and Florus call him a Dacian; Suetonius calls him king of the Getae. Florus wrot ...

– c. 40 BC - c.9 BC *

Comosicus Comosicus was a Dacian king and high priest who lived in the 1st century BC. The only reference to Comosicus is a passage in the writings of the Roman historian Jordanes. Sources Jordanes refers to Burebista as king of Dacia, but then goes on to ...

Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 72, "At least two of his successors Comosicus and Scorillo/Corilus/Scoriscus became high priests and eventually Dacian kings" – 9 BC–30 AD * Scorilo – c.30–70 AD * CosonDacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 47, "Kings Coson (who minted his own coins) and Duras" * Duras (Dacian king), Duras – c. 69–87 * Decebalus – 87–106 **106 AD, Dacia becomes a province of the

conquered by Trajan. *Pieporus, king of Dacian Costoboci – 2nd century AD (inscription) *Tarbus – 2nd century AD. Dio Cassius mentioned him without specifying his origin. Some authors consider a possible Dacian ethnicity

Paeonian

* See: List of Paeonian kings

Celtic rulers in Thrace

*Cerethrius * Critasirus, a

*Bathanatos of the Scordisci

Celtic rulers of
Tylis Copper coin of Cavarus, the last king of Tylis Tylis ( Greek: Τύλις) or Tyle was a capital of a short-lived Balkan state mentioned by Polybius that was founded by Celts led by Comontorius in the 3rd century BC. Following their invasion ...
in Thrace

Source: * Comontorius Celtic military commander, first king of Tylis (c. 277 BC-?) * Orsoaltius (presumed Celtic on the basis of coin types; order uncertain) * Cersibaulus (presumed Celtic on the basis of coin types; order uncertain) *Cavarus, last king of Tylis; overthrown by the Thracians (?-212 BC)

Greek-Macedonian

* Philip II of Macedon, annexed Thrace, 341–336 BC * Alexander the Great retains Thrace and suppresses rebellion, 335–323 BC * Lysimachus, one of the Diadochi, includes Thrace in his kingdom, 323–281 BC * Philip V of Macedon controls all cities of Thrace up to the hellespont, 238–179 BC * Perseus of Macedon continues controlling the part of Thrace his father left him, 212–166 BC

Odrysian Kingdom

The list below includes the known Odrysae, Odrysian kings of Thrace, but much of it is conjectural, based on incomplete sources, and the varying interpretation of ongoing numismatic and archaeological discoveries. Various other Thracian kings (some of them non-Odrysian) are included as well. Odrysian kings though called Kings of Thrace never exercised sovereignty over all of Thrace. Control varied according to tribal relationships. Odrysian kings (names are presented in Latin forms): * Teres I, son of ? Odryses, (480/450/430 BC) * Sparatocos, Sparatocus, son of Teres I (c. 465?-by 431 BC) * Sitalces, son of Teres I (by 431-424 BC) * Seuthes I, son of Sparatocos, Sparatocus (424-396 BC) * Maisades, Maesades, father of Seuthes II, local ruler in eastern Thrace? * Teres II, local ruler in eastern Thrace * Saratocus (= Sadocus, son of Sitalces?), local ruler in western Thrace? * Metocus (Amadocus I, = Amadocus I?), son of ? Sitalces * Amadocus I, son of ? Metocus (unless identical to him) or of Sitalces (by 405-after 390 BC) * Seuthes II, son of Maisades, Maesades, descendant of Teres I, local ruler in eastern Thrace (by 405?-after 387 BC) * Hebryzelmis, son or brother of ? Seuthes I (c. 386 BC) * Cotys I (Odrysian), Cotys I, son of ? Seuthes I or Seuthes II (by 384–360 or 359 BC) * Cersobleptes, son of Cotys I (Odrysian), Cotys I, ''king in eastern Thrace'' (360 or 359-341 BC) * Berisades, rival of Cersobleptes, ''king in western Thrace in Strimos'' (359-352 BC) * Amadocus II, son of Amadocus I and rival of Cersobleptes, ''king in central Thrace in Thracian Chersonese, Chersonese and Maroneia'' (359-351 BC) * Cetriporis, son of Berisades, ''king in western Thrace in Strimos'' (358-347 BC) * Teres II, Teres III, son of ? Amadocus II, ''king in central Thrace in Thracian Chersonese, Chersonese and Maroneia'' (351-342 BC) ** The kings of Thrace are forced to submit to Macedonian rule or overlordship by 341 BC * Seuthes III, son of ? Teres II, Teres III or Cotys I (Odrysian), Cotys I, opposed Macedonian rule (by 324–after 312 BC) ** The succession to Seuthes III is unclear; the area was partitioned among Thracian dynasts and Macedonian kings, after 277 also by the Celts of

Odrysian rulers in eastern Thrace (hypothetical reconstruction)

Source: * Cotys II (Odrysian), Cotys II, son of Seuthes (Seuthes III, III?) (attested 330 BC, while still prince, if son of Seuthes III?) * Raizdos, Rhaezdus (Roigos, Rhoegus?), son of ? Cotys II (Odrysian), Cotys II * Cotys III (Odrysian), Cotys III, son of Raizdos, Rhaezdus (c. 270 BC) * Rhescuporis I (Odrysian), Rhescuporis I, son of Cotys III (Odrysian), Cotys III (?-by 212 BC?)

Odrysian rulers originally in inner Thrace (hypothetical reconstruction)

Source: * Teres IV, son of Seuthes (III?) (c. 295 BC?) * Seuthes IV, son of Teres (IV?) * Teres V, son of ? Seuthes IV (c. 255 BC) * Roigos, Rhoegus, son of Seuthes (IV?) (mid-Third Century, buried in the Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak) * Seuthes V, son of ? Rhoegus * Amatokos III, Amadocus III, son of ? Seuthes V (c. 184 BC) * Cotys IV, son of Seuthes V (by 171-after 166) * Teres III, Teres VI, son of ? Amadocus III (c. 148 BC) * Beithys (Bithys), son of Cotys IV (c.146 BC?) ** The line may have continued as the Odryso-Astaean dynasty listed below

Various Thracian local rulers attested in the Third Century BC

Source: * Spartocus, ruler of Cabyle? (c. 295 BC) * Scostocus, ruler in southern Thrace near Aenus and Sestus (c. 280-after 273 BC) * Sadalas, ruler near Messembria (c. 275 BC), descendant of Cotys, Medistas, Taruntinus, and Mopsyestis (order and relationships unknown) * Odoroes (c. 280-273 BC) (?) * Adaeus, Thracian or Macedonian ruler near Cypsela (c. 260-c. 240 BC)

Various non-Odrysian rulers in Thrace

Source: * Abrupolis of the Sapaeans, fought with Antigonid Macedonia (by 197-172 BC) * Autlesbis of the ?

, fought with Cotys IV as Roman ally (c. 168 BC) * Diegylis of the

(by 150-after 144 BC) * Zibelmius of the

, son of Diegylis, murdered (c. 141 BC) * Sothimus of the ? Maedi, ally of Mithradates VI, invaded Roman Macedonia (c. 89 BC)

Illyrian rulers

Source: * Pleuratus II, Pleuratus I ruler near Skodra (before c. 250 BC) * Agron of Illyria, Agron, son of Pleuratus II (c. 250-230 BC) * Pinnes, son of Agron (230-212 BC); under regency of stepmother Teuta 230-228 BC and of stepfather Demetrius of Pharos 228-219 BC * Scerdilaidas, son of Pleuratus I (212-206 BC) * Pleuratus III, Pleuratus II, son of Scerdilaidas (associated 212, 206-180 BC) * Gentius (Genthius), son of Pleuratus II (180-168 BC) ** 168 BC Illyria annexed by the Roman Republic

Odryso-Astaean Kingdom

A possible continuation of the earlier Odrysian monarchy under a line of kings reigning from Bizye (now Vize) in eastern Thrace. * Cotys V, son of ? Beithys (?-by 87 BC) * Sadalas I, son of Cotys V (by 87–after 79 BC) ** Amadocus, Odrysian royal sent to the aid of Sulla at Battle of Chaeronea (86 BC), Chaeronea in 86 BC * Cotys VI, son of Sadalas I (by 57–48 BC) * Sadalas II, son of Cotys VI (48–42 BC) * Sadalas III, kinsman of Sadalas II (42-31 BC) * Cotys VII, son of Sadalas II by Polemocratia (31–18 BC) * Rhescuporis II (Astaean), son of Cotys VII by daughter of the Sapaean king Cotys II, killed by the

(18–11 BC) ** 11 BC Astaean Thrace conferred on Rhescuporis II's maternal uncle, the Sapaean king Rhoemetalces I, by the Roman emperor Augustus, thereby uniting Thrace

Sapaeans, Sapaean Kingdom and unified Thrace

Originally a local power in the Rhodope area of southern Thrace, the Sapaean kings increased in power and influence and, with Roman blessing, found themselves masters of a unified kingdom of Thrace from 11 BC until the Roman annexation in AD 46. * Cotys I (Sapaean), Cotys I, son of ? Rhoemetalces, 57?–by 48 BC * Rhescuporis I (Sapaean), Rhescuporis I, son of Cotys I, by 48 BC–41 BC ** Rhascus, son of Cotys I, associate ruler? c. 42 BC * Cotys II (Sapaean), Cotys II, son of Rhescuporis I, 42 BC–31 BC **Thrace becomes a unitary client state of Rome in 11 BC * Rhoemetalces I, son of Cotys II, 31 BC–AD 12 (monarch of all Thrace from 11 BC) * Rhescuporis II, son of Cotys II, in western Thrace, deposed by the Roman emperor Tiberius I, 12–19 * Cotys III (Sapaean), Cotys III, son of Rhoemetalces I, in eastern Thrace, killed by his uncle Rhescuporis II, 12–19; married Antonia Tryphaena * Rhoemetalces II, son of Cotys III and Antonia Tryphaena, 19-38 * Antonia Tryphaena (Queen), co-ruler of her son Rhoemetalces II * The last client rulers of Thrace: Pythodoris II (Queen) and Rhoemetalces III; Rhoemetalces III, son of Rhescuporis II, 38-46; married his cousin's daughter Pythodoris II (daughter of Cotys III and Antonia Tryphaena), murdered by wife ** 46 annexation by the

, by the Roman emperor Claudius, Claudius I

Scythian

* Spargapeithes (Scythian king), Spargapeithes,Readings in Greek History: Sources and Interpretations by D. Brendan Nagle and Stanley M. Burstein, , 2006, page 26: "... Ariapeithes, the Scythian king, had several sons, among them, ... by Spargapeithes, king of the Agathyrsi; whereupon Scylas succeeded to the throne, and married one of ..." king of the Agathyrsi

Notes

References

*''The Histories'', translated by G. C. Macaulay, Barnes & Noble, Inc., 2004. * Z. Archibald, ''The Odrysian kingdom of Thrace'', Oxford, 1998. * * P. Delev, "Cotys son of Rhascuporis," in: M. Slavova, N. Šarankov (eds.), ''Studia Classica Serdicensia V. Monuments and Texts in Antiquity and beyond. Essays for the Centenary of Georgi Mihailov (1915-1991)'', Sofia, 2016a: 119-129. * P. Delev, "Za genealogijata na Sapejskata dinastija" in: P. Delev (ed.), ''Symposion. Studies in memory of prof. Dimitar Popov'', Sofia, 2016b: 148-173. * H. Dessau, "Reges Thraciae qui fuerint imperante Augusto," ''Ephemeris Epigraphica'' 9 (1913) 696-706. * J. Jurukova, ''Monetite na trakijskite plemena i vladeteli'', vol. 1., Sofia, 1992. * M. Manov, "Dekret na Apolonija s novo datirane," ''Numizmatika, Sfragistika i Epigrafika'' 11 (2015) 167-173. * R. D. Sullivan, ''Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC'', Toronto, 1990. * M. Tačeva, ''Istorija na bălgarskite zemi v drevnostta prez elinističeskata i rimskata epoha,'' Sofia, 1997. * S. Topalov, ''The Odrysian Kingdom from the Late 5th to the Mid-4th C. B.C.'', Sofia, 1994. * S. Topalov, ''Contributions to the Study of the Coinage and History in the Lands of Eastern Thrace from the End of the 4th C. B.C. to the end of the 3rd C. B.C.'', Sofia, 2001. * R. Werner, in: W.-D. von Barloewen (ed.), ''Abriss der Geschichte antiker Randkulturen'', Munich, 1961: 83-150, 239-242. {{DEFAULTSORT:Thracian Kings Kings of Thrace, * Paeonia (kingdom) Ancient Thrace Kings of Dacia, * Lists of monarchs in Europe, Thrace and Dacia bg:Тракийски владетели fr:Liste des rois de Thrace he:מלכי דאקיה

Mythological

Persian

Tribal kings

Getic and Dacian

Paeonian

Celtic rulers in Thrace

Celtic rulers of Tylis Copper coin of Cavarus, the last king of Tylis Tylis ( Greek: Τύλις) or Tyle was a capital of a short-lived Balkan state mentioned by Polybius that was founded by Celts led by Comontorius in the 3rd century BC. Following their invasion ... in Thrace

Greek-Macedonian

Odrysian Kingdom

Odrysian rulers in eastern Thrace (hypothetical reconstruction)

Odrysian rulers originally in inner Thrace (hypothetical reconstruction)

Various Thracian local rulers attested in the Third Century BC

Various non-Odrysian rulers in Thrace

Illyrian rulers

Odryso-Astaean Kingdom

Sapaeans, Sapaean Kingdom and unified Thrace

Scythian

See also

Notes

References

Celtic rulers of
Tylis Copper coin of Cavarus, the last king of Tylis Tylis ( Greek: Τύλις) or Tyle was a capital of a short-lived Balkan state mentioned by Polybius that was founded by Celts led by Comontorius in the 3rd century BC. Following their invasion ...
in Thrace