The Factory

The Factory was Andy Warhol's art studio in Manhattan, New York City, which had four locations between 1963 and 1987. The Factory became famous for its parties in the 1960s. It was the hip hangout spot for artists, musicians, celebrities, and Warhol's superstars. The original Factory is referred to as the Silver Factory. In the studio, Warhol and his assistants would make silkscreen paintings and underground films. The Factory later became the headquarters of his enterprise.

History

In 1960, pop artist Andy Warhol purchased a townhouse at 1342 Lexington Avenue in the Carnegie Hill neighborhood of Manhattan, which he also used as his art studio. Due to the mess his work was causing at home, Warhol wanted to find a studio where he could paint. A friend of his found an old unoccupied firehouse on 159 East 87th Street where Warhol began working in January 1963. No one was eager to go there, so the rent was $150 a month.

1963–67: 231 East 47th Street

A few months later, Warhol was informed that the building would have to be vacated soon, and in November he found another loft on the fifth floor at 231 East 47th Street in Midtown Manhattan, which would become the first Factory.

In 1963, artist Ray Johnson took Warhol to a "haircutting party" at Billy Name's apartment, decorated with tin foil and silver paint, and Warhol asked him to do the same scheme for his recently leased loft. Name covered the whole factory in silver, even the elevator. Warhol's years at the Factory were known as the Silver Era. Aside from the prints and paintings, Warhol produced shoes, films, sculptures and commissioned work in various genres to brand and sell items with his name. His first commissions consisted of a single silkscreen portrait for $25,000, with additional canvases in other colors for $5,000 each. He later increased the price of alternative colors to $20,000 each. Warhol used a large portion of his income to finance the Factory.

Billy Name brought in the red couch which became a prominent furnishing at the Factory, finding it on the sidewalk of 47th street during one of his "midnight outings." The sofa quickly became a favorite place for Factory guests to crash overnight, usually after coming down from speed. It was featured in many photographs and films from the Silver era, including '' Blow Job'' (1963) and ''Couch'' (1964). During the move in 1968, the couch was stolen while left unattended on the sidewalk for a short time.

Many Warhol films, including those made at the Factory, were first (or later) shown at the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre or 55th Street Playhouse.

By the time Warhol had achieved a reputation, he was working day and night on his paintings. Warhol used silkscreens so that he could mass-produce images the way corporations mass-produced consumer goods. To increase production, he attracted a ménage of adult film performers, drag queens, socialites, drug addicts, musicians, and free-thinkers who became known as the Warhol Superstars, to help him. These "art-workers" helped him create his paintings, starred in his films, and created the atmosphere for which the Factory became legendary.

Speaking in 2002, musician John Cale said, "It wasn't called the Factory for nothing. It was where the assembly line for the silkscreens happened. While one person was making a silkscreen, somebody else would be filming a screen test. Every day something new."

Warhol began looking for a new Factory location in 1967 because the building was scheduled to be demolished. The location is now the entrance to the parking garage of One Dag.

1968–73: 33 Union Square West

He then relocated his studio to the sixth floor of the Decker Building at 33 Union Square West near the corner of East 16th Street, near Max's Kansas City, a club which Warhol and his entourage frequently visited. The same year Warhol created the business Factory Additions to handle the business of publishing and printmaking.In June 1968, Warhol was shot by feminist Valerie Solanas at the Factory. The Factory had an open door policy where anyone could enter, but after the shooting, Warhol's partner Jed Johnson built a wall around the elevator and put in a Dutch door so that visitors would have to be buzzed in.

In 1969, Warhol co-founded ''Interview'' magazine and the Factory transformed "from an all-night party to an all-day office, from hell-on-earth to down-to-earth."

Despite the new security security precautions put in place after the shooting, two gunmen broke into the Factory in the early 1970s and demanded to see Warhol. Warhol was led by Warhol superstar Joe Dallesandro and Jed Johnson to the editing room in a terrified state. The intruders refused to leave when the Factory manager Paul Morrissey and Warhol's business manager Fred Hughes gave them money. They then took Dallesandro's son from his wife's arms and threatened to shoot him unless Warhol emerged. After Dallesandro informed the two that Warhol had called the police, they surrendered his son and fled the scene.

1974–84: 860 Broadway

In 1974, Warhol moved the Factory to 860 Broadway, overlooking Union Square Park at East 17th Street and Broadway. Warhol's partner Jed Johnson and architect Peter Marino worked together to renovate the new space. By the time Warhol and his group moved in, the boardroom was already lush with carved wood paneling. They add Art Deco furnishings and a moose head. Beige plasterboard barriers with white spackle divided the Factory into spaces for Warhol's many activities, including painting, publishing, and filmmaking. The space had an unfinished appearance, which he liked. "The random spackling makes nice, quiet background for paintings," explained the artist. In the foyer, there was the "guard dog"—a stuffed Great Dane named Cecil—rumored to have belonged to film director Cecil B. DeMille, but had actually been a champion dog, whose real name was Ador Tipp Topp. For Warhol, Cecil was a fruitless attempt to deter burglars who, he claimed, broke in almost every Friday.

The Factory didn't have many paintings on display. There is a massive landscape painting by 19th-century French realist Gustave Courbet; the other paintings, including Warhol's, were stacked on furniture and lean against the wall. A steady stream of famous people visited the Factory. Numerous guests arrived to be interviewed for ''Interview'' magazine. Visitors are greeted with a massive wooden bust of Leonardo da Vinci after being buzzed through glass doors.

Warhol filmed his television series ''Andy Warhol's TV'' at the Factory from 1980 to 1983.

The nightclub ''Underground'' operated at 860 Broadway from 1980 to 1989. It was owned by Maurice Brahms, a former partner of Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager, the original owners of Studio 54, and Jay Levy after Club 54 closed, due to jailing of Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager. The club opened on February 28, 1980. John Blair got his start there. Baird Jones promoted Thursday, Friday, and Saturday night parties from 1983 to 1986. Music videos for " I Want To Know What Love Is" by Foreigner and " Word Up!" by Cameo were filmed at the club. After about a decade, the club was reimagined by BlackBook Magazine columnist Steve Lewis & Co. as ''Le Palace de Beauté'', where RuPaul often performed.

After the Underground closed, Petco opened, moving in 2022, to 44 Union Square, the former Tammany Hall.

1984–87: 158 Madison Ave (22 East 33rd Street)

In 1984, Warhol moved his art studio to 22 East 33rd Street, a conventional office building. His television studio had an entrance at 158 Madison Avenue and the ''Interview'' magazine office had an entrance at 19 East 32nd Street. Warhol filmed his MTV talk show '' Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes'' at the Factory from 1985 until he died in 1987.

Regulars

Friends of Warhol and "superstars" associated with the Factory included:

*George Abagnalo
* Paul America
* Penny Arcade
*Joey Arias
* Brigid Berlin
* Richie Berlin
*Jean-Michel Basquiat
* Richard Bernstein
* Tally Brown
* William S. Burroughs
* Patrick Tilden Close
* Bob Colacello
* Jackie Curtis
* Ronnie Cutrone
* Joe Dallesandro
* Candy Darling
* Johnny Dodd
*Bobby Driscoll
* Eric Emerson
* Danny Fields
* Jane Forth
* Henry Geldzahler
* John Giorno
* Catherine Guinness
*Pat Hackett
* Jerry Hall
* Halston
* Bibbe Hansen
*Keith Haring
* Debbie Harry
* Freddie Herko
* Baby Jane Holzer
*Victor Hugo
* Bianca Jagger
*Mick Jagger
*Miro Bartonik
* Betsey Johnson
* Ray Johnson
* Jay Johnson
* Jed Johnson
*Brian Jones
*Grace Jones
* Udo Kier
* Sally Kirkland
* Naomi Levine
* Ulli Lommel
* Gerard Malanga
* Taylor Mead
* Liza Minnelli
* Mario Montez
* Paul Morrissey
* Herbert Muschamp
* Billy Name
* International Velvet
* Nico
* Ondine
* Pat Hartley
* Ruby Lynn Reyner
*Glenn O'Brien
* Anita Pallenberg
* Paige Powell
* Asha Puthli
*Lou Reed
* John Cale
* Rene Ricard
* Keith Richards
* Rotten Rita
* Edie Sedgwick
* Stephen Shore
* Rupert Jasen Smith
* Ingrid Superstar
* Ultra Violet
*The Velvet Underground
* Viva
* Louis Waldon
* Chuck Wein
* Holly Woodlawn
* Mary Woronov

Work

Music

The Factory became a meeting place of artists and musicians such as Lou Reed, Bob Dylan, and Mick Jagger, as well as writer Truman Capote. Less frequent visitors included Salvador Dalí and Allen Ginsberg. Warhol collaborated with Reed's influential New York rock band the Velvet Underground in 1965, and designed the noted cover for '' The Velvet Underground & Nico,'' the band's debut album. It featured a plastic image of a yellow banana, which users could peel off to reveal a flesh-hued version of the banana. Warhol also designed the album cover for the Rolling Stones' album '' Sticky Fingers''.

Warhol included the Velvet Underground in the Exploding Plastic Inevitable, a spectacle that combined art, rock, Warhol films and dancers of all kinds, as well as live S&M enactments and imagery. The Velvet Underground and EPI used the Factory as a place to rehearse and hang out.

" Walk on the Wild Side", Lou Reed's best-known song from his solo career, was released on his second, and first commercially successful, solo album, ''Transformer'' (1972). The song relates to the superstars and life of the Factory. He mentions Holly Woodlawn, Candy Darling, Joe Dallesandro, Jackie Curtis and Joe Campbell (referred to in the song by his Factory nickname Sugar Plum Fairy).

Sexual radicals

Andy Warhol commented on mainstream America through his art while disregarding its conservative social views. Almost all his work filmed at the Factory featured nudity, graphic sexuality, drug use, same-sex relations and transgender characters in much greater proportion to what was being shown in mainstream cinema. By making the films, Warhol created a sexually lenient environment at the Factory for the " happenings" staged there, which included fake weddings between drag queens, porn film rentals, and vulgar plays. What was called free love took place in the studio, as sexuality in the 1960s was becoming more open and embraced as a high ideal. Warhol used footage of sexual acts between his friends in his work, such as in '' Blue Movie'', a 1969 film directed, produced, written and cinematographed by Warhol. The film, starring Viva and Louis Waldon, was the first adult erotic film depicting explicit sex to receive wide theatrical release in the United States.

Holly Woodlawn and Candy Darling were noted transgender women who were part of the Factory group, as was drag queen Jackie Curtis. Andy Warhol frequently used these women and other sexual non-conformists in his films, plays, and events. Because of the constant drug use and the presence of sexually liberal artists and radicals, drugged orgies were a frequent happening at the Factory. Warhol met Ondine at an orgy in 1962:

Films

Warhol started shooting movies in the Factory around 1963, when he began work on ''Kiss''. He screened his films at the Factory for his friends before they were released for public audiences. When traditional theaters refused to screen his more provocative films, Warhol sometimes turned to night-clubs or porn theaters, including the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre and the 55th Street Playhouse, for their distribution.

The following list includes all movies filmed entirely or partly at the Factory.

1963
*''Kiss''
*''Rollerskate''
*''Haircut no. 1''
*''Haircut no. 2''
*''Haircut no. 3''

1964
*''Handjob''
*'' Blow Job''
*'' Screen Tests'' (1964–1966)
*'' Jill Johnston Dancing''
*'' Eat''
*''Couch''
*'' Henry Geldzahler''
*''Shoulder''
*''Soap Opera''
*'' Taylor Mead's Ass''
*''Mario Banana''
*'' Harlot''
*''13 Most Beautiful Women''
*''13 Most Beautiful Boys''
*''50 Fantastics and 50 Personalities''

1965
*''John and Ivy''
*''Screen Test #1''
*''Screen Test #2''
*''Drink''
*''Suicide'' (Screen Test #3)
*''Horse''
*''Vinyl''
*''Bitch''
*'' Poor Little Rich Girl''
*''Face''
*''Afternoon''
*'' Beauty No. 1''
*'' Beauty No. 2''
*''Space''
*''Factory Diaries''
*''Outer and Inner Space''
*''Prison''
*''The Fugs and the Holy Modal Rounders''
*''My Hustler''
*'' Camp''
*'' More Milk, Yvette''
*''Lupe''

1966
*''Ari and Mario''
*'' Eating Too Fast'' (a.k.a. ''Blow Job #2'')
*'' The Velvet Underground and Nico: A Symphony of Sound''
*''Hedy'' (a.k.a. ''Hedy the Shoplifter'')
*''The Beard''
*''Salvador Dalí''
*''Superboy''
*'' The Chelsea Girls''
*''The Bob Dylan Story''
*'' Since'' (a.k.a. ''The Kennedy Assassination'')
*''Mrs. Warhol''
*''Kiss the Boot''
*'' The Andy Warhol Story''
*''A Christmas Carol''
*'' ****(four stars)'' (a.k.a. ''The 24-Hour Movie'')

1967
*'' Imitation of Christ''
*'' I, a Man''
*''The Loves of Ondine''
*'' Bike Boy''
*'' Tub Girls''
*'' The Nude Restaurant''
*''Sunset''

1968
*'' Lonesome Cowboys''
*'' Flesh''
*'' Trash'' (1968–1969)
*'' Women in Revolt'' (1968–1971)

1969
*'' Blue Movie''
*'' Sticks and Stones'' (by Miro Bartonik)

Locations

*Studio: 159 East 87th Street
*Factory: 231 East 47th Street, 1963–67 (the building no longer exists)
*Factory: 33 Union Square, 1967–73 ( Decker Building)
*Factory: 860 Broadway, 1974–84 (the building has now been completely remodeled)
*Factory: 158 Madison Ave (22 East 33rd Street), 1984–87. This building extended 27 feet along Madison Ave, 96 feet along 33rd St. AKA 22nd 33rd St. (the building no longer exists)

*Home: 1342 Lexington Avenue
*Home: 57 East 66th Street (Warhol's last home)

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Factory
1960s in the United States
Andy Warhol
American artist groups and collectives
New York (state) culture
Cultural history of New York City