Tetraodontiformes (), also known as the Plectognathi, is an

order Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to: * A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica * Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood ...

ray-finned fishes Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a class (biology), class of Osteichthyes, bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built ...

which includes the

pufferfish Tetraodontidae is a family of marine and freshwater fish in the order Tetraodontiformes. The family includes many familiar species variously called pufferfish, puffers, balloonfish, blowfish, blowers, blowies, bubblefish, globefish, swellfis ...

es and related taxa. This order has been classified as a suborder of the order Perciformes, although recent studies have found that it, as the Tetraodontoidei, is a

sister taxon In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and ...

to the anglerfish order Lophiiformes, called Lophiodei, and have placed both taxa within the

Acanthuriformes Acanthuriformes is a large, diverse order of mostly marine ray-finned fishes, part of the Percomorpha clade. In the past, members of this clade were placed in the suborders Acanthuroidea and Percoidea of the order Perciformes, but this treatment ...

. The Tetraodontiformes are represented by 10 extant families and at around 430 species overall. The majority of the species within this order are marine but a few may be found in freshwater. They are found throughout the world.

Taxonomy

Tetraodontiformes is a name first used for this order in 1940 by

Lev Berg Lev Semyonovich Berg, also known as Leo S. Berg (; 14 March 1876 – 24 December 1950) was a leading Russian geographer, biologist and ichthyologist who served as President of the Soviet Geographical Society between 1940 and 1950. He is known f ...

, the order was originally proposed in 1817 as the "''Les Plectognathes''", the Plectognathi. Cuvier divided this into two families ''"Les Gymnodontes"'' and ''"Les Sclerodermes"''. In 1940 Berg first used the term Tetraodontiformes for this order and this name is the currently accepted name as it follows the

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a widely accepted Convention (norm), convention in zoology that rules the formal scientific name, scientific naming of organisms treated as animals. It is also informally known as the I ...

rule that a name for a family or higher taxa must have its root based on the type species of that grouping. In this case the type species is ''

Tetraodon lineatus ''Tetraodon'' is a genus in the pufferfish family (Tetraodontidae) found in freshwater in Africa. It is the type genus of the family and historically included numerous other species; several Asian species were moved to the genera '' Dichotomycter ...

'' Linnaeus, 1758. The 5th edition of ''

Fishes of the World ''Fishes of the World'' is a standard reference for the systematics of fishes. It was first written in 1976 by the American ichthyologist Joseph S. Nelson (1937–2011). Now in its fifth edition (2016), the work is a comprehensive overview of t ...

'' recognises the order as a derived order within the

Actinopterygii Actinopterygii (; ), members of which are known as ray-finned fish or actinopterygians, is a class (biology), class of Osteichthyes, bony fish that comprise over 50% of living vertebrate species. They are so called because of their lightly built ...

and as a monophyletic order within the

Percomorpha Percomorpha () is an extremely large and diverse clade of ray-finned fish. With more than 17,000 known species (including Scombroidei, tuna, Syngnathiformes, seahorses, gobies, Cichlidae, cichlids, flatfish, Labridae, wrasse, Perciformes, perches ...

. Other authorities have proposed that it is not an order but that it is a clade, the Tetraodontoidei, within the order Acanthuriformes and is most closely related to the Lophiodei, the

anglerfish The anglerfish are ray-finned fish in the order Lophiiformes (). Both the order's common name, common and scientific name comes from the characteristic mode of predation, in which a modified dorsal Fish fin#Ray-fins, fin ray acts as a Aggressiv ...

es.

Etymology

Tetraodontiformes suffixes ''iformes'', meaning "in the form of", onto the genus name, ''

Tetraodon ''Tetraodon'' is a genus in the pufferfish family (Tetraodontidae) found in freshwater in Africa. It is the type genus of the family and historically included numerous other species; several Asian species were moved to the genera '' Dichotomycter ...

'', of the

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

of Tetraodontidae, the best known and most widely distributed family in the order. ''Tetraodon'' means "four tooth" and alludes to the four fused teeth, separated by a central suture, in the jaws.

Evolution

The oldest tetraodontiforms are the extinct suborder Plectocretacicoidei from the

Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the more recent of two epochs into which the Cretaceous Period is divided in the geologic time scale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous Series. The Cretaceous is named after ''cre ...

(

Santonian The Santonian is an age in the geologic timescale or a chronostratigraphic stage. It is a subdivision of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or Upper Cretaceous Series. It spans the time between 86.3 ± 0.7 mya ( million years ago) and 83.6 ± 0.7 m ...

Campanian The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In chronostratigraphy, it is the fifth of six stages in the Upper Cretaceous Series. Campa ...

) of

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

and

Slovenia Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country in Central Europe. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the south and southeast, and a short (46.6 km) coastline within the Adriati ...

, both in the former Tethyan region. These comprise the families Cretatriacanthidae and Protriacanthidae. '' Plectocretacicus'' from the

Cenomanian The Cenomanian is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy's (ICS) geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age (geology), age of the Late Cretaceous epoch (geology), Epoch or the lowest stage (stratigraphy), stage of the Upper Cretace ...

Lebanon Lebanon, officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia. Situated at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian Peninsula, it is bordered by Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south ...

has also been proposed as a tetraodontiform, but this has been more recently questioned.

Description

Tetraodontiformes include a variety of body shapes, all radical departures from the streamlined body plan typical of most fishes. These forms range from nearly square or triangular (

boxfish Ostraciidae or Ostraciontidae is a family of squared, Actinopterygii, bony fish belonging to the order Tetraodontiformes, closely related to the pufferfishes and filefishes. Fish in the family are known variously as boxfishes, cofferfishes, cowfi ...

es), globose (

es) to laterally compressed (

filefish The filefish (Monacanthidae) are a diverse family of tropical to subtropical tetraodontiform marine fish, which are also known as foolfish, leatherjackets, or shingles. They live in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Filefish are closely ...

es and

triggerfish Triggerfish are about 40 species of often brightly colored marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Balistidae. Often marked by lines and spots, they inhabit tropical and subtropical oceans throughout the world, with the greatest speci ...

es). They range in size from '' Rudarius excelsus'' (a filefish), measuring just in length, to the

ocean sunfish The ocean sunfish (''Mola mola''), also known as the common mola, is one of the largest bony fish in the world. It is the type species of the genus ''Mola'', and one of five extant species in the family Molidae. It was once misidentified as th ...

, the largest of all bony fishes at up to in length and weighing over 2 tonnes. Most members of this order – except for the family Balistidae – are ostraciiform swimmers, meaning the body is rigid and incapable of lateral flexure. Because of this, they are slow-moving and rely on their pectoral, dorsal, anal, and caudal fins for propulsion rather than body undulation. However, movement is usually quite precise; dorsal and anal fins aid in manoeuvring and stabilizing. In most species, all fins are simple, small, and rounded, except for the pelvic fins which, if present, are fused and buried. Again, in most members, the gill plates are covered over with skin, the only gill opening a small slit above the pectoral fin. The tetraodontiform strategy seems to be defense at the expense of speed, with all species fortified with scales modified into strong plates or spines – or with tough, leathery skin (the filefishes and ocean sunfish). Another striking defensive attribute found in the

es and

porcupinefish Porcupinefish are medium-to-large fish belonging to the family Diodontidae from the order Tetraodontiformes which are also commonly called blowfish and, sometimes, balloonfish and globefish. The family includes about 18 species. They are sometime ...

es is the ability to inflate their bodies to greatly increase their normal diameter; this is accomplished by sucking water into a

diverticulum In medicine or biology, a diverticulum is an outpouching of a hollow (or a fluid-filled) structure in the body. Depending upon which layers of the structure are involved, diverticula are described as being either true or false. In medicine, t ...

of the

stomach The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the upper gastrointestinal tract of Human, humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates. The Ancient Greek name for the stomach is ''gaster'' which is used as ''gastric'' in medical t ...

. Many species of the

Tetraodontidae Tetraodontidae is a family of marine and freshwater fish in the order Tetraodontiformes. The family includes many familiar species variously called pufferfish, puffers, balloonfish, blowfish, blowers, blowies, bubblefish, globefish, swellfish, ...

, Triodontidae, and Diodontidae are further protected from predation by

tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin. Its name derives from Tetraodontiformes, an Order (biology), order that includes Tetraodontidae, pufferfish, porcupinefish, ocean sunfish, and triggerfish; several of these species carry the toxin. Alt ...

, a powerful

neurotoxin Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nervous tissue, nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity). Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological insult (medical), insultsSpencer 2000 that can adversely affect function ...

concentrated in the animals' internal organs. Tetraodontiforms have highly modified

skeleton A skeleton is the structural frame that supports the body of most animals. There are several types of skeletons, including the exoskeleton, which is a rigid outer shell that holds up an organism's shape; the endoskeleton, a rigid internal fra ...

s, with no

nasal Nasal is an adjective referring to the nose, part of human or animal anatomy. It may also be shorthand for the following uses in combination: * With reference to the human nose: ** Nasal administration, a method of pharmaceutical drug delivery * ...

, parietal,

infraorbital Infraorbital is an anatomical term which means, literally, inferior to (below or beneath) the eye socket (orbit). Some examples of uses of the term are: * Infraorbital artery * Infraorbital foramen * Infraorbital canal * Infraorbital groove * Infr ...

, or (usually) lower

rib In vertebrate anatomy, ribs () are the long curved bones which form the rib cage, part of the axial skeleton. In most tetrapods, ribs surround the thoracic cavity, enabling the lungs to expand and thus facilitate breathing by expanding the ...

bones. The bones of the jaw are modified and fused into a sort of "

beak The beak, bill, or rostrum is an external anatomical structure found mostly in birds, but also in turtles, non-avian dinosaurs and a few mammals. A beak is used for pecking, grasping, and holding (in probing for food, eating, manipulating and ...

"; visible sutures divide the beaks into "

teeth A tooth (: teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food. Some animals, particularly carnivores and omnivores, also use teeth to help with capturing or wounding prey, tear ...

". This is alluded to in their name, derived from the

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

words ' meaning "four" and ' meaning "tooth" and the

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

''forma'' meaning "shape". Counting these teeth-like bones is a way of distinguishing similar families, for example, the Tetraodontidae ("four-toothed"), Triodontidae ("three-toothed"), and Diodontidae ("two-toothed"). Their jaws are aided by powerful muscles, and many species also have

pharyngeal teeth Pharyngeal teeth are teeth in the pharyngeal arch of the throat of cyprinids, suckers, and a number of other fish species otherwise lacking teeth.invertebrate Invertebrates are animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''spine'' or ''backbone''), which evolved from the notochord. It is a paraphyletic grouping including all animals excluding the chordata, chordate s ...

s, such as

crustacean Crustaceans (from Latin meaning: "those with shells" or "crusted ones") are invertebrate animals that constitute one group of arthropods that are traditionally a part of the subphylum Crustacea (), a large, diverse group of mainly aquatic arthrop ...

s and

shellfish Shellfish, in colloquial and fisheries usage, are exoskeleton-bearing Aquatic animal, aquatic invertebrates used as Human food, food, including various species of Mollusca, molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. Although most kinds of shellfish ...

. The

Molidae The Molidae comprise the family of the molas or ocean sunfishes, unusual fish whose bodies come to an end just behind the dorsal fin, dorsal and anal fins, giving them a "half-fish" appearance. They are also the largest of the ray-finned bony fi ...

are conspicuous even within this oddball order; they lack

swim bladder The swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw, or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ (anatomy), organ in bony fish that functions to modulate buoyancy, and thus allowing the fish to stay at desired water depth without having to maintain lift ...

s and spines, and are propelled by their very tall dorsal and anal fins. The caudal peduncle is absent and the caudal fin is reduced to a stiff rudder-like structure. Molids are

pelagic The pelagic zone consists of the water column of the open ocean and can be further divided into regions by depth. The word ''pelagic'' is derived . The pelagic zone can be thought of as an imaginary cylinder or water column between the sur ...

rather than reef-associated and feed on soft-bodied invertebrates, especially

jellyfish Jellyfish, also known as sea jellies or simply jellies, are the #Life cycle, medusa-phase of certain gelatinous members of the subphylum Medusozoa, which is a major part of the phylum Cnidaria. Jellyfish are mainly free-swimming marine animal ...

Families

The Tetraodontiformes contains the following suborders and families: *Suborder Plectocretacicoidei Tyler & Sorbini, 1996 **Family Cretatriacanthidae Tyler & Sorbini, 1996 **Family Plectocretacicidae Tyler & Sorbini, 1996 **Family Protriacanthidae Tyler & Sorbini, 1996 * Suborder Triodontoidei Bleeker, 1859 **Genus †'' Ctenoplectus'' Close, Johanson, Tyler, Harrington & Friedman, 2016 **Family Triodontidae Bleeker, 1859 *Suborder

Triacanthoidei Triacanthoidei is a suborder of ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Tetraodontiformes, which includes the pufferfishes, triggerfishes and related taxa. These benthic fishes are mainly found in the Indian Ocean with some of the spikefishes fou ...

Tyler, 1968 **Family Triacanthodidae

Gill A gill () is a respiration organ, respiratory organ that many aquatic ecosystem, aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow r ...

, 1862 ***Subfamily Hollardiinae Tyler, 1968 ***Subfamily Triacanthodinae Gill, 1862 **Family

Triacanthidae Triacanthidae, the triplespines or tripodfishes, is a family of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Tetraodontiformes, which also includes the pufferfishes, boxfishes, filefishes and related groups. The family is made up of four exta ...

Bleeker, 1859 *Suborder

Ostracioidea Ostracioidea or Ostracioidei, the boxfishes, is a suborder of ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Tetraodontiformes, which also includes the pufferfishes, filefishes and triggerfishes. The fishes in this taxon are found in the Atlantic, India ...

Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; 22 October 178318 September 1840) was a French early 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ult ...

, 1810 **Family †

Spinacanthidae Spinacanthidae is an extinct prehistoric family of tetraodontid bony fish that lived from the Lutetian epoch of Eocene Monte Bolca. In life, either genus would have resembled a somewhat-flattened boxfish with five massive spines along the ante ...

Santini & Tyler, 2003 **Family

Aracanidae Aracanidae, the deep sea boxfishes or temperate boxfishes, are a family of marine ray-finned fishes belonong to the order Tetraodontiformes, which also includes the pufferfishes, triggerfishes and ocean sunfishes. The fishes in this family are f ...

Hollard, 1860 **Family

Ostraciidae Ostraciidae or Ostraciontidae is a family of squared, Actinopterygii, bony fish belonging to the order Tetraodontiformes, closely related to the pufferfishes and filefishes. Fish in the family are known variously as boxfishes, cofferfishes, cowfi ...

Rafinesque, 1810 *Suborder Balistoidei Rafinesque, 1810 **Family Bolcabalistidae Santini & Tyler, 2003 **Family Moclaybalistidae Santini & Tyler, 2003 **Family Balistidae Rafinesque, 1810 **Family Monacanthidae Nardo, 1843 *Suborder Tetraodontoidei

Berg Berg may refer to: People *Berg (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name) * General Berg (disambiguation) * Berg Ng (born 1960), Hong Kong actor * Berg (footballer, born 1963), Ninimbergue dos Santos Guerra, Brazilian footba ...

, 1940 **Genus †''

Iraniplectus ''Iraniplectus bakhtiari'' is an extinct relative of modern-day pufferfish and porcupine fish from the Middle Oligocene of Iran. It is closely related to the Eocene ''Zignoichthys ''Zignoichthys oblongus'' is an extinct prehistoric relative ...

'' Tyler, Mirzaie & Nazemi, 2006 **Family † Avitoplectidae Bemis, Tyler, Bemis, Kumar, Rana & Smith, 2017 **Family † Balkariidae Bannikov, Tyler, Arcila & Carnevale, 2016 **Family † Eoplectidae Santini & Tyler, 2003 **Family

Bonaparte, 1835 **Family

Bonaparte, 1831 ***Subfamily Tetraodontinae Bonaparte, 1831 ***Subfamily Canthigastrinae Bleeker, 1865 **Family Diodontidae Bonaparte, 1835 **Family † Zignoichthyidae Tyler & Sorbini, 1996 means extinct. American whitespotted filefish

This cladogram of extant Tetraodontiformes is based on Santini et al., 2013.

Timeline of genera

ImageSize = width:1000px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px Period = from:-145.5 till:15 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-145.5 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-145.5 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify Colors = #legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:black value:black id:white value:white id:cretaceous value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31) id:earlycretaceous value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65) id:latecretaceous value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37) id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68) id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5) id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68) id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88) BarData= bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:NAM3 bar:NAM4 bar:NAM5 bar:NAM6 bar:NAM7 bar:NAM8 bar:NAM9 bar:NAM10 bar:NAM11 bar:NAM12 bar:NAM13 bar:NAM14 bar:NAM15 bar:NAM16 bar:NAM17 bar:NAM18 bar:NAM19 bar:NAM20 bar:NAM21 bar:NAM22 bar:NAM23 bar:NAM24 bar:NAM25 bar:NAM26 bar:NAM27 bar:NAM28 bar:NAM29 bar:NAM30 bar:NAM31 bar:NAM32 bar:NAM33 bar:NAM34 bar:NAM35 bar:NAM36 bar:NAM37 bar:NAM38 bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:

Early Early may refer to: Places in the United States * Early, Iowa, a city * Early, Texas, a city * Early Branch, a stream in Missouri * Early County, Georgia * Fort Early, Georgia, an early 19th century fort Music * Early B, stage name of Jamaican d ...

from: -99.6 till: -66 color:latecretaceous text:

Late Late or LATE may refer to: Everyday usage * Tardy, or late, not being on time * Late (or the late) may refer to a person who is dead Music * ''Late'' (The 77s album), 2000 * Late (Alvin Batiste album), 1993 * Late!, a pseudonym used by Dave Groh ...

from: -66 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text: Paleo. from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text: Eo. from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text: Oligo. from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text: Mio. from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text: Pl. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text: Pl. from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text: H. bar:eratop from: -145.5 till: -66 color:cretaceous text:

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 143.1 to 66 mya (unit), million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era (geology), Era, as well as the longest. At around 77.1 million years, it is the ...

from: -66 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:

Paleogene The Paleogene Period ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Ma. It is the fir ...

from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:

Neogene The Neogene ( ,) is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago ( Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period million years ago. It is the second period of th ...

from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q. PlotData= align:left fontsize:M mark:(line,white) width:5 anchor:till align:left color:latecretaceous bar:NAM1 from:-99.6 till:-97.6 text: Plectocretacicus color:latecretaceous bar:NAM2 from:-74.9 till:-68.9 text: Cretatriacanthus color:latecretaceous bar:NAM3 from:-70.6 till:-48.6 text: Kankatodus color:paleocene bar:NAM4 from:-66 till:-55.8 text: Indotrigonodon color:paleocene bar:NAM5 from:-66 till:-55.8 text: Pisdurodon color:paleocene bar:NAM6 from:-66 till:-33.9 text: Eotrigonodon color:eocene bar:NAM7 from:-55.8 till:-48.6 text:

Eospinus ''Eospinus'' ("dawn spine") is an extinct genus of bizarre marine tetraodontiform fish from the Eocene. It is known from the earliest Ypresian-aged Danata Formation lagerstatten of Turkmenistan. The species name honors paleoichthyologist Pavel ...

color:eocene bar:NAM8 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:

Eodiodon ''Eodiodon'' ("dawn ''Diodon''") is an extinct genus of porcupinefish that lived during the Eocene. It contains a single species, ''E. bauzai'' from the Bartonian of Belgium, known from fossilized tooth plates. Its status as a distinct genus has ...

color:eocene bar:NAM9 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:

Eolactoria ''Eolactoria'' ("dawn '' Lactoria''") is an extinct genus of highly unusual prehistoric boxfish from the Eocene. It contains a single species, ''E. sorbinii'' from the Ypresian-aged Monte Bolca site in Italy. It had two pairs of long spines, ...

color:eocene bar:NAM10 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text: Eoplectus color:eocene bar:NAM11 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:

Eotetraodon ''Eotetraodon'' ("dawn ''Tetraodon''") is an extinct genus of miniature prehistoric Tetraodontidae, pufferfish that lived in Europe from the early to mid-late Eocene. It is the earliest pufferfish known from fossil remains. The following species ...

color:eocene bar:NAM12 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:

Proaracana ''Proaracana dubia'' is an extinct, prehistoric aracanid boxfish that lived during the Lutetian of middle Eocene Monte Bolca. See also * ''Eolactoria'' * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehistoric bony fish is ...

color:eocene bar:NAM13 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:

Prodiodon ''Prodiodon'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived from the early to middle Eocene. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehistoric bony fish is an attempt to create a comprehensive list ...

color:eocene bar:NAM14 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text: Protacanthodes color:eocene bar:NAM15 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text: Protobalistium color:eocene bar:NAM16 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:

Spinacanthus ''Spinacanthus cuneiformis'' is an extinct prehistoric tetraodontid bony fish that lived from the Lutetian epoch of Eocene Monte Bolca. In life, it would have resembled a somewhat-flattened boxfish with five long spines along the anterior-dorsa ...

color:eocene bar:NAM17 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:

Zignoichthys ''Zignoichthys oblongus'' is an extinct prehistoric relative of the pufferfish and porcupine fish that lived during the Lutetian epoch of the Eocene. ''Z. oblongus'' fossils are found from the Monte Bolca lagerstätte of what is now Italy. It ...

color:eocene bar:NAM18 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:

Progymnodon ''Progymnodon'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehistoric bony fish is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all Genus, genera from the ...

color:eocene bar:NAM19 from:-55.8 till:0 text: Amanses color:eocene bar:NAM20 from:-55.8 till:0 text:

Diodon Porcupinefishes or balloonfishes, are any of the various species of the genus ''Diodon'', the type genus of Diodontidae. Distinguishing features Fish of the genus ''Diodon'' have: * two-rooted, movable spines (which are derived from modified s ...

color:eocene bar:NAM21 from:-55.8 till:0 text: Triodon color:eocene bar:NAM22 from:-55.8 till:0 text:

Ostracion ''Ostracion'' is a genus of Marine life, marine Actinopterygii, ray-finned fishes belonging to the Family (biology), family Ostraciidae, the boxfishes. These fishes are found in the Indo-Pacific region as far east as the eastern Pacific coasts of ...

color:eocene bar:NAM23 from:-48.6 till:0 text:

Triacanthus ''Triacanthus'' is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Triacanthidae, the triplespines or tripodfishes. The two species in this genus are found in the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. Taxonomy ''Triacanthus'' wa ...

color:oligocene bar:NAM24 from:-33.9 till:-28.4 text: Acanthopleurus color:oligocene bar:NAM25 from:-33.9 till:-28.4 text: Balistomorphus color:oligocene bar:NAM26 from:-33.9 till:-28.4 text: Cryptobalistes color:oligocene bar:NAM27 from:-33.9 till:-28.4 text: Oligobalistes color:oligocene bar:NAM28 from:-33.9 till:-28.4 text:

Oligolactoria ''Oligolactoria bubiki'' is an extinct prehistoric boxfish that lived during the Rupelian epoch from the Middle Oligocene of Moravia, Czech Republic. In life, it would have strongly resembled a modern cowfish (genus '' Lactoria''). See also * ...

color:oligocene bar:NAM29 from:-33.9 till:-5.332 text:

Oligodiodon ''Oligodiodon'' is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish. See also * Prehistoric fish * List of prehistoric bony fish This list of prehistoric bony fish is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all Genus, genera from the ...

color:oligocene bar:NAM30 from:-28.4 till:0 text: Aracana color:miocene bar:NAM31 from:-23.03 till:0 text: Marosichthys color:miocene bar:NAM32 from:-15.97 till:-2.588 text: Trigonodon color:miocene bar:NAM33 from:-15.97 till:0 text:

Balistes ''Balistes'' is a genus of marine Actinopterygii, ray-finned fishes belonging to the Family (biology), family Balistidae, the triggerfishes. The triggerfishes in this genus are found in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Ocean. Taxonomy ''Balistes ...

color:miocene bar:NAM34 from:-15.97 till:0 text:

color:miocene bar:NAM35 from:-11.608 till:0 text:

Chilomycterus ''Chilomycterus'' is a genus of diodontid tetraodontiform fishes commonly called "burrfish." Distribution A majority of ''Chilomycterus'' species are found in the Atlantic Ocean, and primarily in the western Atlantic. Only one species, ''C. ...

color:miocene bar:NAM36 from:-11.608 till:0 text: Mola color:pliocene bar:NAM37 from:-5.332 till:-2.588 text: Kyrtogymnodon color:pliocene bar:NAM38 from:-5.332 till:0 text: Alutera PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 bar:period from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:

from: -99.6 till: -66 color:latecretaceous text:

from: -66 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:

from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:

from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text: Q.

References

*
Tree of Life: Tetraodontiformes
* {{Authority control Extant Cenomanian first appearances Ray-finned fish orders