Tattvārthsūtra

''Tattvārthasūtra'', meaning "On the Nature nowiki/>''artha''">artha.html" ;"title="nowiki/>''artha">nowiki/>''artha''of Reality [''tattva'']" (also known as ''Tattvarth-adhigama-sutra'' or ''Moksha-shastra'') is an ancient Jain text written by ''Acharya (Jainism), Acharya'' Umaswami in Sanskrit between the 2nd and 5th centuries CE.

The ''Tattvārthasūtra'' is regarded as one of the earliest, most authoritative texts in Jainism. It is accepted as authoritative in both its major sub-traditions – ''Digambara'' and '' Śvētāmbara'' – as well as the minor sub-traditions. It is a philosophical text, and its importance in Jainism is comparable with that of the ''Brahma Sutras'' and ''Yoga Sutras of Patanjali'' in Hinduism. In an aphoristic sutra style of ancient Indian texts, it presents the complete Jainism philosophy in 350 sutras over 10 chapters. The text has attracted numerous commentaries, translations and interpretations since the 5th-century.

One of its sutras, '' Parasparopagraho Jivanam'' is the motto of Jainism. Its meaning is interpreted as "(The function) of souls is to help one another", or "Souls render service to one another".

Names

''Tattvartha Sutra'' is also known in Jainism as the ''Moksha-shastra'' (Scripture describing the path of liberation).

Content

The text written in Sanskrit, begins with an invocation:
The first verse of ''Tattvārthsūtra'', "" (), summarizes the Jaina path to liberation. It means that the Ratnatraya (three jewels: right view, right knowledge and right conduct) collectively constitutes the path to liberation or moksha.

Its ten chapters are:
#Faith and Knowledge
#The Category of the Living
#The Lower World and the Middle World
#The Celestial Beings
#The Category of the Non-Living
#Influx of Karma
#The Five Vows
#Bondage of Karma
#Stoppage and Shedding of Karma
# Liberation

The first chapter deals with the process of cognition and details about different types of knowledge. The next three chapters deal with the Jīva (soul), lower worlds, ''naraka'', and celestial abodes, '' devas''. The fifth chapter discusses the Non-soul ('' ajīva''). The next three chapters deal with the '' karmas'' and their manifestations and the influx, '' asrava'', good and bad ''karma'', ''shubha-ashubha karma'' and the bondage of the karmas. The ninth chapter describes the blocking, '' samvara'' and shedding of the karmas, '' nirjara''. The final chapter discusses ''moksha'' or the liberation of the soul.

Seven categories of truth

The theology in ''Tattvartha Sutra'' presents seven categories of truth in sutra 1.4:
#Souls exist ()
#Non-sentient matter exists ()
#Karmic particles exist that inflow to each soul ()
#Karmic particles bind to the soul ()
#Karmic particles inflow can be stopped ()
#Karmic particles can fall away from soul ()
#Complete release of karmic particles leads to liberation from worldly bondage ()

Umaswami categorizes the types of knowledge to be empirical, attained through one's sense of perception. He adds that knowledge is also acquired through literature, clairvoyance, and omniscience. In chapter 2, Umaswati presents sutras on soul. He asserts that soul is distinguished by suppression of deluding karma, or elimination of eight types of karmas, or partial presence of destructive karmas, or arising of eight types of new karmas, or those that are innate to the soul, or a combination of these. In chapter 3 through 6, Umaswati presents sutras for his first three categories of truth.

Ethics

In chapter 7, Umaswami presents the Jaina vows and explains their value in stopping karmic particle inflow to the soul. The vows, with their respective translations by Nathmal Tatia, are:
*''ahimsa'' (abstinence from violence)
*'' anirta'' (abstinence from falsehood)
*'' asteya'' (abstinence from stealing)
*''brahmacharya'' (abstinence from carnality)
*''aparigraha'' (abstinence from possessiveness)

Karma and rebirths

Umaswati, in chapter 8 of ''Tattvartha Sutra'' presents his sutras on how karma affects rebirths. He asserts that accumulated karma in life determines the length of life and realm of rebirth for each soul in each of four states – infernal beings, plants and animals, human beings and as gods. Further, states Umaswati, karma also affects the body, the shape, the characteristics as well as the status of the soul within the same species, such as ''Ucchi'' (upper) or ''Nicchi'' (lower) status. The accumulated and new karma are material particles, states Umaswati, which stick to the soul and these travel with the soul from one life to the next as bondage, where each ripens. Once ripened, the karmic particles fall off, states Umaswati.

Shedding karma and liberation

Chapter 9 of ''Tattvartha Sutra'' states how karmic particles can be stopped from attaching to the soul and how these can be shed. Umaswati asserts that ''gupti'' (curbing activity), ''dharma'' (virtues such as forbearance, modesty, purity, truthfulness, self-restraint, austerity, renunciation), contemplation, endurance in hardship (he lists twenty-two hardships including hunger, thirst, cold, heat, nakedness, injury, lack of gain, illness, praise, disrespect), and with good character towards others (he lists five – equanimity, reinitiation, non-injury (Ahimsa), slight passion and fair conduct), a soul stops karmic accumulations. External austerities such as fasting, reduced diet and isolated habitation, along with internal austerities such as expiation, reverence, service, renunciation and meditation, according to Umaswati, along with respectful service to teachers and ailing ascetics help shed karma.

The state of liberation is presented in Chapter 10 by Umaswati. It is achieved when deluding and obstructive karmas have been destroyed. This leads to the state of quietism and potentiality, and the soul then moves to the end of the universe, states Umaswati.

Importance

The Tattvartha Sutra is regarded as one of the earliest, most authoritative book on Jainism, and the only text authoritative in both the Digambara and Śvētāmbara sects, and its importance in Jainism is comparable with that of the Brahma Sutras and Yoga Sutras of Patanjali in Hinduism.

Commentaries and translations

Commentaries

The ''Tattvartha Sutra'' has the largest number of Jaina bhashyas or commentaries in different Indian languages from the fifth century onward. There are over twenty-five commentaries and translations of ''Tattvartha Sutra'', including those by:

Śvetāmbaras believe that Umasvati himself wrote ''Svopajña Bhāṣya'', a commentary on the text. In turn, ''Svopajña Bhāṣya Ṭīkā'' is a commentary by Siddhasenagaṇi on the ''Svopajña Bhāṣya''. The next oldest and the most famous commentary on the ''Tattvārthasūtra'' is ''Sarvārthasiddhi'' of Ācārya Pujyapada (sixth century CE). ''Sarvārthasiddhi'' (a commentary on the ''Tattvartha Sutra'' written by Pūjyapāda Devanandi), along with Akalanka's ''Rajavartika'' and Vijayananda's ''Slokavarttika'' (9th century), form the central texts of Digambara monastic students.

Translations

The text is in ''sutra'' form. The word ''Sutra'' () means "string, thread".M Winternitz (2010 Reprint), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, , pages 249 The root of the word is ''siv'', that which sews and holds things together.Monier Williams, Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Entry fo
''Sutra''
page 1241 In the context of Indian literature, ''Sutra'' means a distilled collection of syllables and words, any form or manual of "aphorism, rule, direction" hanging together like threads with which the "teachings of ritual, philosophy, grammar or any field of knowledge" can be woven.

The distilled nature of sutra texts leave them open to varying interpretations. The Tattvartha sutra have been variously translated. The first verse of ''Tattvartha Sutra'' has been translated as follows, for example:

The text has been translated into many languages including English and German, latest being English translation in 1993.

See also

* Umaswati
*Jain literature
*Tattva (Jainism)

Notes

References

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* Sanghvi, S. (1974). ''Pt. Sukhlalji’s Commentary on Tattvārthasūtra of Vācaka Umāsvāti'', trans. K. K. Dixit. Ahmedabad.

Further reading

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*Dixit, K. K. (1974). ''Tattvārthasūtra''. Translation of Sukhlalji’s commentary in Hindi. Ahmedabad: Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Institute of Indology. (English translation of the ''Tattvārtha Sūtra'')
*Jaini, J. L. (1956). ''Tattvārthasūtram''. Delhi. (English translation of the ''Tattvārtha Sūtra'')

External links

Tattvartha Sutra with Sarvarthasiddhi
English translation by Vijay K. Jain, 2018 (includes glossary)
Tattvarthasutra, with Hindi and English translation on crossasia repositoryTattvarthsutra (English) on archive.org

{{Jainism topics

Ancient Indian literature
Atomism
Epistemology of religion
Metaphysics of religion
Jain texts
Jain ethics