Discovery
''Tapinocaninus'' fossils were first found in the Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone of the Karoo deposits, in the Lower Beaufort Beds in Beaufort West. Five specimens are known, four found at Modderdrift farm and one found on Swartgrond farm. A holotype (NMQR 2987) and four paratypes (NMQR 2985, 2986, 3097 and ROZ K95). Two specimens were found by the director of the Bernard Price Institute for Paleontological Research (now the Evolutionary Studies Institute), Professor Bruce Rubidge. Three were found by John Nyaphuli of the National Museum Bloemfontein in the same sandstone. The excavation and preparation of NMQR 2986 the holotype NMQR 2987 was a large undertaking due to the large size of the specimens, and this process took place from 1985 to 2005. Air scribe machinery was used to prepare the specimens, along with manual tools such as a hammer and chisel in areas where matrix was more abundant. Prior to the discovery of the ''Tapinocaninus'', the Anteosaurinae were believed to be the most primitive dinocephalian, and the Tapinocephaline were believed to be the most derived dinocephalian of South Africa. When comparing features of ''Tapinocaninus'' to those discussed of Tapinoceohalinae through a cladistic analysis, Rubidge et al. (1991) found that a synapomorphy of the two were the expanded heels on the incisor teeth.King, G. M. 1988. Anomodontia. 1-174. ''In'' Wellnhofer, P. (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology,'' 17C. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart. Thus, after its discovery, ''Tapinocaninus'' is considered the most primitive Tapinoceohaline.Description
This species is known from several skulls, as most specimens found were lacking of the post cranial skeleton. It was a large animal, measuring 2.5m in length from snout to ilium. With classic regression formulas using the circumference of the humerus and femur bones, researchers approximated that they averaged a body mass of 892.63Kg for the taxon (nearly 2,000lbs). ''Tapinocaninus'' were also the largest therapsids from theSkull
The skull roof and postorbital bar of ''Tapinocaninus'' shows pachyostotic thickening, which is consistent with other tapinocephaline dinocephalians. The skull roof is majorly composed of the frontal, which extends between the orbital and temporal fenestre. The external naris is bordered dorsally, anteriorly, and anteroventrally by thePalate
TheVertebrae
TheRibs
There are ribs present along the entire vertebral column. In the cervical region, the ribs are shortened and flat. The longest ribs are present in the mid-dorsal region, and dorsal ribs 11-15 are barrel shaped to accommodate the large digestive system of ''Tapinocaninus''. In the caudal region, the ribs are again shortened, in addition to being dorsoventrally flattened, posteriorly directed, and not fused to the caudal vertebraePectoral girdle
The pectoral girdle of ''Tapinocaninus'' has a prominent scapula, with an enlarged dorsal end. The glenoid is straight, ventral facing, and thickened to comprise the coracoids and scapula. A ridge runs diagonally from the posterior dorsal end of the glenoid to the anterior end of the scapula, and this limits the movement of the clavicle over the scapula. The scapula also flares to connect with the anterior coracoid, which is a round, large bone.Pelvic girdle
The pelvic girdle of the holotype NMQR 2987 is partially preserved, and the other specimens are also lacking of a complete structure. However, parallel grooves are found on the surface of the ischium, which suggest that they may have been connected by tissue.Humerus
Three humeri were retained from various specimens of ''Tapinocaninus'', although the right humerus of the holotype is the most complete, and well described in research. The bone has a narrow center and widens at the ends, with the proximal end larger than the distal. The deltopectoral crest flares and makes up a large portion of the length of the bone. The distal end of the humerus has a small entepicondyle and a larger ectepicondyle with fossa separating the two. ''Tapinocaninus'' differs from '' Ulemosaurus'' and '' Moschops'' in that it has an entepicondylar foramen while the latter two taxon have ectepicondylar and entepicondylar foramen.Femur
The holotype NMQR 2987 has both the left and right femora present. This specimen shows that the femur is more slender than the humerus. The femur is the same width at the proximal and distal ends, and it is flattened anteroposteriorly. Similar to other tapinocephalids, ''Tapinocaninus'' has a medially inflected femoral head. At the distal end of the femur, there are lateral and medial condyles, and the lateral condyle is slightly larger in size.Dentition
Although there is currently no specimen with perfectly preserved teeth, the dental description for ''Tapinocaninus'' has been drawn from various skulls (NMQR 2984, NMQR 2986, NMQR 2987, ROZ K95).This dinocephalian has aPaleobiology
Posture and locomotion
Researchers suggest the forelimb posture of ''Tapinocaninus'' to be “intermediate” between sprawling and an upright posture. It is suggested that they are more upright standing than sphenacodonts, but more sprawled than theriodont theraspids. Their intermediate posture is can be explained by their long bones, in addition to the shape and positioning of the humerus and medially inflected femur. This postural stance would also be more supportive of the ''Tapinocaninus''’ larger body size. Additionally, the presence of intercentra only in the anterior dorsal vertebrae and medial directed zygapophyses in ''Tapinocaninus'' suggests that they had less undulatory locomotion in when compared to sphenacodonts.Feeding
Heterodont dentition indicates that the teeth are morphologically differentiated by shape. In ''Tapinocaninus'', this includes incisors, canines, and post canines, all of which have different shapes which allows for a variety of functions. ''Tapinocaninus'' was likely an herbivore or a carnivore.Geological and biostratigraphic information
The ''Eodicynodon'' Assemblage Zone is in the southwestern part of the Karoo Basin, and it is the lowest biozone of the Beaufort Group, under the ''Eosimops-Glanosuchus'' Subzone of the ''Tapinocephalus'' Assemblage Zone. The lower boundary lies at a stratigraphic horizon between the Ecca Group (Waterford Formation) and the Beaufort Group (Abrahamskraal Formation), which researchers Rubidge and Oelofsen considered to be a paleoshoreline.Rubidge, B.S. and Oelofsen, B.W., 1981. Reptilian fauna from Ecca rocks near Prince Albert, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 77, 425-426. It was named by Rubudge in 1995 after the most common therapsid present in the area, the ''Eodicynodon oosthuizeni''. The lower boundary is set by the first appearance of ''Eodicynodon oosthuizeni'' in the zone, and the upper boundary by the first appearance of ''Eosimops newtoni'', a dicynodont. Laterally, the biozone runs from Laingsburg to the south of Rietbron. The zone is identified by the existence of ''Eodicynodon oosthuizeni'', aReferences
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