''Tabebuia'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed with ...

s in the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae () is a Family (biology), family of flowering plants in the Order (biology), order Lamiales commonly known as the bignonias or trumpet vines.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant ...

.Eberhard Fischer, Inge Theisen, and Lúcia G. Lohmann. 2004. "Bignoniaceae". pages 9-38. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ''Tabebuia'' consists almost entirely of

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, e.g., including only woody plants with secondary growth, only ...

s, but a few are often large

shrub A shrub or bush is a small to medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple ...

s. A few

species A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...

produce

timber Lumber is wood that has been processed into uniform and useful sizes (dimensional lumber), including beams and planks or boards. Lumber is mainly used for construction framing, as well as finishing (floors, wall panels, window frames). ...

, but the genus is mostly known for those that are cultivated as flowering trees.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK.

Etymology

The genus name is derived from the Tupi words for "ant" and "wood", referring to the fact that many ''Tabebuia'' species have twigs with soft pith which forms hollows within which ants live, defending the trees from other herbivores. The ants are attracted to the plants by special extra-floral nectar glands on at the apex of the petioles. The

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often con ...

"roble" is sometimes found in English. ''Tabebuias'' have been called "trumpet trees", but this name is usually applied to other trees and has become a source of confusion and misidentification.

Distribution

''Tabebuia'' is

native Native may refer to: People * '' Jus sanguinis'', nationality by blood * '' Jus soli'', nationality by location of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Nat ...

to the American

tropics The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...

and

subtropics The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones immediately to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately ...

from

Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...

and the

Caribbean The Caribbean ( , ; ; ; ) is a region in the middle of the Americas centered around the Caribbean Sea in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, mostly overlapping with the West Indies. Bordered by North America to the north, Central America ...

Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...

. Most of the species known are from the islands of

Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...

and

Hispaniola Hispaniola (, also ) is an island between Geography of Cuba, Cuba and Geography of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico in the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean. Hispaniola is the most populous island in the West Indies, and the second-largest by List of C ...

.Susan O. Grose and Richard G. Olmstead. 2007. "Evolution of a Charismatic Neotropical Clade: Molecular Phylogeny of ''Tabebuia'' s.l., Crescentieae, and Allied Genera (Bignoniaceae)". ''

Systematic Botany ''Systematic Botany'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the study of systematic botany. It is published quarterly by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2010 i ...

'' 32(3):650-659. It is commonly cultivated and often

naturalized Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-national of a country acquires the nationality of that country after birth. The definition of naturalization by the International Organization for Migration of the ...

or adventive beyond its

natural Nature is an inherent character or constitution, particularly of the ecosphere or the universe as a whole. In this general sense nature refers to the laws, elements and phenomena of the physical world, including life. Although humans are part ...

range Range may refer to: Geography * Range (geographic), a chain of hills or mountains; a somewhat linear, complex mountainous or hilly area (cordillera, sierra) ** Mountain range, a group of mountains bordered by lowlands * Range, a term used to i ...

. It easily escapes cultivation because of its numerous, air-borne seeds.George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst. 2005. "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, HI, USA.

Taxonomy

In 1992, a revision of ''Tabebuia'' described 99 species and one hybrid.

Phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics () is the study of the evolutionary history of life using observable characteristics of organisms (or genes), which is known as phylogenetic inference. It infers the relationship among organisms based on empirical dat ...

studies of

DNA sequence A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. This succession is denoted by a series of a set of five different letters that indicate the order of the nu ...

s later showed that ''Tabebuia'', as then circumscribed, was

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies ...

. In 2007, it was divided into three separate genera.Susan O. Grose and Richard G. Olmstead. 2007. "Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyletic Genus ''Tabebuia'' s.l. (Bignoniaceae)". ''

'' 32(3):660-670. (See ''External links'' below). Primavera ('' Roseodendron donnell-smithii'') and a related species with no unique common name ('' Roseodendron chryseum'') were transferred to '' Roseodendron''. Those species known as ''ipê'' and ''pau d'arco'' (in Portuguese) or poui were transferred to ''

Handroanthus ''Handroanthus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Bignoniaceae.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. It consists of 30 species of trees, known i ...

''. Sixty-seven species remained in ''Tabebuia''. The former genus and polyphyletic group of 99 species described by

Gentry Gentry (from Old French , from ) are "well-born, genteel and well-bred people" of high social class, especially in the past. ''Gentry'', in its widest connotation, refers to people of good social position connected to Landed property, landed es ...

in 1992 is now usually referred to as "''Tabebuia''

sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...

Species

All of the species in the first two columns below were recognized and described by

in 1992.Alwyn H. Gentry. 1992. "Bignoniaceae: Part II (Tribe Tecomeae)". ''Flora Neotropica'' Monograph 25(part 2):1-150. Listed in the third column are

species name In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, altho ...

s that have been used recently, but were not accepted by Gentry. The currently accepted

synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are a ...

for each is in parentheses. Some recently used names in ''Tabebuia'' that were not recognized by Gentry are not listed in the third column below because they apply to species that are now in ''

''. ''Tabebuia spectabilis'' is an obsolete name for '' Handroanthus chrysanthus'' subsp. ''meridionalis''. ''Tabebuia ecuadorensis'' is now synonymized under ''

Handroanthus billbergii ''Handroanthus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Bignoniaceae.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. It consists of 30 species of trees, known i ...

''. ''Tabebuia heteropoda'' is now synonymized under '' Handroanthus ochraceus''. No species that is now assigned to ''Roseodendron'' or to ''Handroanthus'' is listed below. Authorities are cited for some of the names below. These can be found in Gentry (1992) or at the

International Plant Names Index The International Plant Names Index (IPNI) describes itself as "a database of the names and associated basic bibliographical details of seed plants, ferns and lycophytes." Coverage of plant names is best at the rank of species and genus. It inclu ...

.''Tabebuia'' in International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below).

Taxonomic history

The

name A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A person ...

''Tabebuia'' entered the

botanical literature Botany, also called plant science, is the branch of natural science and biology studying plants, especially their anatomy, taxonomy, and ecology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who specialises in this field. "Plant" and "botany ...

in 1803, when

António Bernardino Gomes Antonio is a masculine given name of Etruscan origin deriving from the root name Antonius. It is a common name among Romance language–speaking populations as well as the Balkans and Lusophone Africa. It has been among the top 400 most popular ...

used it as a

for ''Tabebuia uliginosa'', now a

for ''Tabebuia cassinoides'', which he described as a species of ''

Bignonia ''Bignonia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae. Its genus and family were named after Jean-Paul Bignon by his protégé Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1694, and the genus was established as part of modern botanical nomen ...

''.Antonio B. Gomes. 1803. ''Observationes Botanico-medicae de Nonnullis Brasiliae Plantis''. Lisbon. ''Tabebuia'' is an abbreviation of "tacyba bebuya", a Tupi name meaning "ant wood".Alwyn H. Gentry. 1969. "''Tabebuia'', the tortuous history of a generic name (Bignoniaceae)". ''Taxon'' 18(6):635-642. Among the

Indigenous peoples in Brazil Indigenous peoples in Brazil or Native Brazilians () are the peoples who lived in Brazil before European contact around 1500 and their descendants. Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Indigenous peoples once comprised an estimated 2,000 distric ...

, similar names exist for various species of ''Tabebuia''. (See ''External links'' below). ''Tabebuia'' was first used as a generic name by

Augustin Pyramus de Candolle Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss people, Swiss botany, botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple ...

in 1838.Augustin Pyramus de Candolle. 1838. "Revue sommaire de la famille des Bignoniaceae". ''Bibliotheque Universelle de Genève'', series 2, 17:130. The

type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...

for the genus is ''Tabebuia uliginosa'', which is now a synonym for ''Tabebuia cassinoides''.''Tabebuia'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In:

Regnum Vegetabile The International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is an organization established to promote an understanding of plant biodiversity, facilitate international communication of research between botanists, and oversee matters of uniformity and ...

(see ''External links'' below). Confusion soon ensued over the meaning of ''Tabebuia'' and what to include within it. Most of the misunderstanding was cleared up by

Nathaniel Lord Britton Nathaniel Lord Britton (1859 – 1934) was an American botanist and taxonomist who co-founded the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx, New York (state), New York. Early life Britton was born on the 15 of January 1859 at New Dorp, Staten Island ...

in 1915.Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1915. "Studies of West Indian plants". ''Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club'' 42(7):372-379. Britton revived the concept of ''Tabebuia'' that had been originated in 1876 by Bentham and Hooker, consisting of species with either simple or palmately compound leaves.George Bentham and Joseph D. Hooker. 1876. ''Genera plantarum :ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita'' vol. 2 part 2:1026-1053. Reeve & Co. London, England. (See ''External links'' below). Similar plants with

pinnate Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and ...

ly compound leaves were placed in '' Tecoma''. This is the concept of ''Tabebuia'' that was usually followed until 2007. The genus ''Roseodendron'' was established by Faustino Miranda González in 1965 for the two species now known as '' Roseodendron donnell-smithii'' and '' Roseodendron chryseum''.Faustino Miranda-Gonzalez. 1965. "Estudios acerca de arboles y arbustos de America Tropical principamente de Mexico". ''Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica de Mexico'' 29( ):34-49. These species had been placed in '' Cybistax'' by

Russell J. Seibert Russell may refer to: People * Russell (given name) * Russell (surname) * Lady Russell (disambiguation) * Lord Russell (disambiguation) ** Bertrand Russell * Justice Russell (disambiguation) Places * Russell Island (disambiguation) * Mount ...

in 1940,Russell J. Seibert. 1940. "New names in ''Cybistax'' and ''Tabebuia''". ''Tropical Woods'' 63:7-8. but were returned to ''Tabebuia'' by Alwyn H. Gentry in 1992. ''

'' was established by Joáo Rodrigues de Mattos in 1970.Joáo Rodrigues de Mattos. 1970. "''Handroanthus'', Um novo gênero para os "ipês" do Brasil". ''Loefgrenia'' 50(?):1-4. Gentry did not agree with the

segregation Segregation may refer to: Separation of people * Geographical segregation, rates of two or more populations which are not homogenous throughout a defined space * School segregation * Housing segregation * Racial segregation, separation of human ...

of ''Handroanthus'' from ''Tabebuia'' and warned against "succumbing to further paroxysms of unwarranted splitting".Alwyn H. Gentry. 1972. "''Handroanthus'' (Bignoniaceae): A critique". ''Taxon'' 21(1):113-114. In 1992, Gentry published a revision of ''Tabebuia'' in Flora Neotropica, in which he described 99 species and one hybrid, including those species placed by some authors in ''Roseodendron'' or ''Handroanthus''. Gentry divided ''Tabebuia'' into ten "species groups", some of them intentionally artificial. ''Tabebuia'', as currently circumscribed, consists of groups 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. Group 1 is now the genus ''Roseodendron''. Groups 3, 4, and 5 compose the genus ''Handroanthus''. In 2007, a

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

study Study or studies may refer to: General * Education **Higher education * Clinical trial * Experiment * Field of study * Observational study * Scientific study * Research * Study skills, abilities and approaches applied to learning Other * Study ...

found ''Handroanthus'' to be closer to a certain

group A group is a number of persons or things that are located, gathered, or classed together. Groups of people * Cultural group, a group whose members share the same cultural identity * Ethnic group, a group whose members share the same ethnic iden ...

of four genera than to ''Tabebuia''. This group consists of '' Spirotecoma'', ''

Parmentiera ''Parmentiera'' is a genus of plants in the family Bignoniaceae. Species include: * ''Parmentiera aculeata'' (Kunth) L. O. Williams — guajilote (Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua) * ''Parmentiera cere ...

'', '' Crescentia'', and '' Amphitecna''. A

phylogenetic tree A phylogenetic tree or phylogeny is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA. In ...

can be seen at

. ''Handroanthus'' was duly resurrected and 30 species were assigned to it, with species boundaries the same as those of Gentry (1992). ''Roseodendron'' was resolved as

sister A sister is a woman or a girl who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to ref ...

to a

clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...

consisting of ''Handroanthus'' and four other genera. This result had only weak statistical support, but ''Roseodendron'' clearly did not group with the remainder of ''Tabebuia''. Consequently, ''Roseodendron'' was resurrected in its original form. The remaining 67 species of ''Tabebuia'' formed a strongly supported clade that is sister to '' Ekmanianthe'', a genus of two species from Cuba and Hispaniola. ''Tabebuia'' had been traditionally placed in the

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide use of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. The definition is contested, in part due to conflict ...

Tecomeae, but that tribe is now defined much more narrowly than it had been, and it now excludes ''Tabebuia''.Richard G. Olmstead, Michelle L. Zjhra, Lúcia G. Lohmann, Susan O. Grose, and Andrew J. Eckert. 2009. "A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae". ''American Journal of Botany'' 96(9):1731-1743. ''Tabebuia'' is now one of 12 to 14 genera belonging to a

that is informally called the ''Tabebuia''

alliance An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or sovereign state, states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not an explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an a ...

. This group has not been placed at any particular

taxonomic rank In biology, taxonomic rank (which some authors prefer to call nomenclatural rank because ranking is part of nomenclature rather than taxonomy proper, according to some definitions of these terms) is the relative or absolute level of a group of or ...

Cladistic Cladistics ( ; from Ancient Greek 'branch') is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is ...

analysis of

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (; DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of al ...

data Data ( , ) are a collection of discrete or continuous values that convey information, describing the quantity, quality, fact, statistics, other basic units of meaning, or simply sequences of symbols that may be further interpreted for ...

has strongly supported ''Tabebuia'' by

Bayesian inference Bayesian inference ( or ) is a method of statistical inference in which Bayes' theorem is used to calculate a probability of a hypothesis, given prior evidence, and update it as more information becomes available. Fundamentally, Bayesian infer ...

and

maximum parsimony In phylogenetics and computational phylogenetics, maximum parsimony is an optimality criterion under which the phylogenetic tree that minimizes the total number of character-state changes (or minimizes the cost of differentially weighted charact ...

. Such studies have so far revealed almost nothing about relationships within the genus, placing nearly all of the

sampled Sample or samples may refer to: * Sample (graphics), an intersection of a color channel and a pixel * Sample (material), a specimen or small quantity of something * Sample (signal), a digital discrete sample of a continuous analog signal * Sample ...

species in a large

polytomy An internal node of a phylogenetic tree is described as a polytomy or multifurcation if (i) it is in a rooted tree and is linked to three or more child subtrees or (ii) it is in an unrooted tree and is attached to four or more branches. A tree ...

Description

The description below is excerpted from Grose and Olmstead (2007). *

Tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, e.g., including only woody plants with secondary growth, only ...

s or

Evergreen In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has Leaf, foliage that remains green and functional throughout the year. This contrasts with deciduous plants, which lose their foliage completely during the winter or dry season. Consisting of many diffe ...

dry season The dry season is a yearly period of low rainfall, especially in the tropics. The weather in the tropics is dominated by the tropical rain belt, which moves from the northern to the southern tropics and back over the course of the year. The t ...

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and botany, the term deciduous () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed Leaf, leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...

. *

Wood Wood is a structural tissue/material found as xylem in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulosic fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin t ...

lacking lapachol; not especially dense or hard.

Heartwood Wood is a structural tissue/material found as xylem in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulosic fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin t ...

light brown to reddish brown, not distinct from sapwood. *

Leaves A leaf (: leaves) is a principal appendage of the stem of a vascular plant, usually borne laterally above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, stem, ...

sometimes

simple Simple or SIMPLE may refer to: *Simplicity, the state or quality of being simple Arts and entertainment * ''Simple'' (album), by Andy Yorke, 2008, and its title track * "Simple" (Florida Georgia Line song), 2018 * "Simple", a song by John ...

; usually palmately 3 to 7(9)- foliate; with stalked or sessile lepidote

scales Scale or scales may refer to: Mathematics * Scale (descriptive set theory), an object defined on a set of points * Scale (ratio), the ratio of a linear dimension of a model to the corresponding dimension of the original * Scale factor, a number ...

. *

Inflorescence In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a mai ...

s usually few-flowered

panicle In botany, a panicle is a much-branched inflorescence. (softcover ). Some authors distinguish it from a compound spike inflorescence, by requiring that the flowers (and fruit) be pedicellate (having a single stem per flower). The branches of a p ...

s, dichotomously branching, without a well-developed, central

rachis In biology, a rachis (from the [], "backbone, spine") is a main axis or "shaft". In zoology and microbiology In vertebrates, ''rachis'' can refer to the series of articulated vertebrae, which encase the spinal cord. In this case the ''rachi ...

. * Calyx

coriaceous This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary ...

, spathaceous; irregularly 2 to 3- labiate, rarely 5- dentate. * Corolla yellow in two species (''T. aurea'' and ''T. nodosa''); otherwise white to pink, rarely red, often with a yellow throat. *

Stamen The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is a part consisting of the male reproductive organs of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament ...

s didynamous;

staminode In botany, a staminode is an often rudimentary, sterile or abortive stamen, which means that it does not produce pollen.Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; ''A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent''; Published by Gerald Duckworth & Co ...

small. *

Ovary The ovary () is a gonad in the female reproductive system that produces ova; when released, an ovum travels through the fallopian tube/ oviduct into the uterus. There is an ovary on the left and the right side of the body. The ovaries are end ...

linear In mathematics, the term ''linear'' is used in two distinct senses for two different properties: * linearity of a '' function'' (or '' mapping''); * linearity of a '' polynomial''. An example of a linear function is the function defined by f(x) ...

, bilocular. *

Ovule In seed plants, the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the ''integument'', forming its outer layer, the ''nucellus'' (or remnant of the sporangium, megasporangium), ...

s in two or three series in each

locule A locule (: locules) or loculus (; : loculi) is a small cavity or compartment within an organ or part of an organism (animal, plant, or fungus). In angiosperms (flowering plants), the term ''locule'' usually refers to a chamber within an ovary ...

. *

Fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (angiosperms) that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particular have long propaga ...

dehiscent Dehiscence is the splitting of a mature plant structure along a built-in line of weakness to release its contents. This is common among fruits, anthers and sporangia. Sometimes this involves the complete detachment of a part. Structures that op ...

capsule, usually linear, sometimes ribbed,

glabrous Glabrousness () is the technical term for a lack of hair, down, setae, trichomes, or other such covering. A glabrous surface may be a natural characteristic of all or part of a plant or animal, or be due to loss because of a physical condition, ...

except for lepidote scales. *

Seed In botany, a seed is a plant structure containing an embryo and stored nutrients in a protective coat called a ''testa''. More generally, the term "seed" means anything that can be Sowing, sown, which may include seed and husk or tuber. Seeds ...

s thin, with two wings; wings

hyaline A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from , and . Histopathology Hyaline cartilage is named after its glassy appearance on fresh gross pathology. On light microscopy of H&E stained slides, the extracellula ...

, membranaceous, and sharply demarcated from the seed body. ''Tabebuia'' is distinguished from ''Handroanthus'' by wood that is not especially hard or heavy, and not abruptly divided into heartwood and sapwood. Lapachol is absent. Scales are present, but no hair. The calyx is usually spathaceous in ''Tabebuia'', but never so in ''Handroanthus''. Only two species of ''Tabebuia'' are yellow-flowered, but most species of ''Handroanthus'' are. Unlike ''Roseodendron'', the calyx of ''Tabebuia'' is always distinctly harder and thicker than the corolla. ''Tabebuia'' always has a dichotomously branched inflorescence; never a central rachis as in ''Roseodendron''. Some species of ''Tabebuia'' have ribbed fruit, but not as conspicuously so as the two species of ''Roseodendron''. Tabebuia sprout

Uses

The

wood Wood is a structural tissue/material found as xylem in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulosic fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin t ...

of ''Tabebuia'' is light to medium in weight. ''Tabebuia rosea'' (including ''T. pentaphylla'') is an important

tree of tropical America.Samuel J. Record and Robert W. Hess. 1940. "American timbers of the family Bignoniaceae". ''Tropical Woods'' 63:9-38. ''Tabebuia heterophylla'' and ''Tabebuia angustata'' are the most important timber trees of some of the

Caribbean islands Most of the Caribbean countries are islands in the Caribbean Sea, with only a few in inland lakes. The largest islands include Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and Puerto Rico. Some of the smaller islands are referred to as a ''rock'' or ''reef.'' ''I ...

. Their wood is of medium weight and is exceptionally durable in contact with salt water.Alwyn H. Gentry. 1992. "A Synopsis of Bignoniaceae Ethnobotany and Economic Botany". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 79(1):53-64. The

swamp A swamp is a forested wetland.Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. Swamps are considered to be transition zones because both land and water play a role in ...

species of ''Tabebuia'' have wood that is unusually light in weight. The most prominent example of these is ''Tabebuia cassinoides''. Its roots produce a soft and spongy wood that is used for floats, razor strops, and the inner soles of shoes. In spite of its use for lumber, ''Tabebuia'' is best known as an ornamental flowering tree. ''Tabebuia aurea'', ''Tabebuia rosea'', ''Tabebuia pallida'', ''Tabebuia berteroi'', and ''Tabebuia heterophylla'' are cultivated throughout the tropics for their showy flowers. ''Tabebuia dubia'', ''Tabebuia haemantha'', ''Tabebuia obtusifolia'', ''Tabebuia nodosa'', and ''Tabebuia roseo-alba'' are also known in cultivation and are sometimes locally abundant. Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. (set). Some species of ''Tabebuia'' have been grown as

honey plant Honeybees often collect nectar, pollen, or both from the following species of plants, which are called honey plants, for making honey. This is not an exhaustive list of the flowering plant species Honeybees will visit. Acanthace ...

s by

beekeeper A beekeeper is a person who keeps honey bees, a profession known as beekeeping. The term beekeeper refers to a person who keeps honey bees in beehives, boxes, or other receptacles. The beekeeper does not control the creatures. The beekeeper ow ...

s. (2005): Beija-flores (Aves, Trochilidae) e seus recursos florais em uma área urbana do Sul do Brasil ummingbirds (Aves, Trochilidae) and their flowers in an urban area of southern Brazil ortuguese with English abstract''Revista Brasileira de Zoologia'' 22(1): 51–59.
PDF fulltext
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Ecology

The

nectar Nectar is a viscous, sugar-rich liquid produced by Plant, plants in glands called nectaries, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollination, pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to an ...

of ''Tabebuia'' flowers is an important food source for several species of

bees Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey. Bees are a monophyletic lineage within the superfamil ...

and

hummingbird Hummingbirds are birds native to the Americas and comprise the Family (biology), biological family Trochilidae. With approximately 366 species and 113 genus, genera, they occur from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, but most species are found in Cen ...

Symbolism

'' Tabebuia rosea'' is the

national tree This is a list of countries that have officially designated one or more trees as their national trees. Most species in the list are officially designated. Some species hold only an "unofficial" status. Additionally, the list includes trees that we ...

El Salvador El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south by the Pacific Ocean. El Salvador's capital and largest city is S ...

and the state tree of Cojedes,

Venezuela Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many Federal Dependencies of Venezuela, islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It com ...

Gallery of ''Tabebuia'' flowers

File:Tabebuia caraiba.JPG, ''

Tabebuia aurea ''Tabebuia aurea'' is a species of ''Tabebuia'' native to South America in Suriname, Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay, and northern Argentina. The common English name Caribbean trumpet tree is misleading, as it is not native to the Caribbe ...

'' Image:Tabebuia rosealba flowers1.jpg, '' Tabebuia roseo-alba'' Castle in bloom (2351687460).jpg, '' Tabebuia impetiginosa'' at

Disneyland Disneyland is a amusement park, theme park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California. It was the first theme park opened by the Walt Disney Company and the only one designed and constructed under the direct supervision of Walt Disney, ...

References

Sources

* (1992): ''Árvores brasileiras: manual de identificação e cultivo de plantas arbóreas nativas do Brasil.''

External links

HTML fulltext ''Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: R-ZBotany & Plant ScienceLife ScienceCRC Press''Tabebuia''Plant NamesIPNI''Tabebuia''Index Nominum GenericorumResearch and CollectionsSmithsonian National Museum of Natural HistoryMolecular Phylogeny of Tabebuia and Allied GeneraPDFVolume 32, Issue 3List of Issues
* (2007):
Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyletic Genus Tabebuia s. l. (Bignoniaceae)
'. In: ''Systematic Botany'', volume 32, issue 3, pp. 660–670.
''Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyletic Genus Tabebuia s. l. (Bignoniaceae)''Bignoniaceae''Genera Plantarum'' vol. 2 part 2 (Bentham & Hooker)View RecordTitles beginning with "G"TitlesBiodiversity Heritage LibraryBignoniaceae
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{{Authority control Bignoniaceae genera Ayahuasca Medicinal plants Taxa named by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle Symbols of Mato Grosso do Sul