Potassium channel subfamily K member 2, also known as TREK-1, is a
protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNK2''
gene.
This gene encodes K
2P2.1, a
lipid-gated ion channel
Lipid-gated ion channels are a class of ion channels whose conductance of ions through the membrane depends directly on lipids. Classically the lipids are membrane resident anionic signaling lipids that bind to the transmembrane domain on the inn ...
belonging to the two-pore-domain background potassium channel protein family. This type of potassium channel is formed by two homodimers that create a channel that releases potassium out of the cell to control resting membrane potential. The channel is opened by anionic lipid, certain anesthetics, membrane stretching, intracellular acidosis, and heat. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Function in neurons
TREK-1 is part of the subfamily of mechano-gated
potassium channels that are present in mammalian neurons. They can be gated in both chemical and physical ways and can be opened via both physical stimuli and chemical stimuli. TREK-1 channels are found in a variety of tissues, but are particularly abundant in the brain and heart and are seen in various types of neurons. The
C-terminal of TREK-1 channels plays a role in the mechanosensitivity of the channels.
In the neurons of the
central nervous system, TREK-1 channels are important in physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological processes, including having a role in
electrogenesis
Electroreception and electrogenesis are the closely-related biological abilities to perceive electrical stimuli and to generate electric fields. Both are used to locate prey; stronger electric discharges are used in a few groups of fishes to st ...
,
ischemia
Ischemia or ischaemia is a restriction in blood supply to any tissue, muscle group, or organ of the body, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive). Ischemia is generally caused by problems wi ...
, and
anesthesia
Anesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical or veterinary purposes. It may include some or all of analgesia (relief from or prevention of pain), paralysis (muscle relaxation), ...
. TREK-1 has an important role in neuroprotection against
epilepsy and brain and
spinal cord ischemia and is being evaluated as a potential target for new developments of therapeutic agents for neurology and anesthesiology.
In the absence of a properly functioning
cytoskeleton, TREK-1 channels can still open via mechanical gating.
The
cell membrane functions independently of the cytoskeleton and the thickness and curvature of the membrane is able to modulate the activity of the TREK-1 channels. The change in thickness is thought to be sensed by an amphipathic helix that extends from the inner leaflet of the membrane.
The insertion of certain compounds into the membrane, including inhaled anesthetics and propofol, activate TREK-1 through the enzyme phospholipase D2 (PLD2). Prior to the addition of anesthetic, PLD2 associates with GM-1 lipid rafts. After anesthetic, the enzyme or a complex of the enzyme and the channel traffic to PIP2 domains where the enzyme makes phosphatidic acid that opens the channel.
See also
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Tandem pore domain potassium channel
References
Further reading
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External links
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{{Ion channels, g3
Ion channels