The North American Aviation T-28 Trojan is a radial-engine military

trainer aircraft A trainer is a class of aircraft designed specifically to facilitate flight training of pilots and aircrews. The use of a dedicated trainer aircraft with additional safety features—such as tandem flight controls, forgiving flight characteristi ...

manufactured by

North American Aviation North American Aviation (NAA) was a major American aerospace manufacturer that designed and built several notable aircraft and spacecraft. Its products included: the T-6 Texan trainer, the P-51 Mustang fighter, the B-25 Mitchell bomber, the ...

and used by the

United States Air Force The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Originally created on 1 August 1907, as a part of the United States Army S ...

and

United States Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage ...

beginning in the 1950s. Besides its use as a trainer, the T-28 was successfully employed as a

counter-insurgency Counterinsurgency (COIN) is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces". The Oxford English Dictionary defines counterinsurgency as any "military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas or revolutionar ...

aircraft, primarily during the

Vietnam War The Vietnam War (also known by #Names, other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vie ...

. It has continued in civilian use as an

aerobatics Aerobatics is the practice of flying maneuvers involving aircraft attitudes that are not used in conventional passenger-carrying flights. The term is a portmanteau of "aerial" and "acrobatics". Aerobatics are performed in aeroplanes and glider ...

and

warbird A warbird is any vintage military aircraft now operated by civilian organizations and individuals, or in some instances, by historic arms of military forces, such as the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, the RAAF Museum Historic Flight, or th ...

performer.

Design and development

On September 24, 1949, the XT-28 (company designation NA-159) was flown for the first time, designed to replace the

T-6 Texan The North American Aviation T-6 Texan is an American single-engined advanced trainer aircraft used to train pilots of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF), United States Navy, Royal Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force and other air forces ...

. The T-28A arrived at the Air Proving Ground,

Eglin Air Force Base Eglin Air Force Base is a United States Air Force (USAF) base in the western Florida Panhandle, located about southwest of Valparaiso in Okaloosa County. The host unit at Eglin is the 96th Test Wing (formerly the 96th Air Base Wing). The ...

, Florida, in mid-June 1950, for suitability tests as an advanced trainer by the 3200th Fighter Test Squadron, with consideration given to its transition, instrument, and gunnery capabilities. Found satisfactory, a contract was issued and between 1950 and 1957, a total of 1,948 were built. Following the T-28's withdrawal from U.S. military service, a number were remanufactured by Hamilton Aircraft into two versions called the Nomair. The first refurbished machines, designated T-28R-1 were similar to the standard T-28s they were adapted from, and were supplied to the

Brazilian Navy ) , colors= Blue and white , colors_label= Colors , march= " Cisne Branco" ( en, "White Swan") (same name as training ship '' Cisne Branco'' , mascot= , equipment= 1 multipurpose aircraft carrier7 submarines6 frigates2 corvettes4 amphibious ...

. Later, a more ambitious conversion was undertaken as the T-28R-2, which transformed the two-seat tandem aircraft into a five-seat cabin monoplane for general aviation use. Other civil conversions of ex-military T-28As were undertaken by PacAero as the Nomad Mark I and Nomad Mark II''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft'' 1985, p. 2678.

Operational history

After becoming adopted as a primary trainer by the USAF, the United States Navy and Marine Corps adopted it as well. Although the Air Force phased out the aircraft from primary pilot training by the early 1960s, continuing use only for limited training of special operations aircrews and for primary training of select foreign military personnel, the aircraft continued to be used as a primary trainer by the Navy (and by default, the Marine Corps and Coast Guard) well into the early 1980s. The largest single concentration of this aircraft was employed by the U.S. Navy at Naval Air Station Whiting Field in Milton, Florida, in the training of student naval aviators. The T-28's service career in the U.S. military ended with the completion of the phase-in of the T-34C turboprop trainer. The last U.S. Navy training squadron to fly the T-28 was VT-27 "Boomers", based at

Naval Air Station Corpus Christi Naval Air Station Corpus Christi is a United States Navy naval air base located six miles (10 km) southeast of the central business district (CBD) of Corpus Christi, in Nueces County, Texas. History A naval air station for Corpus Christi ...

, Texas, flying the last T-28 training flight in early 1984. The last T-28 in the Training Command, BuNo 137796, departed for Naval District Washington on 14 March 1984 to be displayed permanently at Naval Support Facility Anacostia, D.C.

Vietnam War combat

In 1963, a

Royal Lao Air Force The Royal Lao Air Force (french: Aviation Royale Laotiènne – AVRL), best known to the Americans by its English acronym RLAF, was the air force component of the Royal Lao Armed Forces (FAR), the official military of the Royal Lao Government an ...

T-28 piloted by Lieutenant Chert Saibory, a Thai national, defected to

North Vietnam North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; vi, Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa), was a socialist state supported by the Soviet Union (USSR) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Southeast Asia that existed f ...

. Saibory was immediately imprisoned and his aircraft was impounded. Within six months the T-28 was refurbished and commissioned into the North Vietnamese Air Force as its first fighter aircraft. T-28s were supplied to the

Republic of Vietnam Air Force The South Vietnam Air Force, officially the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF; vi, Không lực Việt Nam Cộng hòa, KLVNCH; french: Force aérienne vietnamienne, FAVN) (sometimes referred to as the Vietnam Air Force or VNAF) was the aer ...

(RVNAF) in support of ARVN ground operations, seeing extensive service during the

in RVNAF hands, as well as the Secret War in Laos. A T-28 Trojan was the first US fixed wing attack aircraft (non-transport type) lost in South Vietnam, during the Vietnam War. Capt. Robert L. Simpson, USAF, Detachment 2A,

1st Air Commando Group 001, O01, or OO1 may refer to: *1 (number), a number, a numeral *001, fictional British agent, see 00 Agent *001, former emergency telephone number for the Norwegian fire brigade (until 1986) *AM-RB 001, the code-name for the Aston Martin Valkyrie ...

, and Lt. Hoa, RVNAF, were shot down by ground fire on August 28, 1962 while flying close air support. Neither crewman survived. The USAF lost 23 T-28s to all causes during the war, with the last two losses occurring in 1968.

Other combat uses

T-28s were used by the

CIA The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, ...

in the former

Belgian Congo The Belgian Congo (french: Congo belge, ; nl, Belgisch-Congo) was a Belgian colony in Central Africa from 1908 until independence in 1960. The former colony adopted its present name, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), in 1964. Colo ...

during the 1960s. The T-28B and D were the primary ground attack aircraft of Khmer Air Force in

Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailan ...

during the war there, largely provided from the U.S. Military Equipment Delivery Team and maintained by Air America. On the night of 21 January 1971, PAVN sappers managed to get close enough to destroy the majority at Pochentong airbase. Replacements were quickly shipped in. On 17 March 1973 a pilot of a T-28, said to be Capt. So Petra, a common-law husband of one of the daughters of the overthrown Prince

Norodom Sihanouk Norodom Sihanouk (; km, នរោត្តម សីហនុ, ; 31 October 192215 October 2012) was a Cambodian statesman, Sangkum and FUNCINPEC politician, film director, and composer who led Cambodia in various capacities throughout hi ...

, machine gunned and bombed the palace of

Lon Nol Marshal Lon Nol ( km, លន់ នល់, also ; 13 November 1913 – 17 November 1985) was a Cambodian politician and general who served as Prime Minister of Cambodia twice (1966–67; 1969–71), as well as serving repeatedly as defence min ...

in an attempt to assassinate him, killing at least 20 and wounding 35, before defecting to Khmer Rouge held lands. France's

Armée de l'Air The French Air and Space Force (AAE) (french: Armée de l'air et de l'espace, ) is the air and space force of the French Armed Forces. It was the first military aviation force in history, formed in 1909 as the , a service arm of the French Ar ...

used locally re-manufactured Trojans, ''T-28S Fennec'', for close support missions in

Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , religi ...

. Nicaragua replaced its fleet of 30+ ex-Swedish P-51s with T-28s in the early 1960s, with more aircraft acquired in the 1970s and 1980s. The

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

utilized T-28s (colloquially known as "Tora-toras") during the

1989 Philippine coup attempt File:1989 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The Cypress structure collapses as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, killing motorists below; The proposal document for the World Wide Web is submitted; The Exxon Valdez oil tanker runs ...

. The aircraft were often deployed as dive bombers by rebel forces.

Civilian use

AeroVironment modified and armored a T-28A to fly weather research for

South Dakota School of Mines & Technology The South Dakota School of Mines & Technology (South Dakota Mines, SD Mines, or SDSM&T) is a public university in Rapid City, South Dakota. It is governed by the South Dakota Board of Regents and was founded in 1885. South Dakota Mines offers ...

, funded by the

National Science Foundation The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency of the United States government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National ...

, and operated in this capacity from 1969 to 2005.Godfrey, Joe
"Charlie Summers"
''AVweb'', 16 April 2003. Retrieved: 22 July 2012.
''

''. Retrieved: 22 July 2012. SDSM&T was planning to replace it with another modified, but more modern, former military aircraft, specifically a

Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II The Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II is a single-seat, twin-turbofan, straight-wing, subsonic attack aircraft developed by Fairchild Republic for the United States Air Force (USAF). In service since 1976, it is named for the Republic ...

. This plan was found to carry too many risks associated with the costly modifications required and the program was cancelled in 2018.

Aerobatics and warbird display

Many retired T-28s were subsequently sold to private civil operators, and due to their reasonable operating costs are often found flying or displayed as

s today.

Variants

T-28C after landing on USS Tarawa (CVA-40) 1955

;XT-28 :Prototype; two built. ;T-28A : U.S. Air Force version with an Wright R-1300-1 radial engine driving a two-bladed propeller; 1,194 built.Ginter 1981, p. 6Darke 2013, p. 147 ;T-28B : U.S. Navy land-based trainer version with

Wright R-1820 The Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9 is an American radial engine developed by Curtiss-Wright, widely used on aircraft in the 1930s through 1950s. It was produced under license in France as the Hispano-Suiza 9V or Hispano-Wright 9V, and in the Soviet Un ...

-86 radial engine driving a three-bladed propeller and fitted with a belly-mounted speed brake; 489 built from new and 17 converted from T-28.Ginter 1981, p. 27 ;T-28C :U.S. Navy version, a T-28B with shortened propeller blades and

tailhook A tailhook, arresting hook, or arrester hook is a device attached to the empennage (rear) of some military fixed-wing aircraft. The hook is used to achieve rapid deceleration during routine landings aboard aircraft carrier flight decks at sea ...

for carrier-landing training; 299 built.Ginter 1981, p. 53 ;T-28D ''Nomad'' :T-28Bs converted for the USAF in 1962 for the

reconnaissance In military operations, reconnaissance or scouting is the exploration of an area by military forces to obtain information about enemy forces, terrain, and other activities. Examples of reconnaissance include patrolling by troops ( skirmishe ...

search and rescue Search and rescue (SAR) is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger. The general field of search and rescue includes many specialty sub-fields, typically determined by the type of terrain the search ...

, and forward air controller roles in

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making it ...

. Fitted with two underwing hardpoints. The later T-28D-5 had ammo pans inside the wings that could be hooked up to hardpoint-mounted gun pods for a better center of gravity and aerodynamics; 321 converted by Pacific Airmotive (Pac-Aero). ::T-28 Nomad Mark I - Wright R-1820-56S engine (1,300 hp). ::T-28 Nomad Mark II - Wright R-1820-76A (1,425 hp) ::T-28 Nomad Mark III - Wright R-1820-80 (1,535 hp)Concannon, Milt
"The Lost (and last) Nomad."
''courtesyaircraft.com.'' Retrieved: December 31, 2013. ;Fairchild AT-28D :

Attack Attack may refer to: Warfare and combat * Offensive (military) * Charge (warfare) * Attack (fencing) * Strike (attack) * Attack (computing) * Attack aircraft Books and publishing * ''The Attack'' (novel), a book * '' Attack No. 1'', comic an ...

model of the T-28D used for

Close Air Support In military tactics, close air support (CAS) is defined as air action such as air strikes by fixed or rotary-winged aircraft against hostile targets near friendly forces and require detailed integration of each air mission with fire and movemen ...

(CAS) missions by the USAF and allied Air Forces in Southeast Asia, which were nicknamed "Tangos" by their pilots. It was fitted with six underwing hardpoints and the rocket-powered Stanley Yankee

ejection seat In aircraft, an ejection seat or ejector seat is a system designed to rescue the pilot or other crew of an aircraft (usually military) in an emergency. In most designs, the seat is propelled out of the aircraft by an explosive charge or rocke ...

; 72 converted by Fairchild Hiller. ;YAT-28E :Experimental development of the

T-28D. It was powered by a 2,445 hp (1,823 kW) Lycoming YT-55L-9

turboprop A turboprop is a turbine engine that drives an aircraft propeller. A turboprop consists of an intake, reduction gearbox, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle. Air enters the intake and is compressed by the compressor. ...

, and armed with two .50 in machine guns and up to 6,000 lb (2,730 kg) of weapons on 12 underwing hardpoints. Three prototypes were converted from T-28As by North American, with the first model flying on 15 February 1963. The project was canceled in 1965.Tate ''Air Enthusiast'' May/June 1999, pp. 58–59. ;T-28S Fennec :Ex-USAF T-28As converted in 1959 for use by the French

, replacing the Morane-Saulnier MS.733A. It was flown by their '' Escadrilles d'Aviation Légère d'Appui'' (EALA; "Light Aviation Support Squadrons") in the

counterinsurgency Counterinsurgency (COIN) is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces". The Oxford English Dictionary defines counterinsurgency as any "military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas or revolutionari ...

role in

North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in t ...

from 1959 to 1962. Fitted with an electrically powered sliding canopy, side-armor, a 1,200 hp

-97 supercharged radial engine (the model used in the B-17 bomber), and four underwing hardpoints.Renaud, Patrick-Charle
"Aerostories (Algérie (1954-1962): T-28 Fennec: des ailes pour un renard."
''aerostories,'' 2002. Retrieved: 31 December 2013. It is referred to as the "S" variant because its engine had a

supercharger In an internal combustion engine, a supercharger compresses the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement. The current categorisation is that a supercharger is a form of forced indu ...

on it; it has also been referred to as the T-28F variant – with the "F" standing for

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan ar ...

. :For fire support missions it usually carried two double-mount .50-caliber machine gun pods (with 100 rounds per gun) and two MATRA ''Type 122'' 6 x 68mm rocket pods. It could also carry on paired hardpoints a 120 kg.

64 lb. 64 or sixty-four or ''variation'', may refer to: * 64 (number) Dates * one of the years 64 BC, AD 64, 1864, 1964, 2064, etc. * June 4th (6/4) ** the date of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre * April 6th (6/4) * April 6 AD (6/4) * ...

HE or GP "iron" bomb, a

MATRA Matra (an acronym for Mécanique Aviation Traction) was a French industrial conglomerate. During its years of operation, it was engaged in a wide range of business activities, primarily focused around automobiles, bicycles, aeronautics and wea ...

''Type 361'' 36 x 37mm .45-inchrocket pod, a SNEB 7 x 55mm .16-inchrocket pod, or a MATRA ''Type 13'' single-rail, MATRA ''Type 20'' or ''Type 21''

double A double is a look-alike or doppelgänger; one person or being that resembles another. Double, The Double or Dubble may also refer to: Film and television * Double (filmmaking), someone who substitutes for the credited actor of a character * Th ...

-rail, MATRA ''Type 41'' quadruple-rail (2 x 2), or MATRA ''Type 61'' or ''Type 63'' sextuple-rail (3 x 3) SERAM T10 heavy rocket launchers. Improvised napalm bombs (called ''bidons spéciaux'', or "special cans") were created by dropping gas tanks loaded with octagel-thickened fuel inside, then later igniting or detonating the spilled fuel with

white phosphorus Elemental phosphorus can exist in several allotropes, the most common of which are white and red solids. Solid violet and black allotropes are also known. Gaseous phosphorus exists as diphosphorus and atomic phosphorus. White phosphorus Whi ...

rockets. :Total 148 airframes bought from Pacific Airmotive (Pac Aero) and modified by

Sud-Aviation Sud Aviation (, ''Southern Aviation'') was a French state-owned aircraft manufacturer, originating from the merger of Sud-Est ( SNCASE, or ''Société nationale des constructions aéronautiques du sud-est'') and Sud-Ouest ( SNCASO or ''Sociét� ...

in France. After the war the French government offered them for sale from 1964 to 1967.Ganivet, Jean-Luc
"T-28 Fennec History."
''fennec.pfiquet.'' Retrieved: 31 December 2013. They sold most of them to Morocco and Argentina. Argentina later sold some to Uruguay and Honduras. ;T-28P :T-28S ''Fennec'' aircraft sold to the

Argentinian Navy The Argentine Navy (ARA; es, Armada de la República Argentina). This forms the basis for the navy's ship prefix "ARA". is the navy of Argentina. It is one of the three branches of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic, together with t ...

as carrier-borne attack aircraft. They were given shortened propeller blades and a tailhook to allow carrier landings. ;T-28R Nomair :An attempt by Hamilton Aircraft Company of

Tucson, Arizona , "(at the) base of the black ill , nicknames = "The Old Pueblo", "Optics Valley", "America's biggest small town" , image_map = , mapsize = 260px , map_caption = Interactive ...

to make a civilianized ''Nomad III''-equivalent out of refurbished ex-USAF T-28As. It had a Wright Cyclone R-1820-80 engine to make it fast and powerful, but had to lengthen the wingspan by seven feet to reduce the

stall speed In fluid dynamics, a stall is a reduction in the lift coefficient generated by a foil as angle of attack increases.Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', p. 486. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. This occurs when t ...

to below a "street-legal" 70 knots."Hamilton T-28-R2 Nomair (N9106Z)".
''Ron Dupas Collection'', No. 1040, August 1970. Retrieved: 31 December 2013. The prototype flew for the first time in September, 1960, and the FAA Type Certificate was received on 15 February 1962. At the time, the T-28-R2 was the fastest single-engined standard category aircraft available in the United States. It had been flown to a height of 38,700 ft. 1,800 m ;T-28R-1 ''Nomair I'' :A military trainer that had a

tandem Tandem, or in tandem, is an arrangement in which a team of machines, animals or people are lined up one behind another, all facing in the same direction. The original use of the term in English was in ''tandem harness'', which is used for two ...

cockpit, dual instrumentation and flying controls, and hydraulically-actuated rearward-sliding canopy.''Flying Magazine,'' April 1962, p. 3. Six were sold in 1962 as carrier-landing trainers to the Brazilian Navy and were modified with a carrier arrestor hook. They were later transferred to the Brazilian Air Force. ;T-28R-2 ''Nomair II'' :Modified to have a cramped five-seater cabin (one pilot and two rows of two passengers) that opened from the port side. Ten aircraft were modified in all; one was sold to a high-altitude photographic company. ;RT-28 :Photo reconnaissance conversion for counter-insurgency use with

. Number of conversions unknown. ;AIDC T-CH-1 :A derivative of the T-28 developed by AIDC in

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northe ...

, the

AIDC T-CH-1 The AIDC T-CH-1 ''Chung Hsing'' () was a turboprop-powered military trainer aircraft produced in Taiwan (Republic of China). Development Derived from the North American T-28 Trojan trainer, the first T-CH-1 prototype flew on 23 November 1973. A ...

was powered by a 1,082 kW (1,451 hp) Avco Lycoming T53-L-701

engine. Fifty aircraft were produced for the

Taiwanese Air Force The Republic of China Air Force, retroactively known by its historical name the Chinese Air Force and unofficially referred to as the Taiwanese Air Force, is the military aviation branch of the Republic of China Armed Forces, currently based ...

between March 1976 and 1981. The type has since been retired.

Operators

7625 TA-625 a T-28A Trojan, RoKAF (3225455742)

; *

Argentine Air Force "Argentine Wings" , mascot = , anniversaries = 10 August (anniversary) 1 May (Baptism of fire during the Falklands War) , equipment = 139 aircraft , equipment_label = , battles = * Operation Independence * Operation Soberanía * Falkl ...

- 34 T-28AAy, Carlos
"The Illustrated Catalogue to Argentine Air Force Aircraft."
''Aeromilitaria'', 15 August 2013. Retrieved: 31 December 2013.Taylor and Munson 1973, p. 179. *

Argentine Naval Aviation ) Gulf War , anniversaries = , decorations = , battle_honours = , commander1 = President , commander1_label = Commander-in-Chief , commander2 ...

. 65 ex-

French Air Force The French Air and Space Force (AAE) (french: Armée de l'air et de l'espace, ) is the air and space force of the French Armed Forces. It was the first military aviation force in history, formed in 1909 as the , a service arm of the French Ar ...

T-28S ''Fennec'' aircraft. Last nine transferred to Uruguayan naval aviation in 1980. ; *

Bolivian Air Force The Bolivian Air Force ( es, Fuerza Aérea Boliviana or 'FAB') is the air force of Bolivia and branch of the Bolivian Armed Forces. History By 1938 the Bolivian air force consisted of about 60 aircraft (Curtiss Hawk fighters, Curtiss T-32 Co ...

at least six T-28Ds.Krivinyi 1977, p. 178. ; *

- 18 T-28C ;

Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo (french: République démocratique du Congo (RDC), colloquially "La RDC" ), informally Congo-Kinshasa, DR Congo, the DRC, the DROC, or the Congo, and formerly and also colloquially Zaire, is a country in ...

Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Congolese Air Force (french: Force Aérienne Congolaise, or FAC) is the air force branch of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa). From 1971 to 1997, it was known as the Zairian Air Force (, or FAZA). Hi ...

- 14 T-28C, 3 T-28B, 10 T-28D ; * Cuban Air Force - 10 T-28As were ordered by the Batista regime but were never delivered owing to an arms embargo,Wieland, William A
"Memorandum From the Director of the Office of Middle American Affairs."
''latinamericanstudies.org'', August 1958. Retrieved: 21 February 2010. although at least one T-28 seems to have been acquired at some stage which was put on display at a museum at

Playa Girón :''Note: "Playa Girón" is also the title of a song included in the album "Días y Flores", by Silvio Rodriguez.'' Playa Girón (; "Girón beach") is a beach and village on the east bank of the Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs), which is located in ...

Valero, Jose Ramon
"Picture of the North American T-28 Trojan aircraft."
''airliners.net'', October 2003. Retrieved: 21 February 2010. ; *

Dominican Air Force The Air Force of the Dominican Republic ( es, Fuerza Aérea de República Dominicana), is one of the three branches of the Armed Forces of the Dominican Republic, together with the Dominican Army, Army and the Dominican Navy, Navy. History At ...

; * Ecuadorian Air Force - nine T-28A ; *

Ethiopian Air Force The Ethiopian Air Force (ETAF) () is the air service branch of the Ethiopian National Defence Force. The ETAF is tasked with protecting the national air space, providing support to ground forces, as well as assisting civil operations during na ...

- 12 T-28A and 12 T-28D ; *

- 148 T-28A airframes modified in France (1959) to make the T-28S ''Fennec'' COIN model. ; * Haitian Air Force - 12 ex-French Air Force ; *

Honduran Air Force The Honduras Air Force ( es, Fuerza Aérea Hondureña, sometimes abbreviated to FAH in English) is the air force of Honduras. As such it is the air power arm of the Honduras Armed Forces. History The first Honduras military flying took place ...

- eight former Moroccan Air Force ''Fennec''s. One delivered, seven others impounded at Fort Lauderdale ; * Japanese Air Self-Defense Force - one T-28BGreen 1956, p. 238. ; * Khmer Air Force operated 47 T-28s in total in service.Fitzsimons 1988, p. 137. ; *

- 55 T-28D ; *

Mexican Air Force The Mexican Air Force (FAM; es, Fuerza Aérea Mexicana) is the primary aerial warfare service branch of the Mexican Armed Forces. It is a component of the Mexican Army and depends on the National Defense Secretariat (SEDENA). The objective of t ...

- 32 T-28A ; *

Royal Moroccan Air Force The Royal Moroccan Air Force ( ar, القوات الجوية الملكية; ber, Adwas ujenna ageldan; french: Forces Royales Air) is the air force of the Moroccan Armed Forces. History The Moroccan air force was formed on 14 May 1956 as the ...

- 25 ''Fennec'' aircraft ; * Nicaraguan Air Force - six T-28D ; *

Philippine Air Force The Philippine Air Force (PAF) ( tgl, Hukbong Himpapawid ng Pilipinas, , Army of the Air of the Philippines) ( es, Ejército Aérea del Filipinas, , Ejército de la Aérea de la Filipinas) is the aerial warfare service branch of the Armed Forc ...

- 12 T-28A ; *

Republic of Korea Air Force The Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF; ko, 대한민국 공군; RR: ''Daehanminguk Gong-gun''), also known as the ROK Air Force or South Korean Air Force, is the aerial warfare service branch of South Korea, operating under the Ministry of N ...

; *

Royal Saudi Air Force The Royal Saudi Air Force ( ar, ‎الْقُوَّاتُ الْجَوِّيَّةُ الْمَلَكِيَّةْ ٱلسُّعُوْدِيَّة, Al-Quwwat Al-Jawiyah Al-Malakiyah as-Su’udiyah) (RSAF) is the Military aviation, aviation branch o ...

; *

; * Tunisian Air Force - Fennec ; * ROC Air Force ; *

Royal Thai Air Force "Royal Thai Air Force March" , mascot = , anniversaries = 9 April 1937 (Royal Thai Air Force Day) , equipment = , equipment_label = , battles ...

- 88 T-28Ds delivered. Retired 1984. ; *

United States Army The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare, land military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight Uniformed services of the United States, U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army o ...

- 1194 T-28A, of which 360 converted to "D" *

- 489 T-28B and 299 T-28C ; *

Uruguayan Naval Aviation The National Navy of Uruguay () is a branch of the Armed Forces of Uruguay under the direction of the Ministry of National Defense and the commander in chief of the Navy (''Comandante en Jefe de la Armada'' or COMAR). History Independence Unde ...

- ''Fennec'' ; * Vietnam People's Air Force ; * Zaire Air Force

Surviving aircraft

Many T-28s are on display throughout the world. In addition, a considerable number of flyable examples exist in private ownership, as the aircraft is a popular sport plane and

Argentina

;On display ;;T-28A * S/N 174112 (ex USAF 51-3574), formerly operated by the

as E-608. Preserved at the

Museo Regional Inter Fuerzas Museo may refer to: *Museum (2018 film), Museo, 2018 Mexican drama heist film *Museo (Naples Metro), station on line 1 of the Naples Metro *Museo, Seville, neighborhood of Seville, Spain {{disambiguation ...

, Estancia Santa Romana, San Luis. * C/N° 174333 (ex-USAF 51-3795), formerly operated by the

Argentine Naval Aviation ) Gulf War , anniversaries = , decorations = , battle_honours = , commander1 = President , commander1_label = Commander-in-Chief , commander2 ...

. Preserved at the Argentine Naval Aviation Museum.

Australia

;On display ;;T-28A *49-1583 - Australian Aviation Museum, Bankstown Airport,

New South Wales, Australia ) , nickname = , image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = Australia , established_title = Before federation , e ...

. T-28 TROJAN 50-221 "LITTL JUGGS". Toowoomba Australia https://www.gluseum.com/AU/Toowoomba/287406544649061/T-28-Trojan-50-221-%22Littl-Juggs%22

Taiwan

;On display ;;T-28A *51-3664 - Chung Cheng Aviation Museum, Taipai Airport,

Thailand

T-28 at the Udon Royal Thai Air Force Base

;On display ;;T-28A *49-1538 - Prachuap Khiri Khan AFB in

Bangkok, Thailand Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated populatio ...

. *49-1601 - Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base,

. *49-1687 - Loei Airport, Loei Province,

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

. *51-3480 -

Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base (Udorn RTAFB) is a Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF) base, the home of 23rd Wing Air Command. It is in the city of Udon Thani in northeastern Thailand and is the main airport serving the city and province. The RTAF 2 ...

. *51-3578 - Chiang Mai AFB, Thailand. *51-3740 - Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base, Bangkok, Thailand. *153652 - National Memorial, Bangkok, Thailand. ;;T-28B *137661 - Royal Thai Air Force Museum, Bangkok, Thailand. *138157 - Royal Thai Air Force Museum, Bangkok, Thailand. *138284 - Royal Thai Air Force Museum, Bangkok, Thailand. *138302 - Lopburi AFB,

United Kingdom

;On display ;;T-28C *146289 - Norfolk & Suffolk Aviation Museum, Flixton, The Saints,

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the European mainland, continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

United States

;On display ;;T-28A *49-1494 -

National Museum of the United States Air Force The National Museum of the United States Air Force (formerly the United States Air Force Museum) is the official museum of the United States Air Force located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, northeast of Dayton, Ohio. The NMUSAF is the ...

Wright-Patterson AFB Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB) is a United States Air Force base and census-designated place just east of Dayton, Ohio, in Greene and Montgomery counties. It includes both Wright and Patterson Fields, which were originally Wilbu ...

Dayton, Ohio Dayton () is the sixth-largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Montgomery County. A small part of the city extends into Greene County. The 2020 U.S. census estimate put the city population at 137,644, while Greater ...

. The aircraft is painted as a typical

Air Training Command Air Training Command (ATC) is a former United States Air Force (USAF) Major Command designation. It was headquartered at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, but was initially formed at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. It was re-designated as A ...

T-28A of the mid-1950s. It was transferred to the museum in September 1965. It is on display in the museum's Cold War Gallery. *49-1663 -

Hurlburt Field Hurlburt Field is a United States Air Force installation located in Okaloosa County, Florida, immediately west of the town of Mary Esther. It is part of the greater Eglin Air Force Base reservation and is home to Headquarters Air Force S ...

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, a ...

. *49-1679 -

Reese AFB Reese Technology Center is a research and business park located on the grounds of former Reese Air Force Base in western Lubbock at the unincorporated community of Reese Center. History Reese Technology Center began as the Lubbock Army Air Corp ...

Texas Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...

. *49-1682 - Laughlin AFB,

. *49-1689 - Vance AFB, Oklahoma. *49-1695 - Randolph AFB,

. *50-0300 - Dakota Territory Air Museum,

Minot, North Dakota Minot ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Ward County, North Dakota, United States, in the state's north-central region. It is most widely known for the Air Force base approximately north of the city. With a population of 48,377 at the 2 ...

. *51-3612 - Museum of Aviation,

Robins Air Force Base Robins Air Force Base is a major United States Air Force installation located in Houston County, Georgia, United States. The base is located just east of the city of Warner Robins, south-southeast of Macon and approximately south-southeast ...

Warner Robins, Georgia Warner Robins (typically ) is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia, located in Houston and Peach counties in the central part of the state. It is currently Georgia's eleventh-largest incorporated city, with an estimated population of 80,308 in th ...

. *51-7500 - Olympic Flight Museum,

Olympia, Washington Olympia is the capital of the U.S. state of Washington and the county seat and largest city of Thurston County. It is southwest of the state's most populous city, Seattle, and is a cultural center of the southern Puget Sound region. Europea ...

. ;;T-28B

*137702 - Air Force Flight Test Center Museum,

Edwards AFB Edwards Air Force Base (AFB) is a United States Air Force installation in California. Most of the base sits in Kern County, but its eastern end is in San Bernardino County and a southern arm is in Los Angeles County. The hub of the base is Edw ...

California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the ...

. *137749 - Hill Aerospace Museum,

Hill Air Force Base Hill Air Force Base is a major U.S. Air Force (USAF) base located in northern Utah, just south of the city of Ogden, and bordering the Cities of Layton, Clearfield, Riverdale, Roy, and Sunset with its largest border immediately adjacent ...

Utah Utah ( , ) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. Utah is a landlocked U.S. state bordered to its east by Colorado, to its northeast by Wyoming, to its north by Idaho, to its south by Arizona, and to its ...

*137796 -

Naval Air Station Anacostia Anacostia is a historic neighborhood in Southeast Washington, D.C. Its downtown is located at the intersection of Good Hope Road and Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue. It is located east of the Anacostia River, after which the neighborhood is nam ...

Washington, DC ) , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, ...

. *138144 - Naval Air Station Whiting Field,

. *138164 - Actively flying and performing in airshows with the Trojan Phlyers in Dallas, TX. *138192 - Aviation Heritage Center of Wisconsin, Sheboygan Memorial Airport, Sheboygan, WI *138247 - War Eagles Air Museum in

Santa Teresa, New Mexico Santa Teresa is a census-designated place (CDP) in Dona Ana County, New Mexico, United States. It is home to the Santa Teresa Port of Entry and is part of the Las Cruces Metropolitan Statistical Area, although geographically it is considerabl ...

. *138263 - Actively flying and based at KRLD Richland Airport,

Richland, WA Richland () is a city in Benton County, Washington, United States. It is located in southeastern Washington at the confluence of the Yakima River, Yakima and the Columbia River, Columbia Rivers. As of the 2020 census, the city's population was 60 ...

*138326 -

National Naval Aviation Museum The National Naval Aviation Museum, formerly known as the National Museum of Naval Aviation and the Naval Aviation Museum, is a military and aerospace museum located at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. Founded in 1962 and moved to its curr ...

Naval Air Station Pensacola Naval Air Station Pensacola or NAS Pensacola (formerly NAS/KNAS until changed circa 1970 to allow Nassau International Airport, now Lynden Pindling International Airport, to have IATA code NAS), "The Cradle of Naval Aviation", is a United State ...

*138339 - Owned by Skydoc 1989–present (2019)

Springfield, Illinois Springfield is the capital of the U.S. state of Illinois and the county seat and largest city of Sangamon County. The city's population was 114,394 at the 2020 census, which makes it the state's seventh most-populous city, the second largest ...

performing with the Trojan Horsemen 2003-2017, and Trojan Thunder 2017–present. *138353 - on a pole at Milton, Florida. *140047 - Actively flying and performing in airshows with the Trojan Phlyers in Dallas, TX. *140048 -

. ;;T-28C *138245 -

WarBird Museum of Virginia A warbird is any vintage military aircraft now operated by civilian organizations and individuals, or in some instances, by historic arms of military forces, such as the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, the RAAF Museum Historic Flight, or th ...

Chesterfield, Virginia Chesterfield is an unincorporated community that is the county seat of Chesterfield County, Virginia, United States. It was a census-designated place (CDP) at the 2020 census. It was not delineated as a CDP for the 2010 census. The Chesterfield ...

. *140451 -

Middleton Field Middleton Field is a public-use airport located west of the central business district of Evergreen, a city in Conecuh County, Alabama, United States. According to the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, it is c ...

in Evergreen, Alabama *140454 - Battleship Cove in

Fall River, Massachusetts Fall River is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. The City of Fall River's population was 94,000 at the 2020 United States Census, making it the tenth-largest city in the state. Located along the eastern shore of Mount ...

. *140481 -

Pima Air & Space Museum The Pima Air & Space Museum, located in Tucson, Arizona, is one of the world's largest non-government funded aerospace museums. The museum features a display of nearly 300 aircraft spread out over 80 acres (320,000 m²) on a campus occ ...

adjacent to Davis-Monthan AFB in

Tucson, Arizona , "(at the) base of the black ill , nicknames = "The Old Pueblo", "Optics Valley", "America's biggest small town" , image_map = , mapsize = 260px , map_caption = Interactive ...

. *140557 -

Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum The Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum is an aviation museum located at the Cape May Airport in Lower Township, New Jersey, Lower Township, in Cape May County, New Jersey, Cape May County, New Jersey, United States. History The Cape May A ...

, Cape May Airport, Rio Grande, New Jersey. *140659 -

Southern Museum of Flight The Southern Museum of Flight is a civilian aviation museum Birmingham, Alabama. The facility features nearly 100 aircraft, as well as engines, models, artifacts, photographs, and paintings. In addition, the Southern Museum of Flight is home to ...

Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham ( ) is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama. Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County, Alabama's most populous county. As of the 2021 census estimates, Birmingham had a population of 197,575, down 1% fr ...

. ;;YAT-28E *0-13786 - Private collection,

Port Hueneme, California Port Hueneme ( ; Chumash: ''Wene Me'') is a small beach city in Ventura County, California, surrounded by the city of Oxnard and the Santa Barbara Channel. Both the Port of Hueneme and Naval Base Ventura County lie within the city limits. ...

. One of two surviving air-frames, currently in storage awaiting restoration.

Specifications (T-28D)

References

Notes

Bibliography

* Andrade, John. ''Militair 1982''. London: Aviation Press Limited, 1982. . * Avery, Norm. ''North American Aircraft: 1934–1998, Volume 1''. Santa Ana, California: Narkiewicz-Thompson, 1998. . * Compton, Frank. "November 79 Zulu: the Story of the North American Nomad". ''Sport Aviation'', June 1983. * * * Donald, David and Lake, Jon. ''Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft''. London:Aerospace Publishing, 1996. . * Fitzsimons, Bernie. ''The Defenders: A Comprehensive Guide to Warplanes of the USA''. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1988. . * * Green, William. ''Observers Aircraft, 1956''. London: Frederick Warne Publishing, 1956. * * * * * Hobson, Chris. ''Vietnam Air Losses, USAF/Navy/Marine, Fixed Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast 1961–1973''. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2001. . * ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985)''. London: Orbis Publishing, 1985. * Krivinyi, Nikolaus. ''World Military Aviation''. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1977. . * Pocock, Chris. "Thailand Hones its Air Forces". ''Air International'', Vol. 31, No. 3, September 1986. pp. 113–121, 168. . * Tate, Jess. "Ultimate Trojan: North American's YAT-28E Project". ''

Air Enthusiast ''Air Enthusiast'' was a British, bi-monthly, aviation magazine, published by the Key Publishing group. Initially begun in 1974 as ''Air Enthusiast Quarterly'', the magazine was conceived as a historical adjunct to ''Air International ' ...

'', No. 99, May/June 1999. pp. 58–59. ISSN 0143-5450. * Taylor, John J.H. and Kenneth Munson.''Jane's Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft''. New York: Collier Books, 1973. . * Thompson, Kevin. ''North American Aircraft: 1934–1998 Volume 2''. Santa Ana, California: Narkiewicz-Thompson, 1999. . * Toperczer, Istvan. ''MiG-17 and MiG-19 Units of the Vietnam War.'' London: Osprey Publishing Limited, 2001. . * ''United States Air Force Museum Guidebook''. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.

External links

North American T-28B Trojan
–

Warbird Alley: T-28 page

T-28 FENNEC : History + 2006 inventory

* ttp://www.warbirdalley.com/t28.htm North American T-28 Trojan (Variants/Other Names: AT-28; ''Fennec'') {{Authority control T-28 1940s United States military trainer aircraft Single-engined tractor aircraft Low-wing aircraft Carrier-based aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1949