Słupsk (; ; ) is a
city with powiat rights
A city with powiat rights () is in Poland a designation denoting 66 of the 107 cities (the urban gminas which are governed by a city mayor or ''prezydent miasta'') which exercise also the powers and duties of a Powiat, county (), thus being an inde ...
located on the
Słupia River
Słupia () is a river in north-western Poland, a tributary of the Baltic Sea, with a length of 138 kilometres and the basin area of 1,623 km².
Cities:
* Słupsk
Towns:
* Ustka
Affluents:
* Bytowa
See also: Rivers of Poland, List of r ...
in the
Pomeranian Voivodeship
Pomeranian Voivodeship ( ; ) is a Voivodeships of Poland, voivodeship, or province, in northwestern Poland. The provincial capital is Gdańsk.
The voivodeship was established on January 1, 1999, out of the former voivodeships of Gdańsk Voivo ...
in northern
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...
, in the historical region of
Pomerania
Pomerania ( ; ; ; ) is a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Poland and Germany. The central and eastern part belongs to the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, West Pomeranian, Pomeranian Voivod ...
or more specifically in its part known in contemporary Poland as
Central Pomerania () within the wider West Pomerania (). According to
Statistics Poland, it has a population of 88,835 inhabitants while occupying , thus being one of the most densely populated cities in the country as of December 2021.
In addition, the city is the administrative seat of
Słupsk County
__NOTOC__
Słupsk County (, ) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Pomeranian Voivodeship, northern Poland, on the Baltic coast. It came into being on 1 January 1999, as a result of the Polish local government re ...
and the rural
Gmina Słupsk
__NOTOC__
Gmina Redzikowo is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Słupsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the town of Słupsk, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.
Before 2023 the gmin ...
, despite belonging to neither.
Słupsk had its origins as a Pomeranian settlement in the early
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and ...
. In 1265, it was given
city rights
Town privileges or borough rights were important features of European towns during most of the second millennium. The city law customary in Central Europe probably dates back to Italian models, which in turn were oriented towards the tradition ...
. By the 14th century, the city had become a centre of local administration and trade and a
Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League was a Middle Ages, medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central Europe, Central and Northern Europe, Northern Europe. Growing from a few Northern Germany, North German towns in the ...
associate. Between 1368 and 1478, it was a residence of the
Dukes of Słupsk, until 1474 vassals of the
Kingdom of Poland
The Kingdom of Poland (; Latin: ''Regnum Poloniae'') was a monarchy in Central Europe during the Middle Ages, medieval period from 1025 until 1385.
Background
The West Slavs, West Slavic tribe of Polans (western), Polans who lived in what i ...
. According to the
peace treaty
A peace treaty is an treaty, agreement between two or more hostile parties, usually country, countries or governments, which formally ends a declaration of war, state of war between the parties. It is different from an armistice, which is an ag ...
of 1648, Słupsk became part of
Brandenburg-Prussia. In 1815, it was incorporated into the newly formed Prussian
Province of Pomerania. After
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, the city again became part of Poland, and from 1975 to 1998 it was the capital of
Słupsk Voivodeship. It is a railway junction located on the main railroad between the
Tricity and
Szczecin
Szczecin ( , , ; ; ; or ) is the capital city, capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the Poland-Germany border, German border, it is a major port, seaport, the la ...
. The local
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) is a Periodization, period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and was characterized by an effort to revive and sur ...
Ducal Castle houses the Museum of Central Pomerania with the largest collection of paintings by popular early-20th-century artist
Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz.
[
]
Etymology
Slavic names in Pomeranian — ''Stolpsk'', ''Stôłpsk'', ''Słëpsk'', ''Słëpskò'', ''Stôłp'' — and Polish — ''Słupsk'' — may be etymologically related to the words ''słup'' 'pole' and ''stołp'' 'keep'. There are two hypotheses about the origin of those names: that it refers to a specific way of constructing buildings on boggy ground with additional pile support, which is still in use, or that it is connected with a tower or other defensive structure on the banks of the Słupia River.
Later, under German administration, the town was named ''Stolp'', to which the suffix ''in Pommern'' was attached in order to avoid confusion with other places similarly named. The Germanised name comes from one of five Slavic Pomeranian names of this settlement. The city was occasionally called ''Stolpe'', referring to the Słupia River
Słupia () is a river in north-western Poland, a tributary of the Baltic Sea, with a length of 138 kilometres and the basin area of 1,623 km².
Cities:
* Słupsk
Towns:
* Ustka
Affluents:
* Bytowa
See also: Rivers of Poland, List of r ...
, whose German name is ''Stolpe''. ''Stolpe'' is also the Latin
Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...
exonym for this place.
History
Middle Ages
Słupsk developed from a few medieval
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of World history (field), global history. It began with the fall of the West ...
settlements located on the banks of the Słupia River
Słupia () is a river in north-western Poland, a tributary of the Baltic Sea, with a length of 138 kilometres and the basin area of 1,623 km².
Cities:
* Słupsk
Towns:
* Ustka
Affluents:
* Bytowa
See also: Rivers of Poland, List of r ...
, at the unique ford along the trade route
A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo. The term can also be used to refer to trade over land or water. Allowing goods to reach distant markets, a singl ...
connecting the territories of modern Pomeranian and West Pomeranian
Historical Western Pomerania, also called Cispomerania, Fore Pomerania, Front Pomerania or Hither Pomerania (; ), is the western extremity of the historic region of Pomerania, located mostly in north-eastern Germany, with a small portion in no ...
Voivodeships. This factor led to the construction of a grod, a West Slavic or Lechitic fortified settlement, on an islet in the middle of the river. Surrounded by swamps and mires, the fortress had perfect defence conditions. Archaeological research has shown that the grod was situated on an artificial hill and had a natural moat
A moat is a deep, broad ditch dug around a castle, fortification, building, or town, historically to provide it with a preliminary line of defence. Moats can be dry or filled with water. In some places, moats evolved into more extensive water d ...
formed by the branches of the Słupia, and was protected by a palisade
A palisade, sometimes called a stakewall or a paling, is typically a row of closely placed, high vertical standing tree trunks or wooden or iron stakes used as a fence for enclosure or as a defensive wall. Palisades can form a stockade.
Etymo ...
. Records confirm that the area of Słupsk was part of the Polish realm during the reign of Mieszko I
Mieszko I (; – 25 May 992) was Duchy of Poland (966–1025), Duke of Poland from 960 until his death in 992 and the founder of the first unified History of Poland, Polish state, the Civitas Schinesghe. A member of the Piast dynasty, he was t ...
and in the 11th century.
Historia Słupska do roku 1945. Official webpage of the city. (in Polish)
According to several sources, the first historic reference to Słupsk comes from the year 1015 when the king of Poland Boleslaus I the Brave took over the town, incorporating it into the Polish state. In the 12th century, the town became one of the most important castellanies in Pomerania alongside Gdańsk
Gdańsk is a city on the Baltic Sea, Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. With a population of 486,492, Data for territorial unit 2261000. it is Poland's sixth-largest city and principal seaport. Gdań ...
and Świecie
Świecie (; ) is a town in northern Poland with 24,841 inhabitants (2023), capital of Świecie County in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is located within the ethnocultural region of Kociewie in the historic region of Pomerania.
Founded ...
. However, several historians stated that the first mention was in two documents dating to 1227, signed by the Pomeranian dukes Wartislaw III and Barnim I
Barnim I the Good ( 1217/1219 – 13 November 1278), from the Griffin dynasty, was a Duke of Pomerania (''ducis Slauorum et Cassubie'') from 1220 until his death.
Life
Son of Duke Bogislaw II and Miroslava of Pomerelia, he succeeded to the Duc ...
and their mothers, confirming the establishment of an abbey in 1224 and donating estates, among them a village "in Stolp minore" or "in parvo Ztolp", respectively, to that abbey. Another document dated to 1180, which mentions a "castellania Slupensis" and would thus be the oldest surviving record, has been identified as a late 13th-century or 14th-century duplicate.[
The Griffin dukes lost the area to the ]Samborides
The Samborides () or House of Sobiesław () were a ruling dynasty in the historic region of Pomerelia. They were first documented about 1155 as governors (''princeps'') in the Eastern Pomeranian lands serving the royal Piast dynasty of Kingdom o ...
during the following years, and the next surviving documents mentioning the area concern donations made by Samboride Świętopełk II, dating to 1236 (two documents) and 1240. In the earlier of the two 1236 documents, a Johann "castellanus de Slupcz" is mentioned as a witness, Schmidt considers this to be the earliest mention of the gard, since a castellany required the existence of a gard. The first surviving record explicitly mentioning the gard is from 1269: it notes a "Christianus, castellanus in castro Stolpis, et Hermannus, capellanus in civitate ante castrum predictum", thus confirming the existence of a fortress ("castrum") with a suburbium ("civitas").[ Schmidt further says that the office of a capellanus required a church, which he identifies as Saint Peter's.][ This church is mentioned by name for the first time in a 1281 document of Samboride Mestwin II, which also mentions Saint Nicolai church and a Saint Mary's chapel in the fortress.] The oldest mention of Saint Nicolai church dates to 1276.[
Słupsk possibly received its ]city rights
Town privileges or borough rights were important features of European towns during most of the second millennium. The city law customary in Central Europe probably dates back to Italian models, which in turn were oriented towards the tradition ...
in 1265. Historians argue that city rights were granted for the first time[ in a document dated 9 September 1310 when Brandenburgian margraves Waldemar and Johann V granted those privileges under ]Lübeck law
The Lübeck law () was the family of codified municipal law developed at Lübeck, which became a free imperial city in 1226 and is located in present-day Schleswig-Holstein. It was the second most prevalent form of municipal law in medieval and e ...
, which was confirmed and extended in a second document, dated 2 February 1313. The margraves had acquired the area in 1307. Mestwin II accepted them as his superiors in 1269, confirmed in 1273, but later on, in 1282, Mestwin II and Polish Duke Przemysł II
Przemysł II ( also given in English and Latin language, Latin as ''Premyslas'' or ''Premislaus'' or in Polish as '; 14 October 1257 – 8 February 1296) was the Duke of Poznań from 1257–1279, of Greater Poland from 1279 to 1296, of Kraków fr ...
signed the Treaty of Kępno
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between sovereign states and/or international organizations that is governed by international law. A treaty may also be known as an international agreement, protocol, covenant, convention ...
, which transferred the suzerainty over Gdańsk Pomerania
Gdańsk Pomerania (; ; ) is the main geographical region within Pomerelia (also known as Vistula Pomerania, Eastern Pomerania, and previously Polish Pomerania) in northern Poland, covering the bulk of Pomeranian Voivodeship. In contrast to ''Pome ...
including Słupsk to Przemysł II. After Mestwin II's death the city was reintegrated with Poland and remained Polish until 1307, when the Margraviate of Brandenburg
The Margraviate of Brandenburg () was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire from 1157 to 1806 that, having electoral status although being quite poor, grew rapidly in importance after inheriting the Duchy of Prussia in 1618 and then came ...
took over, while leaving local rule in the hands of the Swienca family
The Swienca family was a medieval Pomeranian noble family which held high offices under various political powers in the Słupsk and Sławno Land and Gdańsk Pomerania from the mid-13th to the mid-14th centuries.
History
It is named after its fo ...
, whose members were castellans in Słupsk. In 1337, the governors of Słupsk (''Stolp'') had purchased the village of Stolpmünde (modern Ustka) and then constructed a port there, enabling a maritime economy to develop. After the Treaty of Templin in 1317 the city passed to the Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast.
In 1368 Pomerania-Stolp (''Duchy of Słupsk'') was split off from Pomerania-Wolgast due to the Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania. The grandson of Polish King Casimir III the Great
Casimir III the Great (; 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370) reigned as the King of Poland from 1333 to 1370. He also later became King of Ruthenia in 1340, retaining the title throughout the Galicia–Volhynia Wars. He was the last Polish king fr ...
and his would-be successor Casimir IV became duke of Słupsk as a Polish vassal
A vassal or liege subject is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. While the subordinate party is called a vassal, the dominant party is called a suzerain ...
in 1374, after he failed to take the Polish throne. The succeeding dukes were also vassals of the Kings of Poland: Wartislaw VII paid homage in 1390 (to King Władysław II Jagiełło
Jogaila (; 1 June 1434), later Władysław II Jagiełło (),Other names include (; ) (see also Names and titles of Władysław II Jagiełło) was Grand Duke of Lithuania beginning in 1377 and starting in 1386, becoming King of Poland as well. ...
), Bogislaw VIII paid homage in 1410 (also to King Władysław II). Słupsk remained within Polish sphere of political influence until 1474. It became part of the Duchy of Pomerania
The Duchy of Pomerania (; ; Latin: ''Ducatus Pomeraniae'') was a duchy in Pomerania on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, ruled by dukes of the House of Pomerania (''Griffins''). The country existed in the Middle Ages between years 1121–11 ...
in 1478.
Modern ages
The Protestant Reformation
The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation, was a time of major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and ...
reached the town in 1521, when Christian Ketelhut preached in the town. Ketelhut was forced to leave Stolp in 1522 due to an intervention by Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania. Peter Suawe, a Protestant from Stolp, however, continued his practices. In 1524, Johannes Amandus from Königsberg
Königsberg (; ; ; ; ; ; , ) is the historic Germany, German and Prussian name of the city now called Kaliningrad, Russia. The city was founded in 1255 on the site of the small Old Prussians, Old Prussian settlement ''Twangste'' by the Teuton ...
and others arrived and preached in a more radical way. As a consequence, Saint Mary's Church was profaned, the monastery's church was burned, and the clergy were treated poorly. The inhabitants of the town began the process of conversion to Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that emerged under the work of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German friar and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church launched ...
. In 1560 Polish pastor Paweł Buntowski preached in the town, and in 1586 Polish religious literature spread locally.
The House of Griffins
The House of Griffin or Griffin dynasty, (; , ; Latin: ''Gryphes''), or House of Pomerania (see ), was a dynasty ruling the Duchy of Pomerania from the 12th century until 1637. The name "Griffins" was used by the dynasty after the 15th century ...
, which ruled Pomerania for centuries, died out in 1637. The territory was subsequently partitioned between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...
. After the Peace of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia (, ) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire ...
(1648) and the Treaty of Stettin (1653), Stolp came under Brandenburgian control. In 1660, the Kashubian dialect was allowed to be taught, but only in religious studies. The Polish language in general, however, was experiencing very unfavourable conditions due to depopulation of the area in numerous wars and implied Germanization
Germanisation, or Germanization, is the spread of the German language, German people, people, and German culture, culture. It was a central idea of German conservative thought in the 19th and the 20th centuries, when conservatism and ethnic nati ...
.
After the Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War, fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in History of Europe, European history. An estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from battle, famine ...
, Stolp lost much of its former importance—despite the fact that Szczecin
Szczecin ( , , ; ; ; or ) is the capital city, capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the Poland-Germany border, German border, it is a major port, seaport, the la ...
was then ruled by Sweden, the province's capital was situated not in the second-largest city of the region, but in the one closest to the former ducal residence—Stargard
Stargard (; 1945: ''Starogród'', 1950–2016: ''Stargard Szczeciński''; or ''Stargard an der Ihna''; ) is a city in northwestern Poland, located in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. In 2021 it was inhabited by 67,293 people. It is situated on ...
. However, the local economy stabilized. The constant dynamic development of the Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia (, ) was a German state that existed from 1701 to 1918.Marriott, J. A. R., and Charles Grant Robertson. ''The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an Empire''. Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946. It played a signif ...
and good economic conditions saw the city develop. After the major state border changes (modern Vorpommern and Stettin joined the Prussian state after a conflict with Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...
) Stolp was only an administrative centre of the '' Kreis'' (district) within the ''Regierungsbezirk
A ' (, 'governmental district') is a type of administrative division in Germany. Currently, four of sixteen ' (states of Germany) are split into '. Beneath these are rural and urban districts
' (plural, ) serve as regional mid-level local gov ...
'' of Köslin (Koszalin). However, its geographical location led to rapid development, and in the 19th century, it was the second city of the province in terms of both population and industrialization.
In 1769, Frederick II of Prussia
Frederick II (; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was the monarch of Prussia from 1740 until his death in 1786. He was the last Hohenzollern monarch titled ''King in Prussia'', declaring himself '' King of Prussia'' after annexing Royal Prus ...
established a military school in the city, according to Stanisław Salmonowicz
Stanisław Salmonowicz (9 November 1931 – 24 May 2022) was a Polish historian, professor of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, and a member of the Polish Academy of Learning and History Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
He ...
its purpose was the Germanization
Germanisation, or Germanization, is the spread of the German language, German people, people, and German culture, culture. It was a central idea of German conservative thought in the 19th and the 20th centuries, when conservatism and ethnic nati ...
of local Polish nobility.
During the Napoleonic Wars
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Napoleonic Wars
, partof = the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
, image = Napoleonic Wars (revision).jpg
, caption = Left to right, top to bottom:Battl ...
, the city was taken by 1,500 Polish soldiers under the leadership of general Michał Sokolnicki in 1807. In 1815 Słupsk became one of the cities of the Province of Pomerania, in which it remained until 1945. In 1869 a railway from Danzig (Gdańsk) reached Stolp.
During the 19th century, the city's boundaries were significantly extended towards the west and south. The new railway station was built about 1,000 metres from the old city. In 1901, the construction of a new city hall was completed, followed by a local administration building in 1903. In 1910 a tram line was opened. The football club Viktoria Stolp was formed in 1901. In 1914, before the First World War
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, Stolp had approximately 34,340 inhabitants.
Interwar period
Stolp was not directly affected by the fighting in the First World War
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
. The trams did not operate during the war, returning to the streets in 1919. Demographic growth remained high, although development slowed, because the city became peripheral, the ''Kreis'' (district) being situated on post-war Germany's border with the so-called Polish Corridor. Polish claims to Stolp and its neighbouring area were refused during the Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919. As the most important treaty of World War I, it ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allies of World War I, Allied Powers. It was signed in the Palace ...
negotiations. The city, having become the regional center of the eastern part of Eastern Pomerania, thrived, becoming known as ''Little Paris''. A cultural highlight was an annual art exhibition.
From 1926 the city became an active point of Nazi
Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...
supporters, and the influence of NSDAP
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor, the German Workers ...
grew rapidly. The party with Hitler received 49.1% of the city's vote in the German federal election of March 1933, when however, the election campaign was marked by Nazi terror. During the Kristallnacht
( ) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (, ), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's (SA) and (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German civilia ...
, the night of 9/10 November 1938, the local synagogue
A synagogue, also called a shul or a temple, is a place of worship for Jews and Samaritans. It is a place for prayer (the main sanctuary and sometimes smaller chapels) where Jews attend religious services or special ceremonies such as wed ...
was burned down.[
]
Second World War
The beginning of the Second World War
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
halted the development of the city. In 1941, the Nazis created a labour camp
A labor camp (or labour camp, see British and American spelling differences, spelling differences) or work camp is a detention facility where inmates are unfree labour, forced to engage in penal labor as a form of punishment. Labor camps have ...
for people brought from various German-occupied territories, who were maltreated physically and psychologically and forced to undertake exhausting work while being subject to starvation. In 1944, the Germans established a subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp
Stutthof was a Nazi concentration camp established by Nazi Germany in a secluded, marshy, and wooded area near the village of Stutthof (now Sztutowo) 34 km (21 mi) east of the city of Danzig (Gdańsk) in the territory of the German-an ...
at the local railway repair works, and a forced labour camp for women and children at a local school.[ Prisoners of the former were over 600 Jews from various German-occupied countries, mostly ]Estonia
Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Ru ...
and Lithuania
Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, P ...
, both men and women, and from October 1944 also 20 Jewish boys aged 10 and 11 brought from the Łódź Ghetto
The Łódź Ghetto or Litzmannstadt Ghetto (after the Nazi German name for Łódź) was a Nazi ghetto established by the German authorities for Polish Jews and Roma following the Invasion of Poland. It was the second-largest ghetto in all of ...
, with the prisoners, especially women, being subjected to exhausting work, starvation and arbitrary beatings.[ Prisoners of the latter were women with children (around 2,000 people), mainly Polish, but also Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian, who were exposed to poor sanitary and nutritional conditions, lack of warming even in winter and no medical care, resulting in epidemics, and also regular violence.] Over 200 children, mostly Polish, died in the other camp.[ In February 1945, the Germans marched some 400 women and children from the latter camp to a newly established camp in nearby Gogolewko,][ and sent the prisoners of the subcamp of Stutthof on a ]death march
A death march is a forced march of prisoners of war, other captives, or deportees in which individuals are left to die along the way. It is distinct from simple prisoner transport via foot march. Article 19 of the Geneva Convention requires tha ...
to an emptied camp in Kokoszki.[ The Germans also operated nine ]forced labour
Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, or violence, including death or other forms of ...
subcamps of the Stalag II-B prisoner-of-war camp
A prisoner-of-war camp (often abbreviated as POW camp) is a site for the containment of enemy fighters captured as Prisoner of war, prisoners of war by a belligerent power in time of war.
There are significant differences among POW camps, inte ...
in the city.
The Polish resistance movement conducted espionage of German activity and distributed Polish underground press
The Polish underground press, devoted to prohibited materials ( sl. , lit. semitransparent blotting paper or, alternatively, , lit. second circulation), has a long history of combatting censorship of oppressive regimes in Poland. It existed th ...
in the city.
The Schutzstaffel
The ''Schutzstaffel'' (; ; SS; also stylised with SS runes as ''ᛋᛋ'') was a major paramilitary organisation under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.
It beg ...
(SS) committed a massacre of 24 Polish forced labourers (23 men and one woman) on 7 March 1945, just before the Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by a decree of the Council of People ...
took over the city without any serious resistance on 8 March 1945.[ In fear of Soviet repression, up to 1,000 inhabitants committed suicide.]
Thousands remained in the city; the others had fled and the German soldiers abandoned it. However, the Soviet soldiers were ordered to set fire to the historical central Old Town, which was almost completely destroyed.
Post-war period
After the war, the city became again part of Poland and most of the German population either fled or Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II, was expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. The city was settled by Poles, most of whom were expelled from the Kresy, former Polish eastern territories annexed by the Soviet Union (around 80% at the end of 1945) and the rest were mainly repatriates from the Soviet Union and Poles returning from Germany. Also Ukrainians and Lemkos settled into the town during Operation Vistula.
The town's name was changed into the historic Polish version of ''Słupsk'' by the Commission for the Determination of Place Names on 23 April 1945. It was initially part of ''Okręg III'', comprising the whole territory of the former Province of Pomerania east of the Oder River. Słupsk later became part of Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975), Szczecin Voivodeship and then Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975), Koszalin Voivodeship, and in 1975 became the capital of the new province of Słupsk Voivodeship.
Life in the devastated city was organized anew. In 1945, the first post-war craft workshops and public schools were opened, trams and a regional railway started to operate, and the amateur Polish Theater was established.[ Historia Słupska po roku 1945. Official webpage of the city (in Polish)] In September 1946, the first Warsaw Uprising Monument in Poland was unveiled. From April 1947, the local Polish newspaper ''Kurier Słupski'' was published. The city became a cultural centre. In the 1950s, the Puppet Theater ''Tęcza'', the Teachers' College and the Baltic Dramatic Theater were established. The puppet theatre ''Tęcza'' used to collaborate with the similar institution called ''Arcadia'' in Oradea, Romania, but the partnership ceased after 1989. The Millennium Cinema was one of the first in Poland to have a cinerama. The first Polish pizzeria was established in Słupsk in 1975.
During the Polish 1970 protests, 1970 protests there were minor strikes and demonstrations. None were killed during the Milicja Obywatelska, militia's interventions.
After 1989
Major street name changes were made in Słupsk after the Revolutions of 1989. Also, a process of major renovations and refurbishments began, beginning in the principal neighbourhoods. According to the Voivodeships of Poland, administrative reform of Poland in 1999, Słupsk Voivodeship was dissolved and divided between two larger regions: Pomeranian Voivodeship
Pomeranian Voivodeship ( ; ) is a Voivodeships of Poland, voivodeship, or province, in northwestern Poland. The provincial capital is Gdańsk.
The voivodeship was established on January 1, 1999, out of the former voivodeships of Gdańsk Voivo ...
and West Pomeranian Voivodeship. Słupsk itself became part of the former. The reform was criticized by locals, who wanted to create a separate Middle Pomeranian Voivodeship. In 1998 a major Słupsk street riots 1998, riot took place after a basketball game.
In 2014, Słupsk elected Poland's first openly gay mayor, Robert Biedroń. In the same year, the city was awarded the Europe Prize by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe for having made exceptional efforts to spread the ideal of European unity.
Geography
Boundaries
Administratively, the city of Słupsk has the status of both an urban gmina and a city powiat, county (''powiat''). The city boundaries are generally artificial, with only short natural boundaries around the villages of Kobylnica, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Kobylnica and Włynkówko on the Słupia River
Słupia () is a river in north-western Poland, a tributary of the Baltic Sea, with a length of 138 kilometres and the basin area of 1,623 km².
Cities:
* Słupsk
Towns:
* Ustka
Affluents:
* Bytowa
See also: Rivers of Poland, List of r ...
. The boundaries have remained unchanged since 1949, when Ryczewo became a part of the city.
Słupsk shares about three-quarters of its boundaries with the rural district called Gmina Słupsk
__NOTOC__
Gmina Redzikowo is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Słupsk County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. Its seat is the town of Słupsk, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.
Before 2023 the gmin ...
, of which Słupsk is the administrative seat (although it is not part of the district). The city's other neighbouring district is Gmina Kobylnica, to the south-west. The Słupsk Special Economic Zone is not entirely contained within the city limits: a portion of it lies within Gmina Słupsk, while some smaller areas are at quite a distance from Słupsk (Debrzno), or even in another voivodeship (Koszalin, Szczecinek, Wałcz).
The city has a fairly irregular shape, with its central point at ''Plac Zwycięstwa'' ("Victory Square") at .
Topography
Słupsk lies in an ''Urstromtal, pradolina'' of the Słupia River
Słupia () is a river in north-western Poland, a tributary of the Baltic Sea, with a length of 138 kilometres and the basin area of 1,623 km².
Cities:
* Słupsk
Towns:
* Ustka
Affluents:
* Bytowa
See also: Rivers of Poland, List of r ...
. The city centre is situated significantly lower than its western and easternmost portions. Divided into two almost equal parts by the river, Słupsk is hilly when compared to other cities in the region. About of the city's area is covered by forests, while is used for agricultural purposes.
Słupsk is rich in natural water bodies. There are more than twenty ponds, mostly former meanders of the Słupia, within the city limits. There are also several streams, irrigation canals (generally unused and abandoned) and a leat. Except in the city centre, all these watercourses are unregulated.
There is generally little human influence on landform features visible within the city limits. However, in the northwestern part of the city there is a huge Copse, hollow, a remnant of a former sand mine. Although there were once plans to build a waterpark in this area, they were later abandoned and the site remains unused.
Climate
Słupsk has a temperate oceanic climate, marine climate, like the rest of the Polish coastal regions. The city lies in a zone where the continental climate influences are very weak compared with other regions of Poland. The warmest month is July, with an average temperature range of . The coolest month is February, averaging . The wettest month is August with average precipitation of , while the driest is March, averaging only . Snowfalls are always possible between December and April.
Neighbourhoods
The neighbourhoods (, singular ''osiedle'') of Słupsk do not have any administrative powers. Their names are used for traffic signposting purposes and are shown on maps. The neighbourhoods are as follows:
* Nadrzecze ("Riverside") — situated in the southern part of the city, this district is a major industrial area. It is bounded by the railroad to the west, Jadwiga Łuszczewska, Deotymy and Pope John Paul II, Jana Pawła II streets to the north, the Słupia river to the east and the city boundary to the south.
* Osiedle Akademickie ("Academic Neighbourhood") — a neighbourhood of detached house, detached and semi-detached houses around the Pomeranian Academy and its hall of residence, halls of residence.
* Osiedle Bałtyckie ("Baltic Neighbourhood") — the northernmost neighbourhood of Słupsk, a large part of which belongs to the Słupsk Special Economic Zone.
* Osiedle Niepodległości ("Independence Neighbourhood") (before 1989 called ''Osiedle Budowniczych Polski Ludowej'' or "Neighbourhood of the Builders of People's Poland", and still popularly referred to as ''BPL'') and Osiedle Piastów ("Piast dynasty, Piast Neighbourhood") — these neighbourhoods make up the largest residential area of the city, inhabited by about 40,000 people.
* Osiedle Słowińskie ("Slovincians, Slovincian Neighbourhood") — the easternmost part of Słupsk, similar in character to Osiedle Akademickie. It adjoins the Northern Wood (''Lasek Północny'') and is close to the city's boundary with Redzikowo, the planned site of the National missile defense, US national missile defense interceptors.
* Ryczewo — brought within the city limits in 1949, this is the youngest neighbourhood of Słupsk. Before the Second World War
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
it was a villa district. It has retained much of its village character.
* Stare Miasto ("Old Town"; also known as Śródmieście or Centrum — "the City Centre") — the central district of Słupsk containing the historic centre of the city including the city hall and the Pomeranian Dukes' Castle.
* Westerplatte (known also as Osiedle Hubalczyków-Westerplatte) — a large and fast-developing area in the south-east of Słupsk, including the city's highest point. Currently both detached houses and blocks of flats are being built here.
* Zatorze (usually further subdivided into Osiedle Jan III Sobieski, Jana III Sobieskiego and Osiedle Stefan Batory, Stefana Batorego) — the second largest residential area, with 10,000 inhabitants. According to police statistics, it is the most dangerous area of the city.
Parks
Słupsk has many green areas within its boundaries. The most important are the Park of Culture and Leisure (''Park Kultury i Wypoczynku''), the Northern Wood (''Lasek Północny'') and the Southern Wood (''Lasek Południowy''). There are also many small parks, squares and boulevards.
Transport
Railways
Słupsk is a railway junction, with four lines running north, west, east and south from the city. Currently, one station, opened January 10, 1991 serves the whole city. This is a class B station according to Polish State Railways, PKP (Polish Railways) criteria. The city has rail connections with most major cities in Poland: Białystok, Gdańsk
Gdańsk is a city on the Baltic Sea, Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. With a population of 486,492, Data for territorial unit 2261000. it is Poland's sixth-largest city and principal seaport. Gdań ...
, Gdynia, Katowice, Kraków, Lublin, Łódź, Olsztyn, Poznań, Szczecin
Szczecin ( , , ; ; ; or ) is the capital city, capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the Poland-Germany border, German border, it is a major port, seaport, the la ...
, Warsaw and Wrocław, and also serves as a junction for local trains from Kołobrzeg, Koszalin, Lębork, Miastko, Szczecinek and Ustka.
The first railway reached Słupsk (then Stolp) from the east in 1869. The first rail station was built north of its current location. The line was later extended to Köslin (Koszalin), and further lines were built connecting the city with Neustettin (Szczecinek), Stolpmünde (Ustka), Zezenow (Cecenowo) (narrow gauge) and Budow (Budowo) (narrow gauge). The narrow-gauge tracks were rebuilt as standard gauge by 1933, but were demolished during the Second World War. After the war, the first train connection to be restored was that with Lębork, reopened May 27, 1945. Between 1988 and 1989 almost all of the lines traversing the city were electrified. From 1985 to 1999 Słupsk had a Trolleybuses in Słupsk, trolleybus system.
Roads
Słupsk used to be traversed east–west by European route E28, which is known as National route 6 (Poland), National route 6 in Poland until a bypass running to the south of the town to carry the 6/E28 traffic was built. The bypass is a part of Expressway S6 (Poland), Expressway S6 which, when completed some time after 2015, will give Słupsk a fast road connection to Szczecin
Szczecin ( , , ; ; ; or ) is the capital city, capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the Poland-Germany border, German border, it is a major port, seaport, the la ...
and Gdańsk
Gdańsk is a city on the Baltic Sea, Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. With a population of 486,492, Data for territorial unit 2261000. it is Poland's sixth-largest city and principal seaport. Gdań ...
. The city can also be accessed by the National route 21 (Poland), National route 21 from Miastko, Voivodeship route 210 from Ustka to Unichowo and Voivodeship route 213 from Puck, Poland, Puck. Local roads of lesser importance connect Słupsk with surrounding villages and towns.
The city's network of streets is well developed, but many of them require general refurbishment. The city is currently investing significant sums of money in road development.
Air
Słupsk-Redzikowo Airport is now defunct, however, it once worked as a regular passenger airport of local significance. Several plans to eventually reopen it failed because of lack of funds. The facility was earmarked for use within the US missile defense complex in Poland, US missile defense complex as a missile launch site, which became operational in December 2023. Nowadays, the nearest airports are in Gdańsk
Gdańsk is a city on the Baltic Sea, Baltic coast of northern Poland, and the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. With a population of 486,492, Data for territorial unit 2261000. it is Poland's sixth-largest city and principal seaport. Gdań ...
(Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport) and Szczecin
Szczecin ( , , ; ; ; or ) is the capital city, capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Located near the Baltic Sea and the Poland-Germany border, German border, it is a major port, seaport, the la ...
(Solidarity Szczecin–Goleniów Airport).
Monuments
* Pomeranian Dukes Castle, now housing the Museum of Central Pomerania
* Castle Mill, the oldest industrial structure in Poland
* New Gate
* Mill Gate
* Słupsk Town Hall
* New Town Hall
* County Office
* Municipal Public Library
* Post-Dominican church of St. Hyacinth
* Church of Virgin Mary
* Church of the Holiest Heart of Jesus
* Church of the Holy Cross
* Monastery Church under the invocation of St. Otto
* Richter's granary
* Defensive walls
* Former funeral home of Jewish Commune (synagogue)
* Old Brewery in Słupsk
* 'Słowiniec' Department Store, with the oldest wooden lift in Europe
* ''Baszta Czarownic'', one of the few remaining witch towers in Europe
* Main Post Office
Culture
Słupsk is the regular venue for a number of festivals, most notably:
* the "Solidarity" International Contract Bridge Festival (''Międzynarodowy Festiwal Brydża Sportowego "Solidarność"'')
* the Komeda Jazz Festival
* the "Performance" International Art Festival (''Międzynarodowy Festiwal Sztuki "Performance"'')
* an International Piano Festival
For a long time here lived Anna Łajming (1904–2003), Kashubian language, Kashubian and Polish author.
The museum in Słupsk holds the world's biggest collection of paintings by Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz.
Theatres
Słupsk currently has three theatres:
* the ''Tęcza'' ("Rainbow") Theatre
* the ''Rondo'' ("Roundabout") Theatre
* the New Theatre, reopened after a 13-year absence
In the 1970s the Tęcza Theatre collaborated with the ''Arcadia'' Theatre from Oradea, Romania. This partnership ended after 1989 for political reasons.
Cinemas
At one time Słupsk had five functioning cinemas, but only one, which belongs to the cinema chain Multikino remains open today, which is located in the Jantar Shopping Centre. There is also a small specialist cinema called "Rejs" on 3 Maja street. There was a cinema called 'Milenium', which has now been replaced by the Biedronka chain of supermarkets.
Economy
Słupsk has a developing economy based on a number of large factory, factories. The footwear industry has been particularly successful in the region, expanding its exports to many countries.
The Scania (company), Scania commercial vehicles plant also plays a very significant role in Słupsk's economy, generating the highest revenue out of all companies currently based in Słupsk. Most of the buses currently manufactured there are exported to Western Europe.
Demographics
Following the medieval Christianization of the region, the vast majority of the town's population was composed of Catholics, then after the Reformation until the end of World War II of Protestants.
;Number of inhabitants in years
* 1740: 2,599[Kratz (1865)]
p. 430
/ref>
* 1782: 3,744, incl. 40 Jews
* 1794: 4,335, incl. 39 Jews
* 1812: 5,083, incl. 55 Catholics and 63 Jews
* 1816: 5,236, incl. 58 Catholics and 135 Jews
* 1831: 6,581, incl. 36 Catholics and 239 Jews
* 1843: 8,540, incl. 58 Catholics and 391 Jews
* 1852: 10,714, incl. 50 Catholics and 599 Jews
* 1861: 12,691, incl. 45 Catholics, 757 Jews, one Mennonites, Mennonite and 46 German Catholics (sect), German Catholics.
* 1905: 31,154 (incl. the military), among these 951 Catholics and 548 Jews
*1925: 41,605, incl. 1,200 Catholics and 469 Jews
* 1933: 45,307[verwaltungsgeschichte.de]
* 1939: 48,060[
In 1994 the number of inhabitants reached the highest level.
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Sports clubs
The city's most notable sports club is basketball team Czarni Słupsk, which competes in the Polish Basketball League (top division), where they finished 3rd four times (as of 2022). They are based in Hala Gryfia.
Other clubs include:
* Akademia Tenisa Oxford: tennis
* Gryf Słupsk: association football, football
* Słupia Słupsk: team handball, handball
* Słupski Klub Sportowy Piast-B: badminton
* SKB Czarni Słupsk: boxing
* TPS Czarni Słupsk: women's volleyball
* Towarzystwo Pływackie Skalar Słupsk: swimming (sport), swimming
* AML Słupsk: track and field, athletics
* LKS Fenix: track and field, athletics
* STS Gryf 3 Słupsk : judo
US missile defense complex
The European Interceptor Site (EIS) of the US was planned in nearby Redzikowo, forming a Ground-Based Midcourse Defense system in conjunction with a US narrow-beam midcourse tracking and discrimination radar system in the Czech Republic. It was supposed to consist of up to 10 missile silo, silo-based interceptors, a two-stage version of the existing three-stage Ground Based Interceptor (GBI), with Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV).
The missile shield has received much local opposition in the area, including several protests. This included a protest in March 2008, when an estimated 300 protesters marched on the proposed site of the missile base. The planned installation was later scrapped by President Obama on 17 September 2009.
On February 12, 2016, the US Army has awarded AMEC Foster Wheeler a $182.7 million contract with an option to support the Aegis Ashore missile defense system in Poland. The contract comes as part of Phase III of the European Phased Adaptive Approach program, which aims to boost land-based missile defense systems for NATO allies against ballistic missile threats. Project is located in Redzikowo, the site that was formerly scrapped.
Notable people
Early times
* Erdmuthe of Brandenburg (1561–1623), Princess of Brandenburg, died in Stolp
* Michael Brüggemann (1583–1654), German Lutheran pastor, preacher and translator
* Matthias Palbitzki (1623–1677), Swedish diplomat and art-connoisseur
* Andrzej Stech (1635–1697), Polish Baroque painter
* Eduard von Bonin (1793–1865), Prussian General, minister of war
19th century
* Heinrich von Stephan (1831–1897), German official, founder of the Universal Postal Union
* Berthold Suhle (1837–1904), German chess master
* Wilhelm Dames (1843–1898), German paleontologist
* Otto Liman von Sanders (1855–1929), German general
* Georg von der Marwitz (1856–1929), German general
* Hedwig Lachmann (1865–1918), German author, translator and poet
* Hans Schrader (1869–1948), German classical archaeologist and art historian
* Erwin Bumke (1874–1945), German jurist
* Oswald Bumke (1877–1950), German psychiatrist, neurologist
* Otto Freundlich (1878–1934), German painter and sculptor, an abstract artist
* Walter Lichel (1885–1969) German general
* George Grosz (1893–1959), German artist, satirical caricaturist
20th century
* Paul Mattick (1904–1981), American Marxist political writer
* Flockina von Platen (1905–1984), German actress
* Mieczysław Kościelniak (1912–1993), Polish painter, graphic designer and draftsman
* Bronisław Kostkowski (1915–1942), Polish Roman Catholic seminarian
* Odo Marquard (1928–2015), German philosopher, a member of the Joachim Ritter, Ritter School
* Christian Meier (historian), Christian Meier (born 1929), German historian
* Edgar Wisniewski (1930–2007), German architect
* Bazon Brock (born 1936), German art theorist, critic and artist; member of Fluxus
* Dieter Stöckmann (born 1941), German general
* Jörg Schmeisser (1942–2012), German printmaker
* Simone Barck (1944–2007), German contemporary historian and literary scholar
* Ulrich Beck (1944–2015), German sociologist
* Grażyna Auguścik (born 1955), Polish jazz vocalist, composer, and arranger
* Jolanta Szczypińska (1957–2018), Polish politician
* Edward Müller (born 1958), Polish politician and trade union activist
* Przemysław Gosiewski (1964–2010), Polish politician, deputy chair of Law and Justice party
* Tomasz Malinowski (born 1965), Polish-American diplomat and U.S. Congressman and politician
* Sarsa (singer), Sarsa Markiewicz (born 1989), Polish singer, songwriter and record producer
;Sport
* Heinz Radzikowski (1925–2017) a German field hockey player, competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics
* Harry Klugmann (born 1940) a German equestrian and Olympic medallist at the 1972 Summer Olympics
* Halina Aszkiełowicz-Wojno (1947–2018) Polish volleyball player, bronze medalist 1968 Summer Olympics
* Darius Grala (born 1964) an endurance sports car racing driver in the USA
* Robert Kraskowski (born 1967) a Polish sport shooter, competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics, 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics
* Mirosława Sagun-Lewandowska (born 1970) air gun champion, participant in three Olympic Games
* Tomasz Iwan, (born 1971) Polish football (soccer) player
* Dariusz Ulanowski, (born 1971) Polish former football (soccer) player
* Maciej Stolarczyk, (born 1972), Polish former football (soccer) player, and currently Manager (association football), football manager
* Paweł Kryszałowicz (born 1974), Polish footballer, represented Poland in 33 matches scoring 10 goals
* Milena Rosner (born 1980), volleyball player, participant in the 2008 Summer Olympics
* Kamila Augustyn (born 1982), Polish badminton player, competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics, 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics
* Wojciech Jarmuż (born 1984), Polish footballer
* Miłosz Bernatajtys (born 1982), Polish rower, silver medallist at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Twin towns and cities
Słupsk is Twin towns and sister cities, twinned with:
* Bari, Italy
* Bukhara, Uzbekistan
* City of Carlisle, Carlisle, United Kingdom
* Cartaxo, Portugal
* Flensburg, Germany
* Ustka, Poland
* Vantaa, Finland
* Vordingborg, Denmark, Vordingborg, Denmark
Former twin towns:
* Arkhangelsk, Russia (terminated in 2022 due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian invasion of Ukraine)
* Grodno, Belarus (terminated in 2022 due to the country's Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine, involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine)[
]
See also
* Słupsk (PKP station)
References
;Literature
* Helge Bei der Wieden and Roderich Schmidt, eds.: ''Handbuch der historischen Stätten Deutschlands: Mecklenburg/Pommern'', Kröner, Stuttgart 1996, , pp. 287–290.
* Haken, Christian Wilhelm: ''Drei Beiträge zur Erläuterung der Stadtgeschichte von Stolp'' (''Three Contributions to Explaining the History of the Town of Stolp'') (1775). Newly edited by F. W. Feige, Stolp, 1866
online
* Kratz, Gustav: ''Die Städte der Provinz Pommern, Abriss ihrer Geschichte, zumeist nach Urkunden'' (''The Towns of the Province of Pomerania - Sketch of their History, Mainly According to Historical Records''). Berlin, 1865 (reprinted in 2010 by Kessinger Publishing, ), pp. 413–439
online
* Pagel, Karl-Heinz: ''Stolp in Pommern - eine ostdeutsche Stadt''. Lübeck, 1977 (with extensive bibliography
online
* Reinhold, Werner: ''Chronik der Stadt Stolp'' (''Chronicle of the Town of Stolp''). Stolp, 1861
online
;Notes
External links
*
Municipal website
Solidarity International Bridge Festival
March 29th, 2008: Demonstration Against U.S. Missile Defence Shield
{{Authority control
Słupsk,
Cities and towns in Pomeranian Voivodeship
City counties of Poland
Populated places established in the 9th century
Members of the Hanseatic League
Holocaust locations in Poland
Sites of World War II massacres of Poles
Capitals of former nations