Synthetoceratinae is an extinct subfamily of

Protoceratidae Protoceratidae is an extinct family of herbivorous North American artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) that lived during the Eocene through Pliocene at around 46.2—4.9 Mya, existing for about 41 million years. Classification Protoceratidae wa ...

, deer-like herbivorous mammals belonging to the order

Artiodactyla The even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla , ) are ungulates—hoofed animals—which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes: the third and fourth. The other three toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or pointing poste ...

. They were endemic to North America during the

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...

epoch, living 23.03—3.9 Ma, existing for approximately .PaleoBiology Database: Synthetoceratinae, basic info
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Taxonomy

Synthetoceratinae was named by Frick (1937). Its

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nomina ...

is ''Synthetoceras''. It was considered

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic ...

by Webb ''et al.'' (2003). It was assigned to

by Webb (1981), Prothero (1998),D. R. Prothero. 1998. Protoceratidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), ''Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America'' 431-438 Webb et al. (2003),S. D. Webb, B. L. Beatty, and G. Poinar, Jr. 2003. ''New evidence of Miocene Protoceratidae including a new species from Chiapas, Mexico. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History'' 279:348-367 Hulbert and Whitmore (2006)R. C. Hulbert and F. C. Whitmore. 2006.
Late Miocene mammals from the Mauvilla Local Fauna, Alabama.
' Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 46(1):1-28 and Prothero and Ludtke (2007).D. R. Prothero and J. A. Ludtke. 2007. Family Protoceratidae. in D. R. Prothero and S. Foss (eds.), The Evolution of Artiodactyls 169-176

Tribes

Synthetoceratinae contains the tribes

Kyptoceratini Kyptoceratini is an extinct tribe of the subfamily Synthetoceratinae, deer-like mammals within the family Protoceratidae belonging to the order Artiodactyla, endemic to North America during the Miocene through Pliocene, living 23.03—3.6 Ma, ...

and

Synthetoceratini Synthetoceratini is an extinct tribe of the subfamily Synthetoceratinae within the family Protoceratidae belonging to the order Artiodactyla endemic to North America during the Miocene, living epoch 20.6—4.9 Ma, existing for approximately . T ...

. *Tribe Kyptoceratini ** Genus '' Kyptoceras'' ** Genus ''

Syndyoceras ''Syndyoceras'' is a small extinct genus of Artiodactyla, of the family Protoceratidae, endemic to central North America from the Miocene epoch (24.8—20.6 Ma), existing for approximately . Taxonomy ''Syndyoceras'' was named by Barbour ...

'' *Tribe Synthetoceratini ** Genus '' Lambdoceras'' ** Genus ''

Prosynthetoceras ''Prosynthetoceras'' is an extinct genus of Artiodactyla, of the family Protoceratidae, endemic to North America. It lived from the Early to Middle Miocene 20.6—13.6 Ma, existing for approximately . In appearance, ''Prosynthetoceras'' looked ...

'' ** Genus ''

Synthetoceras ''Synthetoceras tricornatus'' is a large, extinct protoceratid, endemic to North America ( Nebraska ) during the Late Miocene, 10.3—5.3 Ma, existing for approximately . Fossils have been recovered from Nebraska and Texas Texas (, ; S ...

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q7662791 Protoceratids Miocene even-toed ungulates Miocene mammals of North America Aquitanian first appearances Zanclean extinctions