The Synergistota is a phylum of anaerobic bacteria that show

Gram-negative Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that, unlike gram-positive bacteria, do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. Their defining characteristic is that their cell envelope consists ...

staining and have rod/vibrioid cell shape. Although Synergistota have a diderm cell envelope,Gupta, R. S. (2011) Origin of Diderm (Gram-negative) Bacteria: Antibiotic Selection Pressure Rather than Endosymbiosis Likely led to the Evolution of Bacterial Cells with Two Membranes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 100: 171–182 the genes for various proteins involved in lipopolysaccharides

biosynthesis Biosynthesis, i.e., chemical synthesis occurring in biological contexts, is a term most often referring to multi-step, enzyme-Catalysis, catalyzed processes where chemical substances absorbed as nutrients (or previously converted through biosynthe ...

have not yet been detected in Synergistota, indicating that they may have an atypical outer cell envelope. The Synergistota inhabit a majority of anaerobic environments including animal gastrointestinal tracts, soil, oil wells, and

wastewater treatment Wastewater treatment is a process which removes and eliminates contaminants from wastewater. It thus converts it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once back in the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on ...

plants and they are also present in sites of human diseases such as cysts, abscesses, and areas of

periodontal disease Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. It is considered the main c ...

.Vartoukian, S.R., Palmer, R.M., and Wade, W.G. (2007). The division "Synergistes". Anaerobe. 13, 99–106. Due to their presence at illness related sites, the Synergistota are suggested to be opportunistic pathogens but they can also be found in healthy individuals in the

microbiome A microbiome () is the community of microorganisms that can usually be found living together in any given habitat. It was defined more precisely in 1988 by Whipps ''et al.'' as "a characteristic microbial community occupying a reasonably wel ...

of the umbilicus and in normal

vaginal flora Vaginal flora, vaginal microbiota or vaginal microbiome are the microorganisms that colonize the vagina. They were discovered by the German gynecologist Albert Döderlein in 1892 and are part of the overall human flora. The amount and type of ba ...

. Species within this phylum have also been implicated in

, gastrointestinal infections and soft tissue infections. Other species from this phylum have been identified as significant contributors in the degradation of sludge for production of

biogas Biogas is a gaseous renewable energy source produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste, Wastewater treatment, wastewater, and food waste. Biogas is produced by anaerobic ...

in anaerobic digesters and are potential candidates for use in renewable energy production through their production of hydrogen gas. All of the known Synergistota species and genera are presently part of a single class (Synergistia), order (Synergistiales), and family (Synergistaceae).

Comparative genomics and molecular signatures

Recent comparative analyses of sequenced Synergistota genomes have led to identification of large numbers of conserved signature indels (CSIs) in protein sequences that are specific for either all sequenced Synergistota species or some of their sub-clades that are observed in

phylogenetic trees A phylogenetic tree or phylogeny is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA. In o ...

. Of the CSIs that were identified, 32 in widely distributed proteins such as RpoB, RpoC, UvrD, GyrA, PolA, PolC, MraW, NadD, PyrE, RpsA, RpsH, FtsA, RadA, etc., including a large >300 aa insert in the RpoC protein, are present in various Synergistota species, but except for isolated bacteria, these CSIs are not found in the protein homologues from all other organisms. These CSIs provide novel molecular markers for distinguishing Synergistota species from all other bacteria. Seven other CSIs in important proteins including a 13 aa in RpoB were found to be uniquely present in ''Jonquetella'', ''Pyramidobacter'' and ''Dethiosulfovibrio'' species indicating a close and specific relationship among these bacteria, which is also strongly supported by phylogenetic trees. Fifteen addition CSIs that were only present in ''Jonquetella'' and ''Pyramidobacter'' indicate a close association between these two species. Lastly, a close relationship between the ''Aminomonas'' and ''Thermanaerovibrio'' species is also supported by 9 identified CSIs. The identified molecular markers provide reliable means for the division of species from the phylum Synergistota into intermediate taxonomic ranks such as families and orders.

Phylogeny

Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the

List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) is an online database that maintains information on the naming and taxonomy of prokaryotes, following the taxonomy requirements and rulings of the International Code of Nomenclatu ...

(LSPN) and the

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(NCBI). * Phylum Synergistota Jumas-Bilak et al. 2021 ** Class Synergistia Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009 *** Order Synergistales Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009 **** Genus "'' Pacaella''" Ndongo et al. 2017 ***** Species ?"'' P. massiliensis''" Ndongo et al. 2017 **** Genus "''Candidatus'' Tammella" Hongoh et al. 2007 ***** Species ?"''Ca.'' T. caduceiae" Hongoh et al. 2007 **** Family Aminithiophilaceae Pradel et al. 2023 ***** Genus '' Aminithiophilus'' Pradel et al. 2023 **** Family Acetomicrobiaceae Pradel et al. 2023 ***** Genus '' Acetomicrobium'' Soutschek et al. 1985 'Anaerobaculum'' Rees et al. 1997**** Family Aminiphilaceae Pradel et al. 2023 ***** Genus "'' Aminirod''" Liu et al. 2021 ****** Species ?"'' A. propionatiphilus''" Liu et al. 2021 ***** Genus '' Aminiphilus'' Díaz et al. 2007 **** Family Aminobacteriaceae Pradel et al. 2023 ***** Genus '' Aminobacterium'' Baena et al. 1999 ***** Genus '' Aminivibrio'' Honda et al. 2013 ***** Genus '' Fretibacterium'' Vartoukian et al. 2013 ***** Genus '' Lactivibrio'' Qiu et al. 2014 **** Family Dethiosulfovibrionaceae Pradel et al. 2023 ***** Genus '' Dethiosulfovibrio'' Magot et al. 1997 ***** Genus '' Jonquetella'' Jumas-Bilak et al. 2007 ***** Genus '' Pyramidobacter'' Downes et al. 2009 ***** Genus '' Rarimicrobium'' Jumas-Bilak et al. 2015 **** Family Synergistaceae Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009 lostridiales Family XV; Thermosynergistaceae Yang et al. 2021***** Genus '' Aminomonas'' Baena et al. 1999 ***** Genus "''Candidatus'' Caccocola" Gilroy et al. 2021 ***** Genus ''

Cloacibacillus ''Cloacibacillus'' is a Gram-negative and Anaerobic organism, anaerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Synergistaceae. ''Cloacibacillus'' bacteria are pathogenic. See also * List of bacterial orders * List of bacteria genera References

'' Ganesan et al. 2008 emend. Looft et al. 2013 ***** Genus "''Candidatus'' Equadaptatus" Gilroy et al. 2022 ****** Species ?"''Ca.'' E. faecalis" Gilroy et al. 2022 ***** Genus '' Synergistes'' Allison et al. 1993 ***** Genus '' Thermanaerovibrio'' Baena et al. 1999 emend. Palaniappan et al. 2013 **** Family Thermosynergistaceae Yang et al. 2021 ***** Genus '' Thermosynergistes'' Yang et al. 2021 **** Family Thermovirgaceae Pradel et al. 2023 ***** Genus '' Thermovirga'' Dahle and Birkeland 2006

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1318124 Subphyla