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Vaginal Flora
Vaginal flora, vaginal microbiota or vaginal microbiome are the microorganisms that colonize the vagina. They were discovered by the German gynecologist Albert Döderlein in 1892 and are part of the overall human flora. The amount and type of bacteria present have significant implications for an individual's overall health. The primary colonizing bacteria of a healthy individual are of the genus ''Lactobacillus'', such as ''Lactobacillus crispatus, L. crispatus'', and the lactic acid they produce is thought to protect against infection by pathogenic species. Lactobacilli The primary colonizing bacteria of a healthy individual are of the genus ''Lactobacillus'' (90–95%), the most common being ''Lactobacillus crispatus, L. crispatus'', ''Lactobacillus iners, L. iners'', ''Lactobacillus jensenii, L. jensenii'', and ''Lactobacillus gasseri, L. gasseri''. Since the first description of lactobacilli by Döderlein, lactobacilli have been generally considered the gatekeepers of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactobacillus Sp 01
''Lactobacillus'' is a genus of gram-positive, aerotolerant anaerobes or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria. Until 2020, the genus ''Lactobacillus'' comprised over 260 phylogenetically, ecologically, and metabolically diverse species; a taxonomic revision of the genus assigned lactobacilli to 25 genera (see below). ''Lactobacillus'' species constitute a significant component of the human and animal microbiota at a number of body sites, such as the digestive system and the female genital system. In women of European ancestry, ''Lactobacillus'' species are normally a major part of the vaginal microbiota. ''Lactobacillus'' forms biofilms in the vaginal and gut microbiota, allowing them to persist in harsh environmental conditions and maintain ample populations. ''Lactobacillus'' exhibits a mutualistic relationship with the human body, as it protects the host against potential invasions by pathogens, and in turn, the host provides a source of nutrients. Lact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prevotella Bivia
''Prevotella bivia'' is a species of bacteria in the genus ''Prevotella''. It is gram-negative. It is one cause of pelvic inflammatory disease. Other ''Prevotella'' spp. are members of the oral and vaginal microbiota, and are recovered from anaerobic infections of the respiratory tract. These infections include aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess, pulmonary empyema, and chronic otitis media and sinusitis. Other species have been isolated from abscesses and burns in the vicinity of the mouth, bites, paronychia, urinary tract infection, brain abscesses, osteomyelitis, and bacteremia associated with upper respiratory tract infections. ''Prevotella'' spp. predominate in periodontal disease Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. It is considered the main c ... and periodontal abscesses. The genus also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycoplasma Hominis
''Mycoplasma hominis'' (also known as ''Metamycoplasma hominis'') is a species of bacteria in the genus '' Mycoplasma''. ''M.hominis'' has the ability to penetrate the interior of human cells. Along with ureaplasmas, mycoplasmas are the smallest free-living organisms known. They have no cell wall and therefore do not Gram stain. ''Mycoplasma hominis'' is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and bacterial vaginosis. It is also associated with male infertility. This species causes a sexually transmitted infection. It is susceptible to the antibiotic clindamycin. Growth of "fried egg" colonies on glucose agar medium within 24–48 hours is a characteristic of ''Mycoplasma hominis''. This pathogen may latently infect the chorionic villi tissues of pregnant women, thereby impacting pregnancy outcome. Biology and biochemistry Type and morphology ''Mycoplasma hominis'' is an opportunistic human mycoplasma species residing in the lower urogenital tract. It is a common h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prevotella
''Prevotella'' is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria. ''Prevotella'' species are widely distributed across varied ecological habitats, with 57 characterized species spanning both human and other mammalian hosts. In mammals, this genus is notably prevalent in the swine gut microbiome. In humans, ''Prevotella'' species are members of the oral, vaginal, and gut microbiota and are often recovered from anaerobic infections of the respiratory tract. These infections include aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess, pulmonary empyema, and chronic otitis media and sinusitis. They have been isolated from abscesses and burns in the vicinity of the mouth, bites, paronychia, urinary tract infection, brain abscesses, osteomyelitis, and bacteremia associated with upper respiratory tract infections. ''Prevotella'' spp. predominate in periodontal disease and periodontal abscesses. Role in gut microbiota The human gut is mainly inhabited by two phyla of bacteria—''Bacillota'' and ''Bacteroidot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atopobium Vaginae
''Fannyhessea vaginae'' is a species of bacteria in the family ''Atopobiaceae''. It is a facultative anaerobic organism, anaerobic, Gram-positive rod-shaped or elliptical coccobacillus found as single elements or in pairs or short chains. It is typically isolated from 80% of women with bacterial vaginosis and it is implicated in treatment failures. Invasive infections such as bacteremia have been reported. See also * List of bacterial orders * List of bacteria genera References Further reading * * * * External links * Type strain of ''Atopobium vaginae'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase Coriobacteriaceae Bacterial vaginosis Bacteria described in 1999 {{actinobacteria-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacterial Vaginosis
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection of the vagina caused by excessive growth of bacteria. Common symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that often smells like fish. The discharge is usually white or gray in color. Burning with urination may occur. Itching is uncommon. Occasionally, there may be no symptoms. Having BV approximately doubles the risk of infection by a number of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. It also increases the risk of early delivery among pregnant women. BV is caused by an imbalance of the naturally occurring bacteria in the vagina. There is a change in the most common type of bacteria and a hundred to thousandfold increase in total numbers of bacteria present. Typically, bacteria other than ''Lactobacilli'' become more common. Risk factors include douching, new or multiple sex partners, antibiotics, and using an intrauterine device, among others. However, it is not considered a sexually transmitted infection and, unlike g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lactobacillus Vaginalis
''Limosilactobacillus vaginalis'' is a lactic acid bacterium that is a normal, but infrequent part of the vaginal microbiome. Discovery and taxonomy The species was identified by Embley and his coworkers in the course of a vaccine development against trichomoniasis. The vaginal secretions of women suffering from trichomoniasis were examined for the presence of certain proposed ''Lactobacillus'' strains exhibiting mutualistic behavior with ''Trichomonas vaginalis'', facilitating sustainment of infection. The isolates initially designated '' Limosilactobacillus fermentum'' were compared to the reference strains of a number of heterofermentative species using the DNA–DNA hybridization method, and have shown a maximal DNA homology of 35% with ''Limosilactobacillus reuteri'', far below the standard threshold of 70% recommended for species delineation. The new species ''L. vaginalis'' with type strain NCTC 12197 was proposed, and the description of its carbohydrate fermentation patt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trichomonas Vaginalis
''Trichomonas vaginalis'' is an Anaerobic organism, anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of a Sexually transmitted infection, sexually transmitted disease called trichomoniasis. It is the most common pathogenic protozoan that infects humans in industrialized countries. Infection rates in men and women are similar but women are usually symptomatic, while infections in men are usually asymptomatic. Transmission usually occurs via direct, skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual, most often through vaginal intercourse. It is estimated that 160 million cases of infection are acquired annually worldwide. The estimates for North America alone are between 5 and 8 million new infections each year, with an estimated rate of asymptomatic cases as high as 50%. Usually treatment consists of either metronidazole or tinidazole. More recent studies on Trichomonas vaginalis have shed light on the parasite’s evolution, genomic complexity, and pathogenesis proc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Herpes Simplex Virus
Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are two members of the Herpesviridae#Human herpesvirus types, human ''Herpesviridae'' family, a set of viruses that produce Viral disease, viral infections in the majority of humans. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 are very common and Infectious disease, contagious. They can be spread when an infected person begins viral shedding, shedding the virus. As of 2016, about 67% of the world population under the age of 50 had HSV-1. In the United States, about 47.8% and 11.9% are estimated to have HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively, though actual prevalence may be much higher. Because it can be transmitted through any intimate contact, it is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Symptoms Many of those who are infected never develop symptoms. Symptoms, when they occur, may include watery blisters in the Human skin, skin of any location of the body, or in mucous membranes of the mouth, lips, nose, genitals, or eyes (herpes simplex ker ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacterial Vaginosis
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an infection of the vagina caused by excessive growth of bacteria. Common symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that often smells like fish. The discharge is usually white or gray in color. Burning with urination may occur. Itching is uncommon. Occasionally, there may be no symptoms. Having BV approximately doubles the risk of infection by a number of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS. It also increases the risk of early delivery among pregnant women. BV is caused by an imbalance of the naturally occurring bacteria in the vagina. There is a change in the most common type of bacteria and a hundred to thousandfold increase in total numbers of bacteria present. Typically, bacteria other than ''Lactobacilli'' become more common. Risk factors include douching, new or multiple sex partners, antibiotics, and using an intrauterine device, among others. However, it is not considered a sexually transmitted infection and, unlike g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glycogen Structure
Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria. It is the main storage form of glucose in the human body. Glycogen functions as one of three regularly used forms of energy reserves, creatine phosphate being for very short-term, glycogen being for short-term and the triglyceride stores in adipose tissue (i.e., body fat) being for long-term storage. Protein, broken down into amino acids, is seldom used as a main energy source except during starvation and glycolytic crisis ''(see bioenergetic systems)''. In humans, glycogen is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and skeletal muscle. In the liver, glycogen can make up 5–6% of the organ's fresh weight: the liver of an adult, weighing 1.5 kg, can store roughly 100–120 grams of glycogen. In skeletal muscle, glycogen is found in a low concentration (1–2% of the muscle mass): the skeletal muscle of an adult weighing 70 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteriocin
Bacteriocins are proteinaceous or peptide, peptidic toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strain(s). They are similar to yeast and paramecium killing factors, and are structurally, functionally, and ecologically diverse. Applications of bacteriocins are being tested to assess their application as narrow-spectrum antibiotics. Bacteriocins were first discovered by André Gratia in 1925. He was involved in the process of searching for ways to kill bacteria, which also resulted in the development of antibiotics and the discovery of bacteriophage, all within a span of a few years. He called his first discovery a ''colicine'' because it was made by ''Escherichia coli, E. coli.'' Classification Bacteriocins are categorized in several ways, including producing strain, common resistance mechanisms, and mechanism of killing. There are several large categories of bacteriocin which are only phenomenologically related. These include t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
