Sydney Gardens (originally known as Bath Vauxhall Gardens) is a public open space at the end of
Great Pulteney Street
Great Pulteney Street is a grand thoroughfare that connects Bathwick on the east of the River Avon with the City of Bath, England via the Robert Adam designed Pulteney Bridge. Viewed from the city side of the bridge the road leads directly to t ...
in
Bath, Somerset
Bath (Received Pronunciation, RP: , ) is a city in Somerset, England, known for and named after its Roman Baths (Bath), Roman-built baths. At the 2021 census, the population was 94,092. Bath is in the valley of the River Avon, Bristol, River A ...
, England. The gardens are the only remaining eighteenth-century pleasure (or "Vauxhall") gardens in the country. They are Grade II listed on the
.
[
The gardens were laid out in the 1790s, to plans by Thomas Baldwin which were completed by Charles Harcourt Masters, as a commercial pleasure garden with a variety of attractions. Features included a maze, grotto, sham castle and an artificial rural scene with moving figures powered by a clockwork mechanism. Events included promenades and public breakfasts which were attended by ]Jane Austen
Jane Austen ( ; 16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist known primarily for #List of works, her six novels, which implicitly interpret, critique, and comment on the English landed gentry at the end of the 18th century ...
among others. It was also the venue for an annual flower show. The layout was affected by the construction of the Kennet & Avon Canal
The Kennet and Avon Canal is a waterway in southern England with an overall length of , made up of two lengths of Navigability, navigable river linked by a canal. The name is used to refer to the entire length of the navigation rather than sol ...
in 1810 and the Great Western Railway
The Great Western Railway (GWR) was a History of rail transport in Great Britain, British railway company that linked London with the southwest, west and West Midlands (region), West Midlands of England and most of Wales. It was founded in 1833, ...
in 1840 which pass through the park. The gardens later fell into decline. In 1908, the site was bought by the local council and reopened as a park. Since 2015, work has been undertaken to improve the environment of the park and provide additional attractions for visitors.
The Sydney Hotel, which was built with the gardens, was the centre for entertainment. It is now the Holburne Museum
The Holburne Museum (formerly known as the Holburne of Menstrie Museum and the Holburne Museum of Art) is located in Sydney Pleasure Gardens, Bath, Somerset, England. The city's first public art gallery, the Grade I listed building, is home to ...
. Other structures including the walls and bridges connected with the canal and railway are listed building
In the United Kingdom, a listed building is a structure of particular architectural or historic interest deserving of special protection. Such buildings are placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Hi ...
s along with small buildings now known as the pavilion and Minerva's temple and the public conveniences
A public toilet, restroom, bathroom or washroom is a room or small building with toilets (or urinals) and sinks for use by the general public. The facilities are available to customers, travelers, employees of a business, school pupils or pris ...
.
History
After the redevelopment and renaming of Vauxhall Gardens
Vauxhall Gardens is a public park in Kennington in the London Borough of Lambeth, England, on the south bank of the River Thames.
Originally known as New Spring Gardens, it is believed to have opened before the Restoration of 1660, being me ...
in London in the 1780s, pleasure garden
A pleasure garden is a park or garden that is open to the public for recreation and entertainment. Pleasure gardens differ from other public gardens by serving as venues for entertainment, variously featuring such attractions as concert halls, b ...
s were opened in many cities in the United Kingdom and later elsewhere in the world. These often incorporated Vauxhall into their titles as with the Bath Vauxhall Gardens. The gardens were constructed in the 1790s, opening in 1795 as a commercial pleasure grounds, following the development of Bathwick
Bathwick is an area and electoral ward in the city of Bath, in the Bath and North East Somerset district, in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England, on the opposite bank of the River Avon to the historic city centre.
The district became pa ...
by Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet
Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet (born William Johnstone; October 1729 – 30 May 1805) was a Scottish lawyer, Whig politician and landowner who sat in the British House of Commons between 1768 and 1805. One of the wealthiest Britons duri ...
, across the River Avon from the city centre. It was funded by selling £100 shares. The original plans were by Thomas Baldwin and completed by Charles Harcourt Masters who included labyrinth
In Greek mythology, the Labyrinth () is an elaborate, confusing structure designed and built by the legendary artificer Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos. Its function was to hold the Minotaur, the monster eventually killed by the h ...
, grotto, sham castle and an artificial rural scene with moving figures powered by a clockwork mechanism. The gardens were illuminated by over 15,000 "variegated lamps".
The Sydney Hotel was built within the gardens. It later became the Holburne Museum
The Holburne Museum (formerly known as the Holburne of Menstrie Museum and the Holburne Museum of Art) is located in Sydney Pleasure Gardens, Bath, Somerset, England. The city's first public art gallery, the Grade I listed building, is home to ...
. The original design for the hotel, prepared by Thomas Baldwin in 1794, was a two-storey building which would serve the pleasure gardens. After Baldwin was bankrupted his design for the hotel was not implemented. Instead a three-storey building was designed by Charles Harcourt Masters. The foundation stone was laid in 1796 and the building was ready by 1799. Visitors entered the gardens through the hotel. Projecting from the rear of the building at first floor level was a conservatory and a semi-circular orchestra with a wide covered loggia
In architecture, a loggia ( , usually , ) is a covered exterior Long gallery, gallery or corridor, often on an upper level, sometimes on the ground level of a building. The corridor is open to the elements because its outer wall is only parti ...
below. Two semi-circular rows of supper boxes projected from the sides of the building.
The gardens were used daily for promenades and public breakfasts which were attended by Jane Austen
Jane Austen ( ; 16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist known primarily for #List of works, her six novels, which implicitly interpret, critique, and comment on the English landed gentry at the end of the 18th century ...
among others. At public breakfasts tea, coffee, rolls and Sally Lunn bun
A Sally Lunn is a large bun or teacake, a type of batter bread, made with a yeast dough including cream and eggs, similar to the sweet brioche breads of France. Sometimes served warm and sliced, with butter, it was first recorded in 1780 in t ...
s were served at about midday, followed by dancing. There were generally three evening galas each summer, usually on the birthdays of George III
George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland, Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. The Acts of Union 1800 unified Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain and ...
and the Prince of Wales
Prince of Wales (, ; ) is a title traditionally given to the male heir apparent to the History of the English monarchy, English, and later, the British throne. The title originated with the Welsh rulers of Kingdom of Gwynedd, Gwynedd who, from ...
, and in July to coincide with the Bath races. During these galas the gardens were lit with thousands of lamps and the guests took supper accompanied by music and fireworks. Breakfasts, coffee-drinking, newspaper-reading and card-playing took place in the ground floor of the hotel and dancing in a ballroom on the first floor. All the rooms could be hired for private parties and meetings. In September 1802 André-Jacques Garnerin
André-Jacques Garnerin (31 January 1769 – 18 August 1823) was a French balloonist and the inventor of the frameless parachute. He was appointed Official Aeronaut of France.
Biography
André-Jacques Garnerin was born in Paris. During the fir ...
took off from the gardens in his hot air balloon
A hot air balloon is a lighter-than-air aircraft consisting of a bag, called an envelope, which contains heated air. Suspended beneath is a gondola or wicker basket (in some long-distance or high-altitude balloons, a capsule), which carri ...
.
Around 1810 the Kennet & Avon Canal
The Kennet and Avon Canal is a waterway in southern England with an overall length of , made up of two lengths of Navigability, navigable river linked by a canal. The name is used to refer to the entire length of the navigation rather than sol ...
was built through the gardens with the canal company paying 2,000 guinea
Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Côte d'Ivoire to the southeast, and Sier ...
s and being required to include 'neat iron bridges'. Around the same time a clockwork moving model of a village with flowing water, known as "The Cascade" was constructed, however it was not well received and was removed within 10 years. In 1824 an aviary and cosmorama
A cosmorama is an exhibition of perspective pictures of different places in the world, usually world landmarks. Careful use of illumination and lenses gives the images greater realism.
Cosmorama was also the name of an entertainment in 19th cent ...
were added to the attractions. In 1840 the route of the Great Western Railway
The Great Western Railway (GWR) was a History of rail transport in Great Britain, British railway company that linked London with the southwest, west and West Midlands (region), West Midlands of England and most of Wales. It was founded in 1833, ...
also cut through the area, with the loss of several of the original buildings. In the 1860s a gymnasium and bandstand were constructed and courts laid for tennis, archery
Archery is the sport, practice, or skill of using a Bow and arrow, bow to shooting, shoot arrows.Paterson ''Encyclopaedia of Archery'' p. 17 The word comes from the Latin ''arcus'', meaning bow. Historically, archery has been used for hunting ...
and croquet
Croquet ( or ) is a sport which involves hitting wooden, plastic, or composite balls with a mallet through hoops (often called Wicket, "wickets" in the United States) embedded in a grass playing court.
Variations
In all forms of croquet, in ...
. During the first half of the 19th century the gardens hosted shows by the Bath Horticultural and Floral Society (which later became the Royal Bath and West Show
The Royal Bath and West is an agricultural show for the West of England. Held every year at its permanent show ground near Shepton Mallet, Somerset, it is one of a number of County shows in the United Kingdom and is a four-day show. In 2009 and ...
).[ These were very popular and in 1877 ]Halfpenny Bridge
Halfpenny Bridge is a bridge across the River Thames, at Lechlade, Gloucestershire, England. The bridge and its toll house are a Grade II listed building.
It marks the start of the navigable Thames, although if the waters are high, the Thames c ...
, a pedestrian toll bridge, crossing the River Avon from Bath Spa railway station
Bath Spa railway station is the principal station serving the city of Bath, Somerset, Bath in Somerset, England. It is on the Great Western Main Line, down the line from the zero point at between to the east and to the west. It is the busies ...
to Widcombe collapsed with the loss of about 10 lives amongst a large crowd going to the show in Sydney Gardens.
In 1836 the hotel was changed into a private lodging house and an extra storey of bedrooms added. The two watchman's boxes outside the museum were added around 1840. From 1853 until 1880 the building was let to the Bath Proprietary College. In 1891 the original 99-year lease of Sydney Gardens expired and its financial affairs had to be wound up. The hotel and gardens were then sold, with plans published for the construction of a five-storey hotel to be built on the site. These plans were abandoned when the Empire Hotel was built on the opposite of the River Avon instead.
The site was bought by Bath City Council in 1908 and reopened to the public in 1913. The building remained empty and derelict until 1913 when it was acquired by the trustees of the Holburne of Menstrie Museum. Sir Reginald Blomfield
Sir Reginald Theodore Blomfield (20 December 1856 – 27 December 1942) was a prolific British architect, garden designer and author of the Victorian and Edwardian period.
Early life and career
Blomfield was born at Bow rectory in Devon, w ...
was appointed to carry out the extensive restoration and alterations necessary to render the building suitable for museum purposes. The new Holburne Museum
The Holburne Museum (formerly known as the Holburne of Menstrie Museum and the Holburne Museum of Art) is located in Sydney Pleasure Gardens, Bath, Somerset, England. The city's first public art gallery, the Grade I listed building, is home to ...
opened to the public on 6 June 1916. Throughout the 20th century the council parks committee carried out some restoration of some of the structures however others were demolished when the cost of repair was prohibitive. In the 1950s concerts and other entertainment events were staged and although well attended did not make a profit.
In 2015 a £250,000 project to improve the environment of the park and public access was announced. This resulted in a grant of £332,000 from the Heritage Lottery Fund
The National Lottery Heritage Fund, formerly the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF), distributes a share of National Lottery funding, supporting a wide range of heritage projects across the United Kingdom.
History
The fund's predecessor bodies were ...
and Big Lottery Fund
The National Lottery Community Fund, legally named the Big Lottery Fund, is a non-departmental public body responsible for distributing funds raised by the National Lottery for " good causes".
It is the largest community funder in the UK and ...
. The grant will be used to provide a range of activities, improve landscaping and restore some historic buildings. A further grant of £2.7 million was awarded in 2018, for conservation and opening up of currently closed areas of the park from 2020. The Loggia, Minerva's Temple and the Edwardian toilets will be restored, and a café and toilets are planned for near the play area.
Archaeology
In June 2021, L-P archaeologists have announced the discovery of a 2,000 year-old limestone
Limestone is a type of carbonate rock, carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material Lime (material), lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different Polymorphism (materials science) ...
Roman coffin
A coffin or casket is a funerary box used for viewing or keeping a corpse, for burial, entombment or cremation. Coffins are sometimes referred to as caskets, particularly in American English.
A distinction is commonly drawn between "coffins" a ...
with the remains of two skeletons. The coffin was uncovered in a grave approximately two metres long, 60 cm wide and 50 cm deep. One of the preserved bodies was uncovered in a prone position with the fractional remains of another body positioned at its feet. Explorers also revealed a small pot containing food remains, as well as artifacts including small red and blue glass beads, very likely left as votive offerings.
Garden structures
The high Minerva's Temple was built in 1911 for the Festival of Empire
The 1911 Festival of Empire was the biggest single event held at the Crystal Palace in London since its opening. It opened on 12 May and was one of the events to celebrate the coronation of King George V. The original intention had been that Ed ...
at The Crystal Palace
The Crystal Palace was a cast iron and plate glass structure, originally built in Hyde Park, London, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. The exhibition took place from 1 May to 15 October 1851, and more than 14,000 exhibitors from around ...
. It was then moved to Sydney Gardens. The front of the building has four fluted
Fluting may refer to:
*Fluting (architecture)
*Fluting (firearms)
*Fluting (geology)
* Fluting (glacial)
*Fluting (paper)
*Playing a flute (musical instrument)
Arts, entertainment, and media
*Fluting on the Hump
''Fluting on the Hump'' is the ...
Corinthian columns. The pavilion was originally a gardener's cottage or lodge when it was built around 1840, it was later used as a cloakroom. The loggia was built in the 18th century but reduced in size in the 20th.
The Kennet & Avon Canal passes through the gardens via two short tunnels and under two cast iron
Cast iron is a class of iron–carbon alloys with a carbon content of more than 2% and silicon content around 1–3%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloying elements determine the form in which its car ...
footbridges dating from 1800. Cleveland Tunnel is long and runs under Cleveland House, the former headquarters of the Kennet & Avon Canal Company and now a Grade II* listed building
In the United Kingdom, a listed building is a structure of particular architectural or historic interest deserving of special protection. Such buildings are placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Hi ...
. A trap-door in the tunnel roof was used to pass paperwork between clerks above and bargees below. The iron footbridge over the canal was designed by John Rennie and built in 1800 using metalwork from the Coalbrookdale
Coalbrookdale is a town in the Ironbridge Gorge and the Telford and Wrekin borough of Shropshire, England, containing a settlement of great significance in the history of iron ore smelting. It lies within the civil parish called The Gorge, Shro ...
Foundry.
There are also foot and road bridges over the railway which were designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel
Isambard Kingdom Brunel ( ; 9 April 1806 – 15 September 1859) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer who is considered "one of the most ingenious and prolific figures in engineering history", "one of the 19th-century engi ...
and built in 1840, as were the retaining walls. Even the cast iron public conveniences
A public toilet, restroom, bathroom or washroom is a room or small building with toilets (or urinals) and sinks for use by the general public. The facilities are available to customers, travelers, employees of a business, school pupils or pris ...
built in 1910, are listed buildings.
References
Bibliography
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External links
Sydney Gardens consultation
Bath and North East Somerset Council
Bath and North East Somerset Council is the local authority for Bath and North East Somerset, a local government district in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England. The council is a unitary authority, being a district council which also pe ...
, 13 June 2016
{{Authority control
Parks and open spaces in Bath, Somerset
1790s establishments in England
Grade II Historic Parks in England
Pleasure gardens in England