Struma (river)

The Struma or Strymonas (, ; , ) is a river in Bulgaria and Greece. Its ancient name was Strymon (, ). Its drainage area is , of which in Bulgaria, in Greece and the remaining in North Macedonia and Serbia. It takes its source from the Vitosha Mountain in Bulgaria, runs first westward, then southward, forming a number of gorges, enters Greece near the village of Promachonas in eastern Macedonia. In Greece it is the main waterway feeding and exiting from Lake Kerkini, a significant centre for migratory wildfowl. Also in Greece, the river entirely flows in the Serres regional unit into the Strymonian Gulf in Aegean Sea, near Amphipolis. The river's length is (of which in Bulgaria, making it the country's fifth-longest and one of the longest rivers that run solely in the interior of the Balkans.

Parts of the river valley belong to a Bulgarian coal-producing area, more significant in the past than nowadays; the southern part of the Bulgarian section is an important wine region. The Greek portion is a valley which is dominant in agriculture, being Greece's fourth-biggest valley. The tributaries include the Konska River, the Dragovishtitsa, the Rilska River, the Blagoevgradska Bistritsa, the Sandanska Bistritsa, the Strumitsa, the Pirinska Bistritsa and the Angitis.

Etymology

The river's name comes from Thracian , derived from Proto-Indo-European ''*'' 'stream', akin to English ''stream'', Old Irish 'river', Polish 'stream', Lithuanian ''straumuo'' 'fast stream', Bulgarian () 'water flow', Greek () 'stream', Albanian 'water flow', 'rain'.

The name ''Strymón'' was a hydronym in ancient Greek mythology, referring to a mythical Thracian king that was drowned in the river. Strymón was also used as a personal name in various regions of Ancient Greece during the 3rd century BC.

In Macedonian it is called Струма ; while in , 'black water').

History

In 437 BC, the ancient Greek city of Amphipolis was founded near the river's entrance to the Aegean, at the site previously known as ('Nine roads'). When Xerxes I of Persia crossed the river during his invasion in 480 BC he buried alive nine young boys and nine maidens as a sacrifice to the river god. The forces of Alexander I of Macedon defeated the remnants of Xerxes' army near Ennea Hodoi in 479 BC. In 424 BC the Spartan general Brasidas after crossing the entire Greek peninsula sieged and conquered Amphipolis. According to the ancient sources, the river was navigable from its mouth up to the ancient (and today dried) Cercinitis lake, which also favored the navigation; and thus was formed in antiquity an important waterway that served the communication between the coasts of Strymonian Gulf and the Thracian hinterland and almost to the city of Serres.

The decisive Battle of Kleidion was fought close the river in 1014 between the Bulgarians under Emperor Samuel and the Byzantines under Emperor Basil II and determined the fall of the First Bulgarian Empire four years later. In 1913, the Greek Army was nearly surrounded in the Kresna Gorge of the Struma by the Bulgarian Army during the Second Balkan War, and the Greeks were forced to ask for armistice.

The river valley was part of the Macedonian front in World War I. The ship , which took Jewish refugees out of Romania in World War II and was torpedoed and sunk in the Black Sea, causing nearly 800 deaths, was named after the river.

Protected areas and ecology

The river's mouth and Lake Kerkini, a lake that the river is feeding and exiting, are both national parks and part of the Natura 2000 network. More than 300 bird species have been observed at these locations and some of them are considered endangered or vulnerable, like the saker falcon, the eastern imperial eagle and the greater spotted eagle. The Greek lamprey, which is listed as a critically endangered species on the IUCN Red List and is considered the rarest species of lamprey in the world, is only found at the Struma basin and the basin of the much smaller Louros river.

Gallery

File:StrumaatKresnaGorge.jpg, Struma at Kresna Gorge
Image:Struma Winter.jpg, Struma near the city of Blagoevgrad in winter
File:Εκβολές Στρυμόνα.jpg, Strymon estuary
File:Loewe von Amphipolis (2018).jpg, Lion of Amphipolis; Via Egnatia, west side of Strymonas
File:Greek Army Strymon WWI.jpg, Greek soldiers at Strymon during WWI
Struma river mouth.jpg, Struma river mouth
Strymonriver.jpg, Struma river from the bridge next to the Lion of Amphipolis facing the beach of Ofryni Beach (Tuzla)

Honour

*Struma Glacier on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Struma River.

Notes

External links

Livius.org: Strymon

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Rivers of Bulgaria
Rivers of Greece
International rivers of Europe
Landforms of Kyustendil Province
Landforms of Pernik Province
Landforms of Sofia City Province
Landforms of Serres (regional unit)
Geography of Macedonia (region)
Landforms of Central Macedonia