Stephen Pearl Andrews (March 22, 1812 – May 21, 1886) was an American

libertarian socialist Libertarian socialism is an anti-authoritarian and anti-capitalist political current that emphasises self-governance and workers' self-management. It is contrasted from other forms of socialism by its rejection of state ownership and from other ...

individualist anarchist Individualist anarchism or anarcho-individualism is a collection of anarchist currents that generally emphasize the individual and their will over external determinants such as groups, society, traditions, and ideological systems. Individuali ...

linguist Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The areas of linguistic analysis are syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences), semantics (meaning), Morphology (linguistics), morphology (structure of words), phonetics (speech sounds ...

political philosopher Political philosophy studies the theoretical and conceptual foundations of politics. It examines the nature, scope, and legitimacy of political institutions, such as states. This field investigates different forms of government, ranging from de ...

, and outspoken

abolitionist Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, is the political movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved individuals around the world. The first country to fully outlaw slavery was Kingdom of France, France in 1315, but it was later used ...

Life

Andrews was born on March 22, 1812 in Templeton, Massachusetts. His father, Elisha Andrews, was a Baptist clergyman and revivalist. He graduated from the Classics department at Amherst College. He studied law and was admitted to the state bar in 1833. He moved to New Orleans where he became a wealthy lawyer and slaveowner. He was converted by abolitionism and became an abolitionist leader. He moved to Houston, Texas in 1839. He was a prominent advocate for abolitionism in the Republic of Texas and an active member of the Liberty Party. Andrews was mobbed for his abolitionist rhetoric in Texas, prompting him to leave the state in 1843 for England. In England, he sought funds to buy slaves in the United States in order to free them. By the end of the 1840s, Andrews began to focus his energies on utopian communities. Fellow

Josiah Warren Josiah Warren (; June 26, 1798 – April 14, 1874) was an American Reformism (historical), social reformer, inventor, musician, businessman, and philosopher. He is regarded as the first American Philosophical anarchism, philosophical anarchist ...

was responsible for Andrew's conversion to radical individualism and in 1851 they established Modern Times in

Brentwood, New York Brentwood is a Hamlet (New York), hamlet in the Islip, New York, Town of Islip in Suffolk County, New York, Suffolk County, on Long Island, in New York (state), New York, United States. The population was 62,387 at the 2020 Census, making it the m ...

. He was elected an Associate Fellow of the

American Academy of Arts and Sciences The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (The Academy) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, and other ...

in 1846. In 1857, Andrews established the Unitary Homes on East 14 St. and Stuyvesant St. in New York City. Andrews was a supporter of the woman suffrage movement.

Thought

In the 1870s, Andrews promoted Joseph Rodes Buchanan's psychometry besides his own universology predicting that

a priori ('from the earlier') and ('from the later') are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, Justification (epistemology), justification, or argument by their reliance on experience. knowledge is independent from any ...

derived knowledge would supersede empirical science as exact science. Andrews was also considered a leader in the religious movement of

spiritualism Spiritualism may refer to: * Spiritual church movement, a group of Spiritualist churches and denominations historically based in the African-American community * Spiritualism (beliefs), a metaphysical belief that the world is made up of at leas ...

."Stephen Pearl Andrews.; Death of the Well Known Abolitionist, Philosopher, and Linguist"
''

The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...

''. May 23, 1886. Retrieved March 31, 2019.

Anarcho-syndicalist Anarcho-syndicalism is an anarchist organisational model that centres trade unions as a vehicle for class conflict. Drawing from the theory of libertarian socialism and the practice of syndicalism, anarcho-syndicalism sees trade unions as both ...

Rudolf Rocker called Andrews a significant exponent of

libertarian socialism Libertarian socialism is an anti-authoritarian and anti-capitalist political current that emphasises self-governance and workers' self-management. It is contrasted from other forms of socialism by its rejection of state ownership and from other ...

in the United States. Andrews' individualist anarchism is a form of economic mutualism.

Personal life

In 1835, he married Mary Ann Gordon, with whom he had four children. He died at the residence of his son in New York City on May 21, 1886.

Works

* ''The Phonographic Reader: A Complete Course of Inductive Reading Lessons in Phonography'' (1846), with Augustus Boyle * ''Cost the Limit of Price'' (1851) * ''The true Constitution of Government in the Sovereignty of the Individual'' (1851) *
The Science of Society
' (1851) * ''The Sovereignty of the Individual'' (1853) * ''Discoveries in Chinese or the Symbolism of the Primitive Characters'' (1854) * ''Principles of Nature, Original Physiocracy, the New Order of Government'' (1857) * ''The Pantarchy'' (1871) *
The Primary Synopsis of Universology and Alwato: The New Scientific Universal Language
' (1871) *
The Basic Outline of Universology
' (1872) * ''The Primary Grammar of Alwato'' (1877) *
The Labor Dollar
' (1881) * ''Elements of Universology'' (1881) * ''The New Civilization'' (1885)

Notes

External links