Stainmore is a remote geographic area in the

Pennines The Pennines (), also known as the Pennine Chain or Pennine Hills, are a range of uplands running between three regions of Northern England: North West England on the west, North East England and Yorkshire and the Humber on the east. Commonly ...

on the border of

Cumbria Cumbria ( ) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England, bordering Scotland. The county and Cumbria County Council, its local government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. ...

, County Durham and

North Yorkshire North Yorkshire is the largest ceremonial county (lieutenancy area) in England, covering an area of . Around 40% of the county is covered by national parks, including most of the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors. It is one of four cou ...

. The name is used for a

civil parish In England, a civil parish is a type of Parish (administrative division), administrative parish used for Local government in England, local government. It is a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government below district ...

in the

Eden District Eden is a local government district in Cumbria, England, based at Penrith Town Hall in Penrith. It is named after the River Eden, which flows north through the district toward Carlisle. Its population of 49,777 at the 2001 census, increas ...

, England, including the villages of North Stainmore and South Stainmore. The parish had a population of 253 in the 2001 census, increasing to 264 at the Census 2011. Stainmore

Forest A forest is an area of land dominated by trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations' ...

stretches further east into County Durham, towards

Bowes Bowes is a village in County Durham, England. Located in the Pennine hills, it is situated close to Barnard Castle. It is built around the medieval Bowes Castle. Geography and administration Civic history Bowes lies within the historic count ...

Geography

Stainmore is drained by the

River Belah The River Belah is a river in the county of Cumbria in England. Its name derives from the Old English word and means the "Roaring River". The Belah is formed by the confluence of several small streams or ''sikes'' draining most of north and ...

and the

River Balder The Balder is an English river that rises on the eastern slope of Stainmore Common in the Pennine Chain and flows eastwards for about 13 miles (21 km) to the River Tees at Cotherstone. The River Balder is in County Durham. The head of the ...

. It is crossed by the

Roman road Roman roads ( la, viae Romanae ; singular: ; meaning "Roman way") were physical infrastructure vital to the maintenance and development of the Roman state, and were built from about 300 BC through the expansion and consolidation of the Roman R ...

from

to Brough, now part of the A66, and formerly by the

Stainmore Railway The South Durham & Lancashire Union Railway (SD&LUR) built a railway line linking the Stockton & Darlington Railway near Bishop Auckland with the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway (the West Coast Main Line) at Tebay, via Barnard Castle, Stainmo ...

. Each of these lines of communication has made use of the relatively low broad saddle between the higher hills to north and south which is commonly referred to as the Stainmore Gap. The summit of the former railway is around above sea level, though the roads climb to slightly higher elevations. The Gap is coincident with the Stainmore Summit Fault which throws the relatively flat-lying Carboniferous rocks of the area down to the south. It acted as a conduit for Lake District-originated ice to pass eastwards during one or more

glacial periods A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances. Interglacials, on the other hand, are periods of warmer climate betwe ...

. There are several Regionally Important Geological / Geomorphological Sites (RIGS) in the Stainmore area, and

Bowes Moor Bowes Moor is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in the County Durham district in south-west County Durham, England. It is an extensive area of moorland, most of it covered by blanket bog, which supports significant breeding populations ...

is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The locality gives its name to the Stainmore Trough, a

geological structure Structural geology is the study of the three-dimensional distribution of rock units with respect to their deformational histories. The primary goal of structural geology is to use measurements of present-day rock geometries to uncover informati ...

originating during the Carboniferous period and which lies between the

Alston Block The Alston Block is a term used by geologists to describe the geological structure of the North Pennines of northern England and which forms a part of the Pennine Block & Basin Province which originated during the Carboniferous period. It is def ...

to the north and the

Askrigg Block The Askrigg Block is the name applied by geologists to the crustal block forming a part of the Pennines of northern England and which is essentially coincident with the Yorkshire Dales. It is defined by the Dent Fault to the west and the Craven ...

to the south.

History

The place-name 'Stainmore' is first attested in a document of circa 990, where it appears as ''Stanmoir''. It appears as ''Stanmore'' in the

Charter Rolls A charter roll is an administrative record created by a medieval chancery that recorded all the charters issued by that office. Origins In medieval England, King John in 1199 established a fixed rate of fees for the sealing of charters and lette ...

for the reign of Henry II, and as ''Staynmor'' in the

Quo Warranto In law, especially English and American common law, ''quo warranto'' (Medieval Latin for "by what warrant?") is a prerogative writ requiring the person to whom it is directed to show what authority they have for exercising some right, power, o ...

of 1292. The name means 'stony moor'. According to

Roger of Wendover Roger of Wendover (died 6 May 1236), probably a native of Wendover in Buckinghamshire, was an English chronicler of the 13th century. At an uncertain date he became a monk at St Albans Abbey; afterwards he was appointed prior of the cell of ...

, it was where

Eric Bloodaxe Eric Haraldsson ( non, Eiríkr Haraldsson , no, Eirik Haraldsson; died 954), nicknamed Bloodaxe ( non, blóðøx , no, Blodøks) and Brother-Slayer ( la, fratrum interfector), was a 10th-century Norwegian king. He ruled as King of Norway from ...

(d. 954), recently expelled from York, was betrayed and killed, an event which some historians believe to have taken place in a great

battle A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...

Ancient monuments In British law, an ancient monument is an early historical structure or monument (e.g. an archaeological site) worthy of preservation and study due to archaeological or heritage interest. The '' Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 19 ...

include a Roman

marching camp In the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, the Latin word ''castrum'', plural ''castra'', was a military-related term. In Latin usage, the singular form ''castrum'' meant 'fort', while the plural form ''castra'' meant 'camp'. The singular and ...

at Rey Cross and, immediately east of the camp, the

Rey Cross Rey Cross is the remains of a stone cross at Stainmore. It is also known as Rere Cross and is a Grade II* listed structure and a scheduled monument. It is located towards the western edge of County Durham, approximately east of the border wit ...

itself (), also called Rere Cross (Scheduled monument, no. 32713). The

Ecclesiastical parish A parish is a territorial entity in many Christian denominations, constituting a division within a diocese. A parish is under the pastoral care and clerical jurisdiction of a priest, often termed a parish priest, who might be assisted by one or m ...

of Brough with Stainmore has two churches: St Michael's,

Brough under Stainmore Brough (), sometimes known as Brough under Stainmore, is a village and civil parish in the Eden, Cumbria, Eden district of Cumbria, England, on the western fringe of the Pennines near Stainmore. The village is on the A66 road, A66 trans-Pennine ...

and St Stephen's, South Stainmore. St Stephen's was built by

Cuthbert Buckell Sir Cuthbert Buckle (also Buckell or Buckley) (?c. 1533; died 1594) was a 16th-century English merchant and Lord Mayor of London of Westmorland origins. Life Young life and marriages Born in Stainmore near Brough-under-Stainmore, Westmorland, h ...

in 1600 and rebuilt by

Henry Tufton, 11th Earl of Thanet Henry James Tufton, 11th Earl of Thanet (2 January 1775 – 12 June 1849) was a peer in the peerage of England and a noted English cricketer of the 1790s. Biography Henry Tufton belonged to an aristocratic family that was prominent in cricket ...

in 1842-3.

Gallery

References

External links

Cumbria County History Trust: Stainmore
(nb: provisional research only – see Talk page) {{Cumbria Geography of Cumbria

Civil parishes in Cumbria

Geography

History

Gallery

See also

References

Further reading

External links