The Stadium of Philippopolis was the ancient Roman

stadium A stadium (: stadiums or stadia) is a place or venue for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage completely or partially surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit ...

of Philippopolis (modern

Plovdiv Plovdiv (, ) is the List of cities and towns in Bulgaria, second-largest city in Bulgaria, 144 km (93 miles) southeast of the capital Sofia. It had a population of 490,983 and 675,000 in the greater metropolitan area. Plovdiv is a cultural hub ...

), built in the 2nd century AD, during the

Roman imperial period The Roman imperial period is the expansion of political and cultural influence of the Roman Empire. The period begins with the reign of Augustus (), and it is taken to end variously between the late 3rd and the late 4th century, with the beginnin ...

. It is among the largest and best preserved buildings from the time of the

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Roman people, Romans conquered most of this during the Roman Republic, Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of ...

in the

Balkan peninsula The Balkans ( , ), corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throug ...

. At the time the stadium was built, Philippopolis was the capital of the

Roman province The Roman provinces (, pl. ) were the administrative regions of Ancient Rome outside Roman Italy that were controlled by the Romans under the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire. Each province was ruled by a Roman appointed as Roman g ...

Thracia Thracia or Thrace () is the ancient name given to the southeastern Balkans, Balkan region, the land inhabited by the Thracians. Thrace was ruled by the Odrysian kingdom during the Classical Greece, Classical and Hellenistic period, Hellenis ...

. The stadium, approximately long and wide, could seat up to 30,000 spectators. Today, the northern curved part of the stadium (the ''sphendone'') is partially restored and is one of the most recognisable landmarks of the city among the many preserved buildings from Roman times.

Location

Today, the stadium is located in the centre of Plovdiv, under the main pedestrian street. The northern end of the edifice can be observed at Dzhumayata Square. The larger portion still lies beneath the buildings along the main street, running south from the visible part where parts are visible in basements of several shops. Unusually, it was situated within the fortified city close to the walls (most stadia elsewhere were placed outside the walls), in the natural bowl-shaped terrain between Taksim Tepe and Sahat Tepe.

Architecture

The stadium was built in the beginning of the 2nd century AD during the reign of the emperor

Hadrian Hadrian ( ; ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. Hadrian was born in Italica, close to modern Seville in Spain, an Italic peoples, Italic settlement in Hispania Baetica; his branch of the Aelia gens, Aelia '' ...

(). Approximately m long and 50 m wide, it could seat up to 30000 spectators. The length of the track is one ''stadion'' – 625

Roman feet The units of measurement of ancient Rome were generally consistent and well documented. Length The basic unit of Roman linear measurement was the ''pes'' (plural: ''pedes'') or Roman foot. Investigation of its relation to the English foot goes ...

or 600

Greek feet The pous ( podes; , ''poús'') or Greek foot ( feet) was a Greek unit of length of approximately 300mm or 12 inches. It had various subdivisions whose lengths varied by place and over time. 100 podes made up one plethron, 600 podes made ...

, or approximately . The spectators' seats are tiered in 14 rows, crossed by stepped aisles down to the track. The seats are made of solid marble blocks (40 cm high and 75 cm wide) and the front parts are decorated with stylized lion paws. The front part of the lowest row is revetted with massive marble 1.80-metre plates ( orthostats) on solid marble blocks. The seats from the highest row had backrests. Like the other imperial buildings for spectacular events, the stadium had its seats of honour () preserved by inscriptions in the marble blocks. Seats with Greek inscriptions were found, proving the existence of special seats for members of higher public position. The outside walls of the ''cavea'' are built from granite ashlars, labelled with letters at some places. The architectural marble elements of the entrance and the orthostats on the front row were tied to each other with lead-set iron cramps. The main southern entrance to the stadium is formed by masonry pillars decorated with marble

pilasters In architecture, a pilaster is both a load-bearing section of thickened wall or column integrated into a wall, and a purely decorative element in classical architecture which gives the appearance of a supporting column and articulates an ext ...

and reliefs. On the pilasters there are busts of

Hermes Hermes (; ) is an Olympian deity in ancient Greek religion and mythology considered the herald of the gods. He is also widely considered the protector of human heralds, travelers, thieves, merchants, and orators. He is able to move quic ...

('' hermai'') with prize vases decorated with palmettes placed above them, accompanied by the attributes of the god

Heracles Heracles ( ; ), born Alcaeus (, ''Alkaios'') or Alcides (, ''Alkeidēs''), was a Divinity, divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of ZeusApollodorus1.9.16/ref> and Alcmene, and the foster son of Amphitryon.By his adoptive descent through ...

(the Roman

Hercules Hercules (, ) is the Roman equivalent of the Greek divine hero Heracles, son of Jupiter and the mortal Alcmena. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures. The Romans adapted the Gr ...

) – his lion skin, club, and

quiver A quiver is a container for holding arrows or Crossbow bolt, bolts. It can be carried on an archer's body, the bow, or the ground, depending on the type of shooting and the archer's personal preference. Quivers were traditionally made of leath ...

. In front of the entrance a

granite Granite ( ) is a coarse-grained (phanerite, phaneritic) intrusive rock, intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica and alkali metal oxides that slowly coo ...

pavement was uncovered, consisting of hexagonal blocks – 0.70 by 0.70 m diagonally. The northern curved part of the stadium is ''in situ'' in Dzhumaya Square. Also a covered vaulted passage under the tiered rows of seats (''

cavea The ''cavea'' (Latin language, Latin for "enclosure") are the seating sections of Theatre of ancient Greece, Greek and Roman theatre (structure), Roman theatres and Roman amphitheatre, amphitheatres. In Roman theatres, the ''cavea'' is tradition ...

'') links the track with the outside Roman road next to the city walls. In the 4th century AD this area was crossed by an ancient

Roman aqueduct The Romans constructed aqueducts throughout their Republic and later Empire, to bring water from outside sources into cities and towns. Aqueduct water supplied public baths, latrines, fountains, and private households; it also supported min ...

, the arch support of which remains.

Games

According to the epigraphic and numismatic monuments games similar to the

Pythian Games The Pythian Games () were one of the four Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece. Founded circa the 6th century BCE, the festival was held in honor of the god Apollo and took place at his sanctuary in Delphi to commemorate the mytho-historic slayin ...

in Greece were held in the town. To honour the visit of the Roman emperor

Caracalla Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Lucius Septimius Bassianus, 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), better known by his nickname Caracalla (; ), was Roman emperor from 198 to 217 AD, first serving as nominal co-emperor under his father and then r ...

() in 214, the games were called "Alexandrian" while the games for the visit of his successor

Elagabalus Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus, 204 – 13 March 222), better known by his posthumous nicknames Elagabalus ( ) and Heliogabalus ( ), was Roman emperor from 218 to 222, while he was still a teenager. His short r ...

() in 218 were called "Kedrisian Games". The games were organised by the General Assembly of the province of Thrace (). In their honour the royal mint of Trimontium coined money featuring the face of the ruling emperor as well as the types of athletic events held in the ancient stadium. A marble slab stone was found during the excavations of the ''sphendone'', proving that there were games celebrating the deified lover of the emperor Hadrian –

Antinous Antinous, also called Antinoös, (; ; – ) was a Greek youth from Bithynia, a favourite and lover of the Roman emperor Hadrian. Following his premature death before his 20th birthday, Antinous was deified on Hadrian's orders, being worshippe ...

. The votive tablet dedicated to Antinous is exhibited in the Plovdiv Regional Archaeological Museum Plovdiv. Athletes competed in two categories of age – men and boys. ''Agonothetes'' (organisers of the sport events) presided over the games. The latter started with a contest for criers and buglers. Sporting events were usually accompanied by music, poetry and art contests.

Restoration and conservation

The stadium was discovered in 1923. More elaborate excavations were undertaken about half a century later by the archaeologist Liliya Botusharova.
Archaeological Research and Exhibition of the Stadium In 1995 the stadium was listed as a cultural value of national significance. In 2010–2013, the area around the stadium was further renovated. Image:Razkrivane stadion2.jpg, Image:Razkrivane stadion 4.jpg, Image:Razkrivane stadion.jpg,

Gallery

File:Bulgaria-Plovdiv-Ancient-Stadium-view-from-above.JPG, Dzhumaya square and the remains of the ''sphendone'' – view from above File:The Sfendona of the Roman stadium.jpg, Part of the ''sphendone'' File:Bulgaria-Plovdiv-Ancient-Stadium-Voulted-Passage-Street.JPG, The vaulted passage-street under the ''sphendone'' File:Dzhumaya square.jpg, Dzhumaya square – view from the north towards the city wall and the main pedestrian street File:Bulgaria-Plovdiv-Ancient-Stadium-Aqueduct-Pillars-Defence-Wall.JPG, Pillars of the aqueduct and the fortification wall File:Bulgaria-Plovdiv-Ancient-Stadium-Detail-Signed-Seat.JPG, Detail of a signed seat at the ''sphendone'' File:Bulgaria-Plovdiv-Ancient-Stadium-Detail-Lion-Paws.JPG, Detail of a seat decorated with a lion paw

References