''Spirifer'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

of marine

brachiopod Brachiopods (), phylum Brachiopoda, are a phylum of trochozoan animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear end, ...

s belonging to the order

Spiriferida Spiriferida is an order of extinct articulate brachiopod fossils which are known for their long hinge-line, which is often the widest part of the shell. In some genera (e.g. '' Mucrospirifer'') it is greatly elongated, giving them a wing-like ap ...

and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle

Ordovician The Ordovician ( ) is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the Cambrian Period million years ago (Mya) to the start of the Silurian Period Mya. ...

( Sandbian) through to the Middle

Triassic The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period ...

(

Carnian The Carnian (less commonly, Karnian) is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic Series (or earliest age of the Late Triassic Epoch). It lasted from 237 to 227 million years ago (Ma). The Carnian is preceded by the Ladinian and is followe ...

) with a global distribution. They were stationary epifaunal suspension feeders.''Spirifer''
at

Fossilworks Fossilworks is a portal which provides query, download, and analysis tools to facilitate access to the Paleobiology Database, a large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world. History Fossilworks was cre ...

.org

Selected species

* '' Spirifer acutiplicatus'' Hayasaka, 1933 * '' Spirifer bambadhurensis'' Diener, 1903 * '' Spirifer baschkirica'' Tschernyschew, 1902 * ''

Spirifer battu ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic ( Carnian) with a global dis ...

'' Gemmellaro, 1899 * ''

Spirifer byrangi ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic ( Carnian) with a global dis ...

'' Chernyak, 1963 * ''

Spirifer carnicus ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic ( Carnian) with a global dis ...

'' Schellwien, 1892 * '' Spirifer concentricus'' Lee and Su, 1980 * '' Spirifer distefanii'' Gemmellaro, 1899 * '' Spirifer dvinaensis'' Licharew, 1927 * '' Spirifer enderlei'' Tschernyschew, 1902 * '' Spirifer engelgardthi'' Chernyak, 1963 * '' Spirifer fritschi'' Schellwien, 1892 * '' Spirifer holodnensis'' Chernyak, 1963 * '' Spirifer lirellus'' Cvancara, 1958 * '' Spirifer malistanensis'' Plodowski, 1968 * '' Spirifer muensteri'' Suess, 1854 * ''

Spirifer opimus ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician ( Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic (Carnian) with a global distri ...

'' Hall, 1858 * '' Spirifer pentagonoides'' Plodowski, 1968 * ''

Spirifer pentlandi ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic ( Carnian) with a global dis ...

'' d'Orbigny, 1842 * '' Spirifer perlamellosus'' Hall, 1857 * '' Spirifer piassinaensis'' Chernyak, 1963 * '' Spirifer postventricosus'' Tschernyschew, 1902 * '' Spirifer pseudotasmaniensis'' Einor, 1939 * ''

Spirifer rakuszi ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician ( Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic ( Carnian) with a global dist ...

'' Einor, 1946 * ''

Spirifer rockymontanus ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic ( Carnian) with a global dis ...

'' Marcou, 1858 * '' Spirifer schellwieni'' Tschernyschew, 1902 * '' Spirifer siculus'' Gemmellaro, 1899 * ''

Spirifer spitiensis ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic ( Carnian) with a global dis ...

'' Stoliczka, 1865 * ''

Spirifer strangwaysi ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician ( Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic (Carnian) with a global distri ...

'' De Verneuil, 1845 * ''

Spirifer striatus ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic ( Carnian) with a global dis ...

'' Martin, 1809 * '' Spirifer subgrandiformis'' Plodowski, 1968 * '' Spirifer subtrigonalis'' Gemmellaro, 1899 * '' Spirifer supracarbonicus'' Tschernyschew, 1902 * ''

Spirifer supramosquensis ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic ( Carnian) with a global dis ...

'' Nikitin, 1890 * '' Spirifer tareiaensis'' Einor, 1939 * ''

Spirifer tegulatus ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic ( Carnian) with a global dis ...

'' Trautschold, 1876 * ''

Spirifer undata ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic ( Carnian) with a global dis ...

'' Reed, 1944 * ''

Spirifer uralicus ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic ( Carnian) with a global dis ...

'' Tschernyschew, 1902 * ''

Spirifer zitteli ''Spirifer'' is a genus of marine brachiopods belonging to the order Spiriferida and family Spiriferidae. Species belonging to the genus lived from the Middle Ordovician (Sandbian) through to the Middle Triassic ( Carnian) with a global dis ...

'' Schellwien, 1892

Reassigned species

As ''Spirifer'' has been described early on, since then, many species have been reassigned. * ''S. archiaciformis'' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. bisulcatus'' = '' Angiospirifer bisulcatus'' * ''S. chinensis'' mut. ''α'' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. gortanioides'' = '' Plicapustula gortanioides'' * ''S. hayasakai'' = '' Lamarckispirifer hayasakai'' * ''S. heterosinosus '' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. martellii'' = '' Plicapustula martellii'' * ''S. pekinensis'' = '' Plicapustula pekinensis'' * ''S. pellizzarii'' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. pellizzariformis '' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. pinguis'' = '' Latibrachythyris pinguis'' * ''S. rotundatus'' = '' Latibrachythyris rotundatus '' * ''S. subhayasakai '' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. verneuili'' = '' Cyrtospirifer verneuili'' * ''S. verneuili'' var. ''subarchiaci'' = '' Plicapustula subarchiaci'' * ''S. verneuili'' var. ''subextensus'' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. vilis'' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. wangleighi '' = '' Sinospirifer subextensus'' * ''S. yassensis'' = '' Spinella yassensis''

References

External links

Zipcodezoo
* Sepkoski, Jac
Sepkoski's Online Genus Database
Spiriferida Prehistoric brachiopod genera Paleozoic animals of Africa Paleozoic animals of Asia Paleozoic animals of Europe Paleozoic animals of North America Fossils of Georgia (U.S. state) Paleozoic brachiopods of South America Carboniferous Bolivia Devonian Brazil Carboniferous Brazil Devonian Colombia Fossils of Colombia Floresta Formation Devonian Peru Ordovician first appearances Carnian extinctions Jeffersonville Limestone Paleozoic life of Ontario Paleozoic life of Alberta Paleozoic life of British Columbia Paleozoic life of New Brunswick Paleozoic life of the Northwest Territories Paleozoic life of Nunavut Paleozoic life of Quebec Paleozoic life of Yukon Fossil taxa described in 1818 {{brachiopod-stub