The Sphaeropsis are a
genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
fungi
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...
, within the
family
Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
of
Botryosphaeriaceae
The Botryosphaeriaceae are a family of sac fungi (Ascomycetes), which is the type representative of the order Botryosphaeriales. According to a 2008 estimate, the family contains 26 genera and over 1500 species. Members of this order include not ...
and within the
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
...
of
Botryosphaeriales
The Botryosphaeriales are an order of sac fungi (Ascomycetes), placed under class Dothideomycetes. Some species are parasites, causing leaf spot, plant rot, die-back or cankers, but they can also be saprophytes or endophytes. They occur worl ...
, within the class
Dothideomycetes
Dothideomycetes is the largest and most diverse class of ascomycete fungi. It comprises 11 orders 90 families, 1,300 genera and over 19,000 known species.
Wijayawardene et al. in 2020 added more orders to the class.
Traditionally, most of it ...
.
They are plant pathogens.
Most known species is ''
Sphaeropsis sapinea'' (or ''Diplodia sapinea'' and ''Diplodia pinea'' ), which is the causal agent of the
Diplodia tip blight disease on pines and other conifer species. It is also found on forest and ornamental trees in the
Western Balkans
The Balkans ( , ), corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throug ...
, Europe, and in the United States.
History
The genus ''Sphaeropsis'' was introduced by
Saccardo in 1880 (for several species of ''
Diplodia
''Diplodia'' is a genus of anamorphic fungi that is part of the family Botryosphaeriaceae.
Species
*'' Diplodia abiegna''
*'' Diplodia abrotani''
*''Diplodia abutilonis''
*'' Diplodia acaciae''
*'' Diplodia acaciarum''
*'' Diplodia acanthophyll ...
'' with brown, aseptate conidia), with ''Sphaeropsis visci'' named as the
type species
In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...
.
[ ''Sphaeropsis'' was later found to be the asexual morph of '' Phaeobotryosphaeria'' (Phillips et al. 2008,]
Distribution
Species in ''Sphaeropsis'' have a cosmopolitan distribution
In biogeography, a cosmopolitan distribution is the range of a taxon that extends across most or all of the surface of the Earth, in appropriate habitats; most cosmopolitan species are known to be highly adaptable to a range of climatic and en ...
since they have been recorded from both temperate and tropical countries.[
]
Etymology
''Sphaeropsis'' is derived from the New Latin
Neo-LatinSidwell, Keith ''Classical Latin-Medieval Latin-Neo Latin'' in ; others, throughout. (also known as New Latin and Modern Latin) is the style of written Latin used in original literary, scholarly, and scientific works, first in Italy d ...
from ''sphaer'' meaning sphere or globe and ''opsis'' meaning appearance, vision.
So named as the species are similar in form to the fungal genus ''Sphaeria Sphaeria or Sphairia (), later called Hiera (Ἱερά), is a former island of ancient Argolis described by Pausanias as in the immediate vicinity of Calaureia, and separated from the mainland (Peloponnesus) by a strait so narrow and shallow that t ...
'' ,[New York (State). Legislature. Assembly ] (in the Hypoxylaceae family, Xylariales
The Xylariales are an order (biology), order of fungi within the class (biology), class Sordariomycetes (also known as Pyrenomycetes), subdivision Pezizomycotina, division (mycology), division Ascomycota. It was the original order of the Class (t ...
order).
Hosts
Species ''Sphaeropsis visci'' causes leaf-spot disease on Asian mistletoe (''Viscum coloratum
''Viscum'' is a genus of over 100 species of mistletoes, native to temperate and tropical regions of Europe, Africa, Asia and Australasia. Traditionally, the genus has been placed in its own family Viscaceae, but recent genetic research by the An ...
'' in China,Viscum album
''Viscum album'' is a species of mistletoe in the family Santalaceae, commonly known as European mistletoe, common mistletoe, or simply as mistletoe (Old English ''mistle''). It is native to Europe as well as to western and southern Asia. ''V. al ...
'') populations.
While species ''Sphaeropsis pinea'' (Needle cast) is a significant problem in Chile.[
]
Species
, the GBIF
The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is an international organisation that focuses on making scientific data on biodiversity available via the Internet using web services. The data are provided by many institutions from around the ...
lists up to 143 species,Species Fungorum
''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (Binomial nomenclature, scientific names) in the fungus Kingdom (biology), kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partn ...
lists about 139 species (out of 374 records).Sphaeropsis abietis
The Sphaeropsis are a genus of fungi, within the family of Botryosphaeriaceae and within the order of Botryosphaeriales, within the class Dothideomycetes. They are plant pathogens.
Most known species is '' Sphaeropsis sapinea'' (or ''Diplodia ...
''
*''Sphaeropsis abietis-mariesii
The Sphaeropsis are a genus of fungi, within the family of Botryosphaeriaceae and within the order of Botryosphaeriales, within the class Dothideomycetes. They are plant pathogens.
Most known species is '' Sphaeropsis sapinea'' (or ''Diplodia ...
''
*''Sphaeropsis actinidiae
The Sphaeropsis are a genus of fungi, within the family of Botryosphaeriaceae and within the order of Botryosphaeriales, within the class Dothideomycetes. They are plant pathogens.
Most known species is '' Sphaeropsis sapinea'' (or ''Diplodia ...
''
*'' Sphaeropsis akebiae''
*'' Sphaeropsis alsines''
*'' Sphaeropsis americana''
*'' Sphaeropsis amplispora''
*'' Sphaeropsis arenaria''
*'' Sphaeropsis aristolochiae''
*'' Sphaeropsis astericola''
*'' Sphaeropsis asterisci''
*'' Sphaeropsis astragali''
*'' Sphaeropsis begoniicola''
*'' Sphaeropsis berberidis''
*'' Sphaeropsis betulae''
*'' Sphaeropsis cactinae''
*'' Sphaeropsis cadabae''
*'' Sphaeropsis calycanthi''
*'' Sphaeropsis capparis''
*'' Sphaeropsis carthami''
*'' Sphaeropsis caryotae''
*'' Sphaeropsis caulincola''
*'' Sphaeropsis cerasifolia''
*'' Sphaeropsis cereicola''
*'' Sphaeropsis chromolaenicola''
*'' Sphaeropsis cinnamomi''
*'' Sphaeropsis citrigena''
*'' Sphaeropsis codiaei''
*'' Sphaeropsis coluteae''
*'' Sphaeropsis conspersa''
*'' Sphaeropsis cordiana''
*'' Sphaeropsis cornicola''
*'' Sphaeropsis cryptomeriae''
*'' Sphaeropsis cycadis''
*'' Sphaeropsis datiscae''
*'' Sphaeropsis dendranthemae''
*'' Sphaeropsis desmodiicola''
*'' Sphaeropsis dilleniae''
*'' Sphaeropsis dircae''
*'' Sphaeropsis dracaenae''
*'' Sphaeropsis eucalypticola''
*'' Sphaeropsis euonymi''
*'' Sphaeropsis fici-elasticae''
*'' Sphaeropsis foliicola''
*'' Sphaeropsis fragosoana''
*'' Sphaeropsis galii''
*'' Sphaeropsis ginkgonis''
*'' Sphaeropsis glandulosa''
*'' Sphaeropsis gouldiae''
*'' Sphaeropsis graminum''
*'' Sphaeropsis grandiflorae''
*'' Sphaeropsis grandinea''
*'' Sphaeropsis guizhouensis''
*'' Sphaeropsis guttifera''
*'' Sphaeropsis hamamelidis''
*'' Sphaeropsis hariotii''
*'' Sphaeropsis hassanii''
*'' Sphaeropsis hedericola''
*'' Sphaeropsis heterogena''
*'' Sphaeropsis heveae''
*'' Sphaeropsis hippocastanea''
*'' Sphaeropsis hranicensis''
*'' Sphaeropsis hrubyi''
*'' Sphaeropsis hyalina''
*'' Sphaeropsis hypodermia''
*'' Sphaeropsis ixorae-parviflorae''
*'' Sphaeropsis japonica''
*'' Sphaeropsis jodhpurensis''
*'' Sphaeropsis karachiensis''
*'' Sphaeropsis latispora''
*'' Sphaeropsis leptadeniae''
*'' Sphaeropsis ligniperda''
*'' Sphaeropsis ligustri''
*'' Sphaeropsis linariae''
*'' Sphaeropsis lineata''
*'' Sphaeropsis linhaiensis''
*'' Sphaeropsis loranthi''
*'' Sphaeropsis lycii''
*'' Sphaeropsis lyndonvillae''
*'' Sphaeropsis magnoliae''
*'' Sphaeropsis melanconioides''
*'' Sphaeropsis mespili''
*'' Sphaeropsis mimosicola''
*'' Sphaeropsis moelleriana''
*'' Sphaeropsis muehlenbeckiae''
*'' Sphaeropsis mulinicola''
*'' Sphaeropsis myrtaceicola''
*'' Sphaeropsis necatrix''
*'' Sphaeropsis negundinis''
*'' Sphaeropsis nubilosa''
*'' Sphaeropsis oligosperma''
*'' Sphaeropsis oncidii''
*'' Sphaeropsis orchidearum''
*'' Sphaeropsis paeoniae''
*'' Sphaeropsis pallidula''
*'' Sphaeropsis parca''
*'' Sphaeropsis persicae''
*'' Sphaeropsis philodendri''
*'' Sphaeropsis phoenicis''
*'' Sphaeropsis photiniae''
*'' Sphaeropsis pilocarpi''
*'' Sphaeropsis pinicola''
*'' Sphaeropsis plumeriae''
*'' Sphaeropsis polianthina''
*'' Sphaeropsis ponciri''
*'' Sphaeropsis porosa''
*'' Sphaeropsis profundae''
*'' Sphaeropsis ptilotrichi''
*'' Sphaeropsis punctata''
*'' Sphaeropsis punicae''
*'' Sphaeropsis puttemansii''
*'' Sphaeropsis ralfsii''
*'' Sphaeropsis raphiae''
*'' Sphaeropsis rehmanniae''
*'' Sphaeropsis rhodocarpa''
*'' Sphaeropsis rutae''
*'' Sphaeropsis sabalicola''
*'' Sphaeropsis salicis''
*'' Sphaeropsis salviae''
*'' Sphaeropsis sapinea''
*'' Sphaeropsis saponariae''
*'' Sphaeropsis sarmientoi''
*'' Sphaeropsis sideritis''
*'' Sphaeropsis solieri''
*'' Sphaeropsis spartii''
*'' Sphaeropsis spinulosa''
*'' Sphaeropsis sterculiae''
*'' Sphaeropsis stictoides''
*'' Sphaeropsis sumachi''
*'' Sphaeropsis teucrii''
*'' Sphaeropsis tulipastri''
*'' Sphaeropsis vaccinii''
*'' Sphaeropsis valentina''
*'' Sphaeropsis veronicae''
*'' Sphaeropsis verrucosa''
*'' Sphaeropsis viridula''
*'' Sphaeropsis viscicola''
*'' Sphaeropsis vochysiae''
*'' Sphaeropsis wisteriana''
Former species
Many older species of ''Sphaeropsis'' have been transferred to other genera. Such as ''Sphaeropsis malorum'' ,[
Aklso ''Sphaeropsis tumefaciens'' now '' Cophinforma tumefaciens''.][
''Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens'' (Sphaeropsis Apple rot),][Q. Ashton Acton (General Editor) ] now '' Xenosphaeropsis pyriputrescens'' (in the Phacidiaceae
The Phacidiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Helotiales.
According to a 2008 estimate, the family contained seven genera and 148 species.
Genera
As accepted by GBIF;
* '' Allantophomopsiella'' (1)
* '' Allantophomopsis'' (5)
* '' Apos ...
family).[
]
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3966621
Dothideomycetes
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Ascomycota orders
Taxa named by Pier Andrea Saccardo
Taxa described in 1880