Emperor Huizong of Song (7 June 1082 – 4 June 1135), personal name Zhao Ji, was the eighth

emperor The word ''emperor'' (from , via ) can mean the male ruler of an empire. ''Empress'', the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), mother/grandmother (empress dowager/grand empress dowager), or a woman who rules ...

of the

Song dynasty The Song dynasty ( ) was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song, who usurped the throne of the Later Zhou dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the Fiv ...

of China and the penultimate emperor of the

Northern Song dynasty The Song dynasty ( ) was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song, who usurped the throne of the Later Zhou dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the Ten Kingdoms, endin ...

. He was also a very well-known painter, poet and

calligrapher Calligraphy () is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a pen, ink brush, or other writing instruments. Contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as "the art of giving form to signs in an exp ...

. Born as the 11th son of Emperor Shenzong, he ascended the throne in 1100 upon the death of his elder brother and predecessor, Emperor Zhezong, because Emperor Zhezong's only son died prematurely. He lived in luxury, sophistication and art in the first half of his life. In 1126, when the Jurchen-led

Jin dynasty Jin may refer to: States Jìn 晉 * Jin (Chinese state) (晉國), major state of the Zhou dynasty, existing from the 11th century BC to 376 BC * Jin dynasty (266–420) (晉朝), also known as Liang Jin and Sima Jin * Jin (Later Tang precursor) ...

invaded the Song dynasty during the Jin–Song Wars, Emperor Huizong abdicated and passed on his throne to his eldest son, Zhao Huan while Huizong assumed the honorary title of ''

Taishang Huang In Chinese history, a Taishang Huang or Taishang Huangdi is an honorific and institution of a retired emperor. The former emperor had, at least in name, abdicated in favor of someone else. Although no longer the reigning sovereign, there are ins ...

'' (or "Retired Emperor"). The following year, the Song capital,

Bianjing Kaifeng ( zh, s=开封, p=Kāifēng) is a prefecture-level city in east- central Henan province, China. It is one of the Eight Ancient Capitals of China, having been the capital eight times in history, and is most known for having been the Chin ...

, was conquered by Jin forces in an event historically known as the

Jingkang Incident The Jingkang Incident (), also known as the Humiliation of Jingkang () and the Disorders of the Jingkang Period (), was an episode of invasions and atrocities that took place in 1127 during the Jin–Song Wars when the troops of the Jurchen-l ...

. Emperor Huizong and Emperor Qinzong and the rest of their family were taken captive by the Jurchens and brought back to the Jin capital,

Huining Prefecture Huining Fu (), or Shangjing Huiningfu (), was a Fu (administrative division), Fu in the Shangjing region of Northeast China. It served as the first superior capital of the Jurchen people, Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115-1234) from 1122 to 1153 ...

in 1128. The

Emperor Taizong of Jin Emperor Taizong of Jin (25 November 1075 – 9 February 1135), personal name Wuqimai, Sinicization, sinicised name Wanyan Sheng, was the second Emperor of China, emperor of the Jurchen people, Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115–1234), Jin dynasty ...

, gave the former Emperor Huizong a title, Duke Hunde (literally "Besotted Duke"), to humiliate him. After Zhao Gou, the only surviving son of Huizong to avoid capture by the Jin, declared himself as the dynasty's tenth emperor as Emperor Gaozong, the Jurchens used Huizong, Qinzong, and other imperial family members to put pressure on Gaozong and his court to surrender. Emperor Huizong died in Wuguocheng after spending about nine years in captivity. He, along with his successors, were blamed for the Song dynasty's decline. Despite his incompetence in administration, Emperor Huizong was known for his promotion of

Taoism Taoism or Daoism (, ) is a diverse philosophical and religious tradition indigenous to China, emphasizing harmony with the Tao ( zh, p=dào, w=tao4). With a range of meaning in Chinese philosophy, translations of Tao include 'way', 'road', ' ...

and talents in

poetry Poetry (from the Greek language, Greek word ''poiesis'', "making") is a form of literature, literary art that uses aesthetics, aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meaning (linguistics), meanings in addition to, or in ...

painting Painting is a Visual arts, visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called "matrix" or "Support (art), support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with ...

calligraphy Calligraphy () is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a pen, ink brush, or other writing instruments. Contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as "the art of giving form to signs in an e ...

and

music Music is the arrangement of sound to create some combination of Musical form, form, harmony, melody, rhythm, or otherwise Musical expression, expressive content. Music is generally agreed to be a cultural universal that is present in all hum ...

. He sponsored numerous artists at his imperial court, and the catalogue of his collection listed over 6,000 known paintings.

Biography

Emperor Huizong, besides his partaking in state affairs that favoured the reformist party that supported

Wang Anshi Wang Anshi (; ; December 8, 1021 – May 21, 1086), courtesy name Jiefu (), was a Chinese economist, philosopher, poet, and politician during the Song dynasty. He served as chancellor and attempted major and controversial socioeconomic reforms ...

New Policies Late Qing reforms (), commonly known as New Policies of the late Qing dynasty (), or New Deal of the late Qing dynasty, simply referred to as New Policies, were a series of cultural, economic, educational, military, diplomatic, and political refo ...

, was a cultured leader who spent much of his time admiring the arts. He was a collector of paintings, calligraphy, and antiques of previous dynasties, building huge collections of each for his amusement. He wrote poems of his own, was known as an avid painter, created his own calligraphy style, had interests in architecture and garden design, and even wrote treatises on medicine and Taoism. He assembled an entourage of painters that were first pre-screened in an examination to enter as official artists of the imperial court, and made reforms to court music. Like many learned men of his age, he was quite a

polymath A polymath or polyhistor is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems. Polymaths often prefer a specific context in which to explain their knowledge, ...

personality, and is even considered to be one of the greatest Chinese artists of all time. He constantly proclaimed legitimacy through cultural, religious, and artistic means. In 1106, he had artisans recast of the symbolic

Nine Tripod Cauldrons The Nine Tripod Cauldrons () were a collection of ding (vessel), ding in ancient China that were viewed as symbols of the authority given to the ruler by the Mandate of Heaven. According to the legend, they were cast by Yu the Great of the Xia dyn ...

to assert his authority. However, his reign would be forever scarred by the decisions made (by counsel he received) on handling foreign policies, as the end of his reign marked a period of disaster for the Song Empire.

Taxation

According to historian

Chen Fuliang Chen Fuliang (陳傅良) (1137-1203) was a Chinese historian, academician, and philosopher. He was known by the courtesy name Junju (君舉) and had a style name of Zhizhai Xiansheng (止齋先生). He was part of the Yongjia School of the early ...

(1137-1203), during the Xuanhe period of Emperor Huizong, various educational and other taxes were merged into the ''jingzhi tax''. In the Shaoxing period, over twenty taxes were combined into the ''zongzhi tax'', including real estate and other specific taxes. Various taxes were allocated for monthly spending. In installments, the government reduced grain costs, required loans repaid in cash, increased marketplace taxes, and provided bureaucratic payments. Officials continued Xuanhe period taxes after his reign and benefited from the ''zongzhi tax'' for military spending.

Jurchen Invasion

When the

Jurchens Jurchen (, ; , ) is a term used to collectively describe a number of East Asian people, East Asian Tungusic languages, Tungusic-speaking people. They lived in northeastern China, also known as Manchuria, before the 18th century. The Jurchens wer ...

founded the

Jin Dynasty Jin may refer to: States Jìn 晉 * Jin (Chinese state) (晉國), major state of the Zhou dynasty, existing from the 11th century BC to 376 BC * Jin dynasty (266–420) (晉朝), also known as Liang Jin and Sima Jin * Jin (Later Tang precursor) ...

and attacked the Liao dynasty to the north of the Song, the Song dynasty allied with the

and attacked the Liao from the south in 1122. Led by Tong Guan, the Song army marched to the Song-Liao border and was stopped by the defensive forest that the Song had maintained since the reign of Emperor Taizu. In order to pass through, Tong Guan ordered the soldiers to clear the forest and continued the expedition into the Liao. This expedition succeeded in destroying the Liao, a longtime enemy of the Song. However, when the Jin attacked the Song a few years later, the Jin troops marched through a defenseless border and quickly gathered around the Song capital Kaifeng.

Abdication

However, an even more formidable Jin dynasty enemy was now on the northern border. Not content with the annexation of the Liao domain, and perceiving the weakness of the Song army, the Jurchens soon declared war on their former ally, and by the beginning of 1126, the troops of the Jin "Western Vice-Marshal" Wolibu crossed the

Yellow River The Yellow River, also known as Huanghe, is the second-longest river in China and the List of rivers by length, sixth-longest river system on Earth, with an estimated length of and a Drainage basin, watershed of . Beginning in the Bayan H ...

and came in sight of

, the capital of the Song Empire. Realizing his mistakes, Huizong took the blame for everything that went wrong and was stricken with panic, Emperor Huizong intended to flee but was convinced by his officials to abdicate first and then flee. Huizong then feigned a stroke because Huizong in his words said that "I must use the excuse of illness. I am afraid of disorder breaking out." He then abdicated on 18 January 1126 in favour of his eldest son, Zhao Huan who is historically now known as

Emperor Qinzong Emperor Qinzong of Song (23 May 1100 – 14 June 1161), personal name Zhao Huan, was the ninth emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the last emperor of the Northern Song dynasty. Emperor Qinzong was the eldest son and heir apparent of Empe ...

(). However, Qinzong sternly refused the throne, even pushing the robes off. Huizong, still feigning a stroke, wrote with his left hand "If you do not accept, you are unfilial." Qinzong said, "If I accept, then I am unfilial." Even when Huizong summoned his empress, Qinzong still declined until Huizong ordered his eunuchs to forcibly put him on the throne. Qinzong finally gave in eventually accepting the throne. Huizong then departed the capital to flee in the countryside.

Capture

Overcoming the walls of Bianjing was a difficult undertaking for the Jurchen cavalry, and this, together with fierce resistance from some Song officials who had not totally lost their nerve, as Emperor Huizong had, and Qinzong giving a town, resulted in the Jurchens lifting the siege of Bianjing and returning north. The Song Empire, however, had to sign a humiliating treaty with the Jin Empire, agreeing to pay a colossal war indemnity and to give a tribute to the Jurchens every year. From 1126 until 1138, refugees from the Song Empire migrated south towards the

Yangtze River The Yangtze or Yangzi ( or ) is the longest river in Eurasia and the third-longest in the world. It rises at Jari Hill in the Tanggula Mountains of the Tibetan Plateau and flows including Dam Qu River the longest source of the Yangtze, i ...

. Huizong returned from the countryside and resumed his normal activities after hearing that the siege was lifted although he was effectively under house arrest by Qinzong. But even such humiliating terms could not save the Song dynasty. Within a matter of months, the troops of both Jurchen vice-marshals, Wolibu and Nianhan, were back south again, and this time they were determined to overcome the walls of Bianjing after Qinzong wanted to form an Anti-Jin alliance with two Liao nobles who were actually on the Jurchens side. After a bitter siege, the Jurchens eventually entered Bianjing on 9 January 1127, and many days of looting, rapes, and massacre followed. Most of the entire imperial court and harem were captured by the Jurchens in an event known historically as the

, and transported north, mostly to the Jin capital of Shangjing (in present-day

Harbin Harbin, ; zh, , s=哈尔滨, t=哈爾濱, p=Hā'ěrbīn; IPA: . is the capital of Heilongjiang, China. It is the largest city of Heilongjiang, as well as being the city with the second-largest urban area, urban population (after Shenyang, Lia ...

). After Qinzong was captured, Emperor Huizong was persuaded to turn himself in, however they captured Huizong. When Huizong got to see Qinzong, they cried and hugged each other with Huizong stating "If you had listened to the old man, we would have avoided this disaster." One of the many sons of Emperor Huizong,

Zhao Gou } Emperor Gaozong of Song (12 June 11079 November 1187), personal name Zhao Gou, courtesy name Deji, was the tenth emperor of the Chinese Song dynasty and the first of the Southern Song dynasty, ruling between 1127 and 1162 and retaining power as ...

was not present in

where he went to Southern China where, after many years of struggle, he would establish the

Southern Song Dynasty The Song dynasty ( ) was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song, who usurped the throne of the Later Zhou dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the Ten Kingdoms, endin ...

, of which he was the first ruler, Emperor Gaozong. Emperors Huizong and the former

were demoted to the rank of commoners by the Jurchens on 20 March 1127. Then on 10 May 1127, Emperor Huizong was deported to

Heilongjiang Heilongjiang is a province in northeast China. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in Mohe City along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the confluence of the Amur and Us ...

, where he spent the last eight years of his life as a captive. In 1128, in a humiliating episode, the two former Song Emperors had to venerate the Jin ancestors at their shrine in Shangjing, wearing mourning dress. The Jurchen ruler, Emperor Taizong, granted the two former Song emperors degrading titles to humiliate them: Emperor Huizong was called "Duke Hunde" (; literally "Besotted Duke") while

was called "Marquis Chonghun" (; literally "Doubly Besotted Marquis"). The Song male Chinese princes who were captured were given Khitan women to marry from the Liao dynasty palace by the Jin Jurchens, who had also defeated and conquered the Khitan. The original Chinese wives of the Song princes were abducted and the Song princes then married Khitan royal women. One of the Song Emperor Huizong's sons was given a Khitan consort from the Liao palace and another one of his sons was given a Khitan princess by the Jin at the Jin Supreme capital. The Jin Jurchens continued to give new wives to the captured Song royals, the grandsons and sons of Song Emperor Huizong after they took away their original Chinese wives. The Jin Jurchens told the Chinese Song royals that they were fortunate because the Liao Khitan royals were being treated much worse by the Jurchen than the Song Chinese royals. Jurchen soldiers were given the children of the Liao Khitan Tianzuo Emperor as gifts while the Song Emperor was allowed to keep his children while he was in captivity. In 1137, the Jin Empire formally notified the Southern Song Empire about the death of the former Emperor Huizong. Emperor Huizong, who had lived in opulence and art for the first half of his life, died a broken man in faraway northern Heilongjiang in June 1135, at the age of 52. A few years later (1141), as the peace negotiations leading up to the

Treaty of Shaoxing The Treaty of Shaoxing () was the agreement and truce that ended the protracted military conflicts between the Jin dynasty and the Southern Song dynasty. It also legally drew up the boundaries of the two countries and forced the Song dynasty t ...

between the Jin and the Song empires were proceeding, the Jin Empire posthumously honored the former Emperor Huizong with the neutral-sounding title of "Prince of Tianshui Commandery" (), after a

commandery In the Middle Ages, a commandery (rarely commandry) was the smallest administrative division of the European landed properties of a military order. It was also the name of the house where the knights of the commandery lived.Anthony Luttrell and G ...

Tianshui Tianshui is a prefecture-level city in Gansu province, China, and is the province's second-largest city (behind the provincial capital Lanzhou). Located in the southeast of the province, the city strides along the upper reaches of the Wei River a ...

in the upper reaches of the

Wei River The Wei River () is a major river in west-central China's Gansu and Shaanxi provinces. It is the largest tributary of the Yellow River and very important in the early development of Chinese civilization. In ancient times, such as in the Records ...

, which is the traditional Junwang (郡望, zh) of the surname Zhao.

Art, calligraphy, music, and culture

Emperor Huizong was a great

painter Painting is a Visual arts, visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called "matrix" or "Support (art), support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with ...

poet A poet is a person who studies and creates poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be the creator (thought, thinker, songwriter, writer, or author) who creates (composes) poems (oral t ...

, and

. He was also a player of the ''

guqin The ''guqin'' (; ) is a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument. It has been played since ancient times, and has traditionally been favoured by scholars and literati as an instrument of great subtlety and refinement, as highlighted b ...

'' (as exemplified by his famous painting 聽琴圖 ''Listening to the Qin''); he also had a ''Wanqin Tang'' (萬琴堂; "10,000 Qin Hall") in his palace. The emperor took huge efforts to search for art masters. He established the "Hanlin Huayuan" (翰林畫院; "Hanlin imperial painting house") where top painters around China shared their best works. The primary subjects of his paintings are birds and flowers. Among his works is ''Five-Colored Parakeet on Blossoming Apricot Tree''. He also recopied

Zhang Xuan Zhang Xuan () (713–755) was a Chinese painter who lived during the Tang dynasty (618–907). Zhang Xuan painted many pieces of art, one of his best-known paintings is ''Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk'', of which a single copy survive ...

's painting '' Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk'', and Emperor Huizong's reproduction is the only copy of that painting that survives today. Emperor Huizong invented the "Slender Gold" () style of calligraphy. The name "Slender Gold" came from the fact that the emperor's writing resembled the way gold filaments twisted and turned, also inspired by Li Yu who called his calligraphy "Golden Inlaid Dagger" (金錯刀). Some theories posits his technique probably based on calligraphy works by

Chu Suiliang Chǔ Suìliáng (596–658), courtesy name Dengshan, formally the Duke of Henan, was a Chinese calligrapher, historian, and politician who served as a chancellor during the reigns of the emperors Taizong and Gaozong in the Tang dynasty. He beca ...

Xue Ji Xue Ji (; 649 – July 29, 713), courtesy name Sitong (嗣通), was a Chinese calligrapher, painter, and politician of the Tang dynasty, briefly serving as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Ruizong. He was considered one of the four greatest ...

Huang Tingjian Huang Tingjian (; 1045, Jiangxi province, China–1105, Yizhou ow Yishan Guangxi) was a Chinese calligrapher, painter, and poet of the Song dynasty. He is predominantly known as a calligrapher, and is also admired for his painting and poetry. H ...

. One of the emperor's

era name A regnal year is a year of the reign of a sovereign, from the Latin meaning kingdom, rule. Regnal years considered the date as an ordinal, not a cardinal number. For example, a monarch could have a first year of rule, a second year of rule, a t ...

s, Xuanhe, is also used to describe a style of mounting paintings in scroll format. In this style, black borders are added between some of the silk planes. In 1114, following a request from the

Goryeo Goryeo (; ) was a Korean state founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korea, Korean Peninsula until the establishment of Joseon in 1392. Goryeo achieved what has b ...

ruler Yejong, Emperor Huizong sent to the palace in the Goryeo capital at

Gaeseong Kaesong (, ; ) is a special city in the southern part of North Korea (formerly in North Hwanghae Province), and the capital of Korea during the Taebong kingdom and subsequent Goryeo dynasty. The city is near the Kaesong Industrial Region close ...

a set of musical instruments to be used for royal banquet music. Two years later, in 1116, he sent another, even larger gift of musical instruments (numbering 428 in total) to the Goryeo court, this time ''

yayue ''Yayue'' () was a form of classical music and dance performed at the royal court and temples in ancient China. The basic conventions of ''yayue'' were established in the Western Zhou. Together with law and rites, it formed the formal represent ...

'' instruments, beginning that nation's tradition of '' aak''. Emperor Huizong was also a great tea enthusiast. He wrote the ''

Treatise on Tea The ''Grand Treatise on Tea'' () is a book written by the Chinese Emperor Huizong of the Song dynasty in 1107.''Mair, Victor H. ''The True History of Tea'', ch. 5, Thames & Hudson (2012).'' Emperor Huizong was a great connoisseur of tea, with m ...

'', the most detailed and masterful description of the Song sophisticated style of

tea ceremony Tea ceremony is a ritualized practice of making and serving tea (茶 ''cha'') in East Asia practiced in the Sinosphere. The original term from China (), literally translated as either "''way of tea''", "''etiquette for tea or tea rite''",Heiss, M ...

Zhao Mengfu Zhao Mengfu (; courtesy name Zi'ang (子昂); pseudonyms Songxue (松雪, "Pine Snow"), Oubo (鷗波, "Gull Waves"), and Shuijing-gong Dao-ren (水精宮道人, "Master of the Water Spirits Palace"); 1254–1322), was a Chinese calligrapher, p ...

was a famous descendant of Emperor Huizong through his daughter Zhao Jinluo. File:Court ladies pounding silk from a painting (捣练图) by Emperor Huizong.jpg, '' Women preparing silk'', a Chinese

silk painting Silk painting refers to paintings on silk. They are a traditional way of painting in Asia. Methods vary, but using traditional supplies of 100% silk fabric, stretched in a frame, and applying textile paints or dyes are the beginnings of the proce ...

by Emperor Huizong of Song, early 12th century. File:Meister nach Chang Hsüan 001.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song, ''Ladies making silk'', (a remake of an 8th-century original by artist

) File:Songhuizong8.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song, ''Ting Qin Tu'' (Chinese: 聽琴圖, literally "Listening to the Qin" File:Songhuizong.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song (Poem and Calligraphy) File:Songhuizong3.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song, ''Plum and Birds'' File:Songhuizong4.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song, ''Golden Pheasant and Cotton Rose Flowers'' File:Songhuizong6.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song, ''Dragon Stone'' File:Songhuizong5.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song, ''Cranes'' 1112 File:Songhuizong9.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song, '' Thousand character classic in cursive script''

Legacy

The painter

Zeng Fanzhi Zeng Fanzhi (; born 1964) is a contemporary Chinese artist based in Beijing. Zeng's works have been praised as possessing an emotional directness, an intuitive psychological sense, and a carefully calibrated expressionistic technique. Born and ...

regards ''Listening to the Qin'' as "the most beautiful painting from the Song dynasty. For more than 10 years, I've been observing the beauty of the pine tree in that painting."

Family

Consorts and issue

* Empress Xiangong, of the Wang clan (; 1084–1108) ** Zhao Huan, Qinzong (; 1100–1156), first son ** Princess Rongde (; b. 1103), personal name Jinnu (), second (second) daughter *** Married Cao Cheng (; 1104–1127) in 1115 *** Married Wanyan Chang (; d. 1139) in 1127 and had issue (1 son) *** Married

Wanyan Dan Emperor Xizong of Jin (28 February 1119 – 9 January 1150), personal name Hela, sinicised name Wanyan Dan, was the third emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He reigned for about 15 years from 1135 to 1150. During his reign, the Jin ...

(1119–1150) in 1139 * Empress Xiansu, of the Zheng clan (; 1079–1131) ** Princess Jiade (; 1100–1141), personal name Yupan (), first (first) daughter *** Married Ceng Yin (; b. 1100) in 1115, and had issue (two daughters) *** Married Wanyan Zongpan (; d. 1139), the first son of Wanyan Sheng, in 1127 , and had issue (1 sons) *** Married

(1119–1150) in 1139 ** ''Zhao Cheng, Prince of Yan'' (; 1101), second son ** ''Princess Shoushu'' (), fourth daughter ** Princess Ande (; 1106–1127), personal name Jinluo (), eighth (third) daughter *** Married Song Bangguang (; b. 1106), and had issue (one daughter) *** Married Wanyan Dumu (; 1090–1129), the 11th son of

Wanyan Helibo Helibo, alternatively rendered as Horimbo (1039–1092),Tao (1976), p.17 was a chieftain of the Wanyan tribe, the most dominant among the Jurchen people, Jurchen tribes which later founded the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). He was the second son of W ...

, in 1127 ** ''Princess Rongshu'' (), 11th daughter ** Princess Chengde (; b. 1110), personal name Hu'er (), 13th (fifth) daughter *** Married Xiang Zifang (; b. 1110) * Empress Mingda, of the Liu clan (; d. 1113) ** ''Princess Anshu'' (), sixth daughter ** Princess Maode (; 1106–1128), personal name Fujin (), ninth (fourth) daughter *** Married Cai Tiao (; b. 1107), the fifth son of

Cai Jing Cai Jing (1047–1126), courtesy name Yuanchang (), was a Chinese calligrapher and politician who lived during the late Northern Song dynasty of China. He is also fictionalised as one of the primary antagonists in '' Water Margin'', one of t ...

, in 1120, and had issue (one son) *** Married Wanyan Zongwang (; d. 1127), the second son of Wanyan Min, in 1127 *** Married

Wanyan Xiyin Gushen (died 1140), also known as Wushi or Hushe, and better known by his sinicised name Wanyan Xiyin, was a Jurchen noble and civil minister who lived in the founding and early years of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115–1234), which ruled ...

(d. 1140) in 1127 ** Zhao Yu, Prince of Yi (; 1107–1137), eighth son ** Zhao Mo, Prince of Qi (; 1107–1138), 11th son ** Princess Xunde (; b. 1110), personal name Fujin (), 14th (sixth) daughter *** Married Tian Pi (; b. 1110) *** Married Wanyan Sheyema (), the first son of

Wanyan Zonghan Wanyan Zonghan (1080–1136), Jurchen name Nianhan, posthumous name Prince Huanzhong of Qin (秦桓忠王), was a noble and military general of China's Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. Life Nianhan was the eldest son of Sagai (撒改) and a great-gra ...

, in 1127 ** Zhao Zhen, Prince of Xin (; 1111–1139), 18th son * Empress Mingjie, of the Liu clan (; 1088–1121) ** ''Zhao Yang, Prince of Jian'an (; 1115–1127), 25th son'' ** ''Princess Hefu (; b. 1116), personal name Jinzhu (), 29th (17th) daughter'' ** ''Zhao Yi, Duke of Jia'' (; 1118–1130), 26th son ** Zhao Si, Duke of Ying (; b. 1120), 28th son * Empress Xianren, of the Wei clan (; 1080–1159) **

, Gaozong (; 1111–1187), ninth son * Noble Consort Yisu, of the Wang clan (; d. 1117) ** ''Princess Huishu'' (), fifth daughter ** ''Princess Kangshu'' (), tenth daughter ** Zhao Zhi, Prince of Shen (; 1108–1148), 12th son ** Princess Shunde (; 1111–1137), personal name Yingluo (), 18th (eighth) daughter *** Married Xiang Ziyi (; b. 1111) *** Married

(1080–1137) in 1127 *** Married Wanyan Shengunai () in 1137 ** Princess Roufu (; 1111–1142), personal name Huanhuan (), 20th (tenth) daughter *** Married Wanyan Zongwang (; d. 1127), the second son of Wanyan Min, in 1127 *** Married Wanyan Zongxian (; d. 1150) in 1127 *** Married Wanyan Sheng (1075–1135) in 1127 *** Married Wanyan Zongxian (; d. 1150) *** Married Xu Hai () ** ''Princess Xianfu (; 1112–1127), personal name Jin'er (), 26th (15th) daughter'' ** ''Zhao Ji, Duke of Chen'' (; 1114), 22nd son * Noble Consort, of the Wang clan () ** Zhao Kai, Prince of Yun (; 1101–1130), third son ** ''Zhao Ji, Prince of Jing (荊王趙楫; 1102–1103), fourth son'' ** Zhao Shu, Prince of Su (肅王趙樞; 1103–1130), fifth son ** Princess Chongde (; d. 1121), seventh daughter *** Married Cao Shi () in 1119 ** ''Princess Baoshu'' (), 12th daughter ** ''Princess Xishu'' (), 16th daughter ** Zhao Di, Prince of Xu (徐王趙棣; b. 1109), 14th son ** Zhao Chan, Duke of Xiang (; 1112–1137), 23rd son * Noble Consort, of the Qiao clan (; b. 1081) ** Zhao Qi, Prince of Jing (; 1104–1138), sixth son ** Zhao Xu, Prince of Ji (; b. 1106), seventh son ** ''Zhao Cai, Prince of Bin (邠王趙材; 1107–1116), tenth son'' ** ''Zhao Pu, Prince of Yi (儀王趙樸; 1109–1123), 13th son'' ** ''Zhao Gong, Prince of Yun (鄆王趙栱; 1110–1112), 16th son'' ** Zhao Wo, Prince of Ankang (安康王趙楃; b. 1112), 20th son ** ''Zhao Yue, Duke of Ying (瀛國公趙樾; 1115–1131), 24th son'' ** Princess Huafu (華福帝姬; b. 1119), personal name Saiyue (賽月), 31st (19th) daughter *** Married

(1119–1150) * Noble Consort, of the Cui clan (; 1091–1130) ** ''Princess Daomu'' (), personal name Jinxian (), 15th daughter ** ''Princess Dunfu'' (), personal name Sanjin (), 21st daughter ** ''Zhao Chun, Prince of Han'' (; 1112–1113), 19th son ** ''Princess Renfu (; 1112–1127), personal name Xiangyun (), 23rd (12th) daughter'' ** ''Princess Yongfu (; b. 1112), personal name Fubao (), 25th (14th) daughter'' ** Princess Ningfu (; b. 1114), personal name Chuanzhu (), 28th (16th) daughter *** Married Wanyan Zongjuan (; d. 1139), the sixth son of Wanyan Min, in 1127, and had issue (one son) *** Married

(1119–1150) in 1139 * Noble Consort, of the Wang clan (; 1092–1127) ** Zhao E, Prince of Yi (; 1110–1132), 15th son ** ''Princess Shenfu'' (), 27th daughter * Able Consort, of the Yang clan (; d. 1115) ** ''Princess Shunshu'' (), third daughter ** Zhao Shi, Prince of He (; 1111–1128), 17th son *''Wanrong'', of the Wang clan (), personal name Yuegong (王月宮) ** Princess Huifu (; b. 1112), personal name Zhuzhu (), 24th (13th) daughter *** Married Wanyan Xiebao (), the second son of

, in 1127, and had issue (one son) **Princess Lingfu (令福帝姬; b. 1118), personal name Jinyin (金印), 30th (18th) daughter ***Married

(1119–1150) **''Zhao Bing, Duke of Chang (昌國公趙柄; 1122–1132), 30th son'' * ''Wanrong'', of the Yan clan (; 1109–1133), personal name Baose () ** Zhao Zhu (; b. 1130), 34th son ** Zhao Tieshi (赵铁使), 37th son * ''Zhaoyuan'', of the Zheng clan (), personal name Meiniang () ** Zhao Tan (; b. 1131), 35th son * ''Xiurong'', of the Han clan () ** Zhao Jian, Prince of Guangping Commandery (廣平郡王趙楗; b. 1112), 21st son ** Princess Baofu (; 1112–1127), personal name Xianlang (), 22nd (11th) daughter * ''Jieyu'', of the Wang clan () ** Zhao Ji (; b. 1127), 33rd son ** Princess Quanfu (), 35th daughter *** Married Li Dunfu () **Princess Chunfu (純福帝姬; b. 1124), personal name Jinling (金鈴), 33rd (21st) daughter ***Married Wanyan Sheyema (完顏設也馬), the first son of Wanyan Zonghan ***Married Wang Chengdi (王成棣) * ''Cairen'', of the Qiao clan () ** Princess Xiande (; b. 1111), personal name Qiaoyun (), 17th (seventh) daughter *** Married Liu Wenyan () * ''Cairen'', of the Shao clan (才人邵氏), personal name Yuannu (元奴) *''Jieyu'', of the Wang clan (婕妤王氏, b. 1105) **Zhao Xiang, Duke of Han (韓國公趙相; b. 1125), 32nd son *Cairen, of the Di clan (狄才人), personal name Jinnu (金奴) **Zhao Wanshu (赵顽使), son *''Cairen'', of the Zhou clan (才人春氏), personal name Chuntao (春桃) *Unknown ** Zhao Dong, Duke of Wen (; b. 1119), 27th son ** Zhao Tong, Duke of Yi (; 1121–1148), 29th son ** Zhao Cong, Duke of Run (; b. 1123), 31st son ** Unnamed Prince, 38th son ** Princess Yifu (; b. 1111), personal name Yuanzhu (), 19th (ninth) daughter *** Married Wanyan Zongbi (d. 1148) and had issue. (one son) *** Married

(1119 – 1150) ** Princess Qingfu (; b. 1121), personal name Jingu (), 32nd (20th) daughter *** Married

(1119–1150) ** ''Princess Gongfu'' (), personal name Xiaojin (), 34th daughter

References

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Sources

* * * * * * * : ''Please see:'' References section in the guqin article for a full list of references used in all qin related articles. {{DEFAULTSORT:Huizong, Emperor Of Song 1082 births 1135 deaths Northern Song emperors 11th-century Chinese monarchs 12th-century Chinese monarchs Jin dynasty (1115–1234) musicians Song dynasty calligraphers Song dynasty painters Monarchs who abdicated Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime Guqin players Song dynasty musicians Chinese bird artists Jin dynasty (1115–1234) painters People from Kaifeng Painters from Henan Musicians from Henan 12th-century Chinese painters Chinese tea masters 12th-century Chinese calligraphers 11th-century Chinese calligraphers Heads of government who were later imprisoned