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Solvothermal synthesis is a method of producing chemical compounds, in which a solvent containing reagents is put under high pressure and temperature in an autoclave. Many substances dissolve better in the same solvent in such conditions than at standard conditions, enabling reactions that would not otherwise occur and leading to new compounds or polymorphs. Solvothermal synthesis is very similar to the hydrothermal route; both are typically conducted in a stainless steel autoclave. The only difference being that the precursor solution is usually non-aqueous.
Solvothermal synthesis has been used prepare MOFs, titanium dioxide, and graphene, carbon spheres, chalcogenides and other materials.
Solvothermal synthesis is a method of producing chemical compounds, in which a solvent containing reagents is put under high pressure and temperature in an autoclave. Many substances dissolve better in the same solvent in such conditions than at standard conditions, enabling reactions that would not otherwise occur and leading to new compounds or polymorphs. Solvothermal synthesis is very similar to the hydrothermal route; both are typically conducted in a stainless steel autoclave. The only difference being that the precursor solution is usually non-aqueous.
Solvothermal synthesis has been used prepare MOFs, titanium dioxide, and graphene, carbon spheres, chalcogenides and other materials.
Solvents
Besides water (hydrothermal synthesis), solvothermal syntheses make use of a large range of solvents, including ammonia, carbon dioxide, dimethylformamide, and variousalcohols
In chemistry, an alcohol is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl () functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom. The term ''alcohol'' originally referred to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is ...
such as methanol
Methanol (also called methyl alcohol and wood spirit, amongst other names) is an organic chemical and the simplest aliphatic alcohol, with the formula C H3 O H (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated as MeOH). It is a ...
, or glycols such as hexane-1,6-diol
1,6-Hexanediol is an organic compound with the formula (CH2CH2CH2OH)2. It is a colorless water-soluble solid.
Production
1,6-Hexanediol is prepared by the hydrogenation of adipic acid or its esters. Laboratory preparation could be achieved b ...
.
Formic acid as reaction medium
Formic acid
Formic acid (), systematically named methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid, and has the chemical formula HCOOH and structure . It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in some ants. Es ...
decomposes at high temperatures to carbon dioxide and hydrogen or carbon monoxide and water. This property allows formic acid to be used as a reducing and carbon dioxide-rich reaction medium in which it is possible to form various oxides
An oxide () is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula. "Oxide" itself is the dianion of oxygen, an O2– (molecular) ion. with oxygen in the oxidation state of −2. Most of the E ...
and carbonates.
Ammonia as reaction medium
The critical temperature and pressure of ammonia are 132.2°C and 111bar. In these conditions, it is possible to obtain a range of amides, imides, and nitrides. Although itsdielectric constant
The relative permittivity (in older texts, dielectric constant) is the permittivity of a material expressed as a ratio with the electric permittivity of a vacuum. A dielectric is an insulating material, and the dielectric constant of an insulat ...
is lower than that of water, ammonia behaves as a polar solvent especially at high pressures.
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Solvothermal Synthesis Of Titanium Dioxide Chemical synthesis Titanium compounds