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Hanergy Holding Group Ltd. (Hanergy) is a Chinese multinational company headquartered in
Beijing Beijing, Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Peking, is the capital city of China. With more than 22 million residents, it is the world's List of national capitals by population, most populous national capital city as well as ...
. The company is focusing on thin-film solar value chain, including manufacturing and solar parks development. It also owns the Jinanqiao Hydroelectric Power Station and two wind farms. Hanergy is founded and controlled by Li Hejun.


History

Hanergy was founded in September 1989 by Li Hejun, under the name Yuancheng Pulisen Investment Co., Ltd. It changed its name to Hetaihe Economic and Trade Development Co., Ltd. and then Huarui Group, before settling on Hanergy Holding Group in August 2008. After its founding in 1989, Hanergy was involved in an electronic components business. In 2000, it started the development of the Guangdong Mujing Hydroelectric Power Station, which has an installed capacity of 30 MW and an average annual power production of 107.66 GWh. The company also obtained concessions to build nine more hydroelectric power stations in
Yunnan province Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...
, but was able to keep control only over the Jinanqiao Hydroelectric Power Station. In 2003, Hanergy marked its entry into
wind power Wind power is the use of wind energy to generate useful work. Historically, wind power was used by sails, windmills and windpumps, but today it is mostly used to generate electricity. This article deals only with wind power for electricity ge ...
with the construction of the Ningxia Helanshan Wind Farm. This was followed by the development of the Jiangsu Rudong Wind Farm in 2006. In 2009, Hanergy shifted its focus to the thin-film solar industry. It opened its research and development center in Beijing. In 2010, it acquired a controlling stake in the Hong Kong listed Apollo Solar Energy Technology Holdings Ltd., which in 2012, after merging with Hanergy New Energy Research and Development, was renamed Hanergy Solar Group, Ltd. and later Hanergy Thin Film Power Group, Ltd. In 2012, Hanergy acquired glass-based
copper indium gallium selenide solar cells A copper indium gallium selenide solar cell (CIGS cell, sometimes CI(G)S or CIS cell) is a thin-film solar cell used to convert sunlight into electric power. It is manufactured by depositing a thin layer of copper indium gallium selenide solid s ...
thin-film modules manufacturer Solibro from Q-Cells and a copper indium gallium selenide solar cells and cell manufacturing equipment manufacturer
MiaSolé MiaSolé is an American solar energy company selling copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin-film photovoltaic products. MiaSolé's manufacturing process lays CIGS on a flexible stainless steel substrate. MiaSolé produces all layers of phot ...
. In 2013, it acquired copper indium gallium selenide photovoltaic modules manufacturer Global Solar Energy. In 2014, it acquired a
gallium arsenide Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a III-V direct band gap semiconductor with a Zincblende (crystal structure), zinc blende crystal structure. Gallium arsenide is used in the manufacture of devices such as microwave frequency integrated circuits, monoli ...
photovoltaic manufacturer Alta Devices. In 2015, Hanergy established Solibro Hi-Tech GmbH and Solibro Research AB but disposed of its shareholding in Solibro GmbH, which applied for insolvency in 2019. In September 2012, Hanergy reached an agreement with
IKEA IKEA ( , ) is a Multinational corporation, multinational conglomerate (company), conglomerate founded in Sweden that designs and sells , household goods, and various related services. IKEA is owned and operated by a series of not-for-profit an ...
to distribute copper indium gallium selenide solar small-scale rooftop photovoltaic systems ("residential kits") in the United Kingdom., expanding into the Netherlands and Switzerland in the following two years. However, in November 2015, IKEA announced that it would no longer be partnering with Hanergy on the project. In March 2013, Hanergy entered into a photovoltaic energy management contract with
FAW-Volkswagen FAW-Volkswagen Automobile Co., Ltd. is a joint venture between FAW Group and Volkswagen Group which manufactures Audi and Volkswagen marque passenger cars for sale in China. It was founded on 6 February 1991. FAW-VW is headquartered in the s ...
to install
rooftop photovoltaic power station A rooftop solar power system, or rooftop PV system, is a photovoltaic (PV) system that has its electricity-generating solar panels mounted on the rooftop of a residential or commercial building or structure. The various components of such a syst ...
s on their plant in Foshan, Guangdong. In April 2014, Hanergy partnered with Tesla to provide thin-film solar technology to power their solar-powered charging stations in
Beijing Beijing, Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Peking, is the capital city of China. With more than 22 million residents, it is the world's List of national capitals by population, most populous national capital city as well as ...
and
Shanghai Shanghai, Shanghainese: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: is a direct-administered municipality and the most populous urban area in China. The city is located on the Chinese shoreline on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the ...
. In June 2014, Hanergy signed a partnership agreement with
Aston Martin Racing Aston Martin Racing is a British auto racing team established in 2004 as a partnership between automobile manufacturer Aston Martin and engineering group Prodrive. The partnership was initially created for the purpose of returning Aston ...
to use solar power to improve racecar performance at the
FIA World Endurance Championship The FIA World Endurance Championship, abbreviated as WEC, is a world championship for automobile endurance racing organized by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO) and sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The se ...
. At the same month, Hanergy signed an agreement to become the official solar energy partner of the Beijing ePrix for the
FIA Formula E Championship Formula E, officially the ABB FIA Formula E World Championship, is an open-wheel single-seater motorsport championship for electric cars. The racing series is the highest class of competition for electrically powered single-seater racing cars. ...
. In January 2015, Hanergy announced a photovoltaic energy management cooperation with
Guangqi Honda GAC Honda Automobile Co., Ltd. is a Chinese automobile manufacturing joint venture company based in Guangzhou, Guangdong province. Co-owned by Honda and GAC Group (''Guangqi''), GAC Honda operates two plants that, , produces Honda-branded mo ...
to install 17 MW of distributed PV on the rooftops of existing and future factories in
Guangzhou, Guangdong Guangzhou, previously romanized as Canton or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China. Located on the Pearl River about northwest of Hong Kong and north of Macau, Guangzhou has a history of over 2, ...
. On May 19, 2015, Hanergy Thin Film Power shares were suspended at the Hong Kong Exchange after crashing by 47%. On May 28, Hong Kong's market regulatory body, the
Securities and Futures Commission The Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) of Hong Kong is the independent statutory body charged with regulating the securities and futures markets in Hong Kong. The SFC is responsible for fostering an orderly securities and futures markets ...
announced an investigation into the company. On July 15, 2015, the Securities and Futures Commission ordered the suspension of all Hanergy Thin Film Power's shares, a move that prevented the firm from relisting on its own will. On October 23, 2018, Hanergy announced a plan to privatize and relist Hanergy Thin Film Power on the Chinese mainland. Hanergy Thin Film Power was delisted from the Hong Kong stock exchange on June 11, 2019. The Beijing Third Intermediate People's Court has confirmed that Hanergy Thin Film Power should sell its 40.48% and 10.88% mortgaged holdings in the Jinanqiao Hydroelectric Power Station. Its main shareholder, another Hanergy's company Hanergy Mobile Energy Holding Group has confirmed that it will bid for these shares. In November 2015, Hanergy partnered with Dutch football team
AZ Alkmaar Alkmaar Zaanstreek (), better known internationally as AZ Alkmaar, or simply and most commonly as AZ () in the Netherlands, is a Dutch professional Association football, football club from Alkmaar and the Zaan#The Zaan district, Zaan district. ...
to provide the club's stadium with
solar panel A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight into electricity by using photovoltaic (PV) cells. PV cells are made of materials that produce excited electrons when exposed to light. These electrons flow through a circuit and produce direct ...
s. As part of the deal, Hanergy installed 1,725 panels on the roof of Alkmaar's
AFAS Stadion AFAS Stadion is a stadium in Alkmaar, Netherlands. It is used for association football, football matches and is the home stadium of AZ Alkmaar. AZ Alkmaar (women), AZ's women's team also plays select matches in the stadium. The stadium is able to ...
. In May 2017, Hanergy cooperated with leading bike-sharing company,
Mobike Mobike ( zh, s=摩拜单车, p=mó bài dān chē), also known as Meituanbike, founded by Beijing Mobike Technology Co., Ltd. ( zh, s=北京摩拜科技有限公司), is a fully station-less bicycle-sharing system headquartered in Beijing, Chi ...
, to install solar modules to provide the electricity for their
smart lock A smart lock is an electromechanics, electromechanical Lock (security device), lock that is designed to perform locking and unlocking operations on a door when it receives a prompt via an electronic keypad, biometric sensor, access card, Bluetoot ...
and GPS system. Other than Mobike, Hanergy also signed similar partnerships with MTbike and 99 Bicycle. In December 2017, Hanergy signed a strategic cooperation agreement with Beijing Electric Vehicle (BAIC BJEV) to install thin-film modules on the roofs of vehicles to provide auxiliary power and on
electric vehicle An electric vehicle (EV) is a motor vehicle whose propulsion is powered fully or mostly by electricity. EVs encompass a wide range of transportation modes, including road vehicle, road and rail vehicles, electric boats and Submersible, submer ...
charging station A charging station, also known as a charge point, chargepoint, or electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), is a power supply electrical device, device that supplies electrical power for recharging plug-in electric vehicles (including batter ...
s to offer smart battery charging. In August 2017, Hanergy partnered with
Audi Audi AG () is a German automotive manufacturer of luxury vehicles headquartered in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. A subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group, Audi produces vehicles in nine production facilities worldwide. The origins of the compa ...
to design and integrate their solar cells into panoramic glass roofs to increase the range of Audi electric vehicle by feeding solar energy into internal electrical systems, such as air conditioning and other appliances. In July 2018, Hanergy signed a strategic cooperation agreement with
Bolloré Bolloré SE () is a French conglomerate headquartered in Puteaux, on the western outskirts of Paris, France. Founded in 1822, the company has interests in Vivendi, international freight forwarding, oil storage and pipelines in France, solid state ...
to design, manufacture and produce solar electric vehicles. In December 2018, Hanergy partnered with
Boeing The Boeing Company, or simply Boeing (), is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, satellites, and missiles worldwide. The company also provides leasing and product support s ...
to provide thin film solar modules for their "Perpetual Aircraft"
unmanned aerial vehicle An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or unmanned aircraft system (UAS), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft with no human pilot, crew, or passengers onboard, but rather is controlled remotely or is autonomous.De Gruyter Handbook of Dron ...
. In April 2019, Hanergy cooperated with
NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agencies of the United States government, independent agency of the federal government of the United States, US federal government responsible for the United States ...
to provide 60 ThinSats, Hanergy's solar-powered
satellite A satellite or an artificial satellite is an object, typically a spacecraft, placed into orbit around a celestial body. They have a variety of uses, including communication relay, weather forecasting, navigation ( GPS), broadcasting, scient ...
s, for scientific analysis of the atmosphere on their NG-11 mission. On April 3, 2019, Li Hejun resigned as a director and chairman of the company and transferred his shares to his sisters Li Xue and Li Xia, who control his interest on his behalf. In May 2019, Hanergy announced a partnership with
DHL DHL (originally named after founders Dalsey, Hillblom and Lynn) is a multinational Import-Export Expert Company, founded in the United States and headquartered in Bonn, Germany. It provides courier, package delivery, and express mail service, ...
to become the provider of CIGS flexible solar panels for the rooftops of their commercial vehicles in the UK and
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
. Also in May 2019, Hanergy signed an agreement for a strategic co-operation with Deuter to collaboratively design and develop solar backpacks for the global market. It also signed a strategic cooperation agreement with U.S. Green Building Council to jointly foster the application of thin-film solar power products and technologies in buildings globally. In July 2019, Hanergy signed a strategic partnership with
TAM-Europe TAM (Tovarna avtomobilov Maribor – English: Maribor Automobile Factory) is a Slovenian commercial vehicle manufacturer based in Maribor. It was established in 2011 as part of a multinational conglomerate, with CHTC China Hi-Tech Group Corporat ...
to integrate flexible thin-film modules and create solar-powered airport shuttle buses. In January 2020, Solibro Hi-Tech GmbH filed insolvency.


Operations


Solar energy

Hanergy is focused on the thin-film solar value chain, including manufacturing of solar modules and equipment, and developing of solar parks. It develops
copper indium gallium selenide Copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) is a I- III- VI2 semiconductor material composed of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium. The material is a solid solution of copper indium selenide (often abbreviated "CIS") and copper gallium selenide. ...
(CIGS),
gallium arsenide Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a III-V direct band gap semiconductor with a Zincblende (crystal structure), zinc blende crystal structure. Gallium arsenide is used in the manufacture of devices such as microwave frequency integrated circuits, monoli ...
(GaAs) and silicon heterojunction thin-film technologies. Hanergy also operates as an original equipment manufacturer, manufacturing thin-film components for various companies in the
automotive industry The automotive industry comprises a wide range of company, companies and organizations involved in the design, Business development, development, manufacturing, marketing, selling, Maintenance, repairing, and Custom car, modification of motor ve ...
. It cooperates with
Audi Audi AG () is a German automotive manufacturer of luxury vehicles headquartered in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. A subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group, Audi produces vehicles in nine production facilities worldwide. The origins of the compa ...
,
FAW-Volkswagen FAW-Volkswagen Automobile Co., Ltd. is a joint venture between FAW Group and Volkswagen Group which manufactures Audi and Volkswagen marque passenger cars for sale in China. It was founded on 6 February 1991. FAW-VW is headquartered in the s ...
,
Guangqi Honda GAC Honda Automobile Co., Ltd. is a Chinese automobile manufacturing joint venture company based in Guangzhou, Guangdong province. Co-owned by Honda and GAC Group (''Guangqi''), GAC Honda operates two plants that, , produces Honda-branded mo ...
, Tesla, and
Bolloré Bolloré SE () is a French conglomerate headquartered in Puteaux, on the western outskirts of Paris, France. Founded in 1822, the company has interests in Vivendi, international freight forwarding, oil storage and pipelines in France, solid state ...
, as well as domestic car companies like
BAIC Beijing Automotive Group Co., Ltd. (BAIC, formerly as Beijing Automotive Industry Corporation) is a Chinese State-owned enterprises of China, state-owned automobile manufacturer headquartered in Shunyi District, Shunyi, Beijing. Founded in 1958 ...
. It also works with
NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agencies of the United States government, independent agency of the federal government of the United States, US federal government responsible for the United States ...
,
Boeing The Boeing Company, or simply Boeing (), is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, satellites, and missiles worldwide. The company also provides leasing and product support s ...
,
DHL DHL (originally named after founders Dalsey, Hillblom and Lynn) is a multinational Import-Export Expert Company, founded in the United States and headquartered in Bonn, Germany. It provides courier, package delivery, and express mail service, ...
,
Ikea IKEA ( , ) is a Multinational corporation, multinational conglomerate (company), conglomerate founded in Sweden that designs and sells , household goods, and various related services. IKEA is owned and operated by a series of not-for-profit an ...
, and Deuter to develop solar-powered services. Hanergy offers HanTile and HanWall services for green powered buildings. The first generation HanTile featured a double layer of glass and was released in two styles: Double-Glass Triple-Arch Series and Double-Glass Spool Series. Equipped with CIGS thin-film solar chips, the Double-Glass Triple-Arch Series has a 30 W capacity, while the Double-Glass Spool Series' capacity stands at 11.5 W. The new generation HanTile product, featuring a single rather than double layer of glass which makes it more thin, flexible and lightweight. The
Building-integrated photovoltaics Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are photovoltaic materials that are used to replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as the roof, skylights, or façades. They are increasingly being incorporated in ...
is represented by HanWall, which is released in two adaptations. Hanergy provides mobile energy products Humbrella, HanPack, and HanPower. Humbrella is equipped with CIGS thin-film solar modules and a 9600 mAh battery. Humbrella Side features a side pole structure and an improved 25,200 mAh battery. Thin-film solar-powered backpacks, HanPack, are integrated with 9 W, 6.14 W, or 7.17 W of CIGS thin-film solar power. HanPower Plus-In is a thin-film solar powered portable charger where a 12 W thin-film solar module and a traditional storage module are combined with a magnetic interface to offer constant wired/wireless charging.


Other operations

In addition to the solar energy technology, Hanergy owns installed hydrogeneration capacities over 6,000 MW. It also owns 131 MW of installed wind powercapacities.


Corporate issues


Locations

Hanergy's corporate headquarters is located in Beijing Olympic Park. It has research and development centers in Beijing,
Chengdu Chengdu; Sichuanese dialects, Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: ; Chinese postal romanization, previously Romanization of Chinese, romanized as Chengtu. is the capital city of the Chinese province of Sichuan. With a ...
and
Changzhou Changzhou is a prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu, China. It was previously known as Yanling, Lanling, and Jinling. Located on the southern bank of the Yangtze River, Changzhou borders the provincial capital of Nanjing to the west, Zhen ...
in China, in
Silicon Valley Silicon Valley is a region in Northern California that is a global center for high technology and innovation. Located in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area, it corresponds roughly to the geographical area of the Santa Clara Valley ...
and
Tucson Tucson (; ; ) is a city in Pima County, Arizona, United States, and its county seat. It is the second-most populous city in Arizona, behind Phoenix, Arizona, Phoenix, with a population of 542,630 in the 2020 United States census. The Tucson ...
in the United States, in
Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...
in Germany, and in
Uppsala Uppsala ( ; ; archaically spelled ''Upsala'') is the capital of Uppsala County and the List of urban areas in Sweden by population, fourth-largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö. It had 177,074 inhabitants in 2019. Loc ...
in Sweden. Its manufacturing plants are located in
Heyuan Heyuan ( zh, c=河源, j=ho4 jyun4, Hakka Chinese, Hakka: Fò-Ngiàn) is a prefecture-level city of Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. As of the 2020 census, its population was 2,837,686 whom 1,051,993 lived in the built-up ('' ...
, Wujin, Shuangyashan, Yucheng,
Tangshan Tangshan ( zh, c=唐山 , p=Tángshān) is a coastal, industrial prefecture-level city in the northeast of Hebei province. It is located in the eastern part of Hebei Province and the northeastern part of the North China Plain. It is located in t ...
,
Jiujiang Jiujiang, formerly transliterated Kiukiang and Kew-Keang, is a prefecture-level city located on the southern shores of the Yangtze River in northwest Jiangxi Province in the People's Republic of China. It is the second-largest prefecture-level ...
,
Haikou Haikou; Chinese postal romanization, formerly romanized as Hoihow is the capital city, capital and most populous city of the Chinese province of Hainan. Haikou city is situated on the northern coast of Hainan, by the mouth of the Nandu River. ...
,
Nanjing Nanjing or Nanking is the capital of Jiangsu, a province in East China. The city, which is located in the southwestern corner of the province, has 11 districts, an administrative area of , and a population of 9,423,400. Situated in the Yang ...
,
Shuangliu Airport Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport (; traditionally as Chengdu Airport) is one of two international airports serving Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province in Southwestern China, with the other being Chengdu Tianfu International Airpo ...
and Changxing in China, in
Silicon Valley Silicon Valley is a region in Northern California that is a global center for high technology and innovation. Located in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area, it corresponds roughly to the geographical area of the Santa Clara Valley ...
and
Tucson Tucson (; ; ) is a city in Pima County, Arizona, United States, and its county seat. It is the second-most populous city in Arizona, behind Phoenix, Arizona, Phoenix, with a population of 542,630 in the 2020 United States census. The Tucson ...
in the United States, and in Thalheim in Germany.


Subsidiaries

Hanergy's subsidiary Solibro Hi-Tech produced glass-based CIGS solar cells thin-film modules. It had headquarters in Thalheim,
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
and a research site in
Uppsala Uppsala ( ; ; archaically spelled ''Upsala'') is the capital of Uppsala County and the List of urban areas in Sweden by population, fourth-largest city in Sweden, after Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö. It had 177,074 inhabitants in 2019. Loc ...
,
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...
. Miasolé produces flexible CIGS solar cells and cell manufacturing equipment. MiaSolé flexible CIGS solar cell conversion efficiency has reached 19.4% at the laboratory and its commercial size flexible module set a new world record with 17.44%
aperture In optics, the aperture of an optical system (including a system consisting of a single lens) is the hole or opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system. More specifically, the entrance pupil as the front side image o ...
area efficiency. Global Solar Energy delivers lightweight, portable and flexible CIGS photovoltaic modules. These modules are suitable for building-integrated photovoltaics, consumer goods, electronics, and automotive applications. Hanergy's GSE flexible CIGS solar cell conversion efficiency currently stands at 19.3%. Alta Devices, a
gallium arsenide Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a III-V direct band gap semiconductor with a Zincblende (crystal structure), zinc blende crystal structure. Gallium arsenide is used in the manufacture of devices such as microwave frequency integrated circuits, monoli ...
photovoltaic manufacturer based in
California California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...
, United States, was acquired by Hanergy Group, a privately held Chinese multinational
renewable energy Renewable energy (also called green energy) is energy made from renewable resource, renewable natural resources that are replenished on a human lifetime, human timescale. The most widely used renewable energy types are solar energy, wind pow ...
company, in 2013. Its flexible GaAs technology was the world record holder for both single-junction and dual-junction solar cell conversion efficiency, standing at 29.1% and 31.6% respectively. The company was closed, along with several other solar manufacturers owned by Hanergy in 2019.


See also

*
Solar power in China China is the largest market in the world for both photovoltaics and solar thermal energy. China's photovoltaic industry began by making panels for satellites, and transitioned to the manufacture of domestic panels in the late 1990s. After sub ...
*
Thin film solar cell Thin-film solar cells are a type of solar cell made by depositing one or more thin layers (thin films or TFs) of photovoltaic material onto a substrate, such as glass, plastic or metal. Thin-film solar cells are typically a few nanometers ( nm ...
*
Copper indium gallium selenide Copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) is a I- III- VI2 semiconductor material composed of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium. The material is a solid solution of copper indium selenide (often abbreviated "CIS") and copper gallium selenide. ...
*
Gallium arsenide Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a III-V direct band gap semiconductor with a Zincblende (crystal structure), zinc blende crystal structure. Gallium arsenide is used in the manufacture of devices such as microwave frequency integrated circuits, monoli ...
*
Heterojunction A heterojunction is an interface between two layers or regions of dissimilar semiconductors. These semiconducting materials have unequal band gaps as opposed to a homojunction. It is often advantageous to engineer the electronic energy bands in m ...
*
List of CIGS companies A list is a set of discrete items of information collected and set forth in some format for utility, entertainment, or other purposes. A list may be memorialized in any number of ways, including existing only in the mind of the list-maker, bu ...


References


External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:Hanergy Solar energy companies of China Thin-film cell manufacturers Renewable energy technology companies Companies based in Beijing Engineering companies of China Chinese brands Chinese companies established in 1989 Energy companies established in 1989 1989 in Beijing