Sol-air temperature (''T''_sol-air) is a variable used to calculate cooling load of a building and determine the total heat gain through exterior surfaces. It is an improvement over: :

\frac = h_o(T_o - T_s)

Where: *

q

= rate of heat transfer *

A

= heat transfer surface area ²*

h_o

= heat transfer coefficient for radiation (long wave) and convection /m²K*

T_o

= outdoor surroundings' temperature �C*

T_s

= outside surface temperature �C The above equation only takes into account the temperature differences and ignores two important parameters, being 1) solar radiative flux; and 2) infrared exchanges from the sky. The concept of ''T''_sol-air was thus introduced to enable these parameters to be included within an improved calculation. The following formula results:

T_\mathrm = T_o + \frac

Where: *

a

= solar radiation absorptivity (surface solar absorptance or the inverse of the solar reflectance of a material) *

I

= global

solar irradiance Solar irradiance is the power per unit area (surface power density) received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument. Solar irradiance is measured in watts per square metre (W/ ...

(i.e. total solar radiation incident on the surface) /m² *

\Delta Q_

= extra infrared radiation due to difference between the external air temperature and the apparent sky temperature. This can be written as

\Delta Q_ = F_r * h_r * \Delta T_

/m² The product

T_\mathrm

just found can now be used to calculate the amount of heat transfer per unit area, as below:

\frac = h_o(T_\mathrm - T_s)

An equivalent, and more useful equation for the net heat loss across the whole construction is:

\frac = U_c(T_i - T_\mathrm)

Where: *

U_c

= construction U-value, according to ISO 6946 /m²K *

T_i

= indoor temperature �C*

\Delta T_

= difference between outside dry-bulb air temperature and sky mean radiant temperature �C*

F_r

= Form factor between the element and the sky **

F_r

= 1 for an unshaded horizontal roof **

F_r

= 0,5 for an unshaded vertical wall *

h_r

= external radiative heat transfer coefficient /m²K By expanding the above equation through substituting

T_\mathrm

the following heat loss equation is derived:

\frac  =  U_c(T_i - T_o)  -  \frac

The above equation is used for opaque facades in,ISO 13790, ''Energy performance of buildings — Calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling'' and renders intermediate calculation of

T_\mathrm{sol-air}

unnecessary. The main advantage of this latter approach is that it avoids the need for a different outdoor temperature node for each facade. Thus, the solution scheme is kept simple, and the solar and sky radiation terms from all facades can be aggregated and distributed to internal temperature nodes as gains/losses.

References

#Fundamentals volume of the ''ASHRAE Handbook'', ASHRAE, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA, 2005 #''Heating and Cooling of Buildings'', 2nd ed., Kreider, Curtiss, Rabl, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 2002

References

See also