European labour law regulates basic transnational standards of employment and partnership at work in the

European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are Geography of the European Union, located primarily in Europe. The u ...

and countries adhering to the

European Convention on Human Rights The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR; formally the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) is a Supranational law, supranational convention to protect human rights and political freedoms in Europe. Draf ...

. In setting regulatory floors to competition for job-creating investment within the Union, and in promoting a degree of employee consultation in the workplace, European labour law is viewed as a pillar of the "

European social model The European social model is a concept that emerged in the discussion of economic globalisation and typically contrasts the degree of employment regulation and social protection in European countries to conditions in the United States. It is ...

". Despite wide variation in employment protection and related welfare provision between member states, a contrast is typically drawn with conditions in the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

. The European Union, under the

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) is one of two treaties forming the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU), the other being the Treaty on European Union (TEU). It was previously known as the Treaty Establish ...

, article 153(1) is able to use the ordinary legislation procedure on a list of labour law fields. This notably excludes

wage regulation Wage regulation refers to attempts by a government to regulate wages paid to citizens. Minimum wage Minimum wage regulation attempts to set an hourly, or other periodic monetary standard for pay at work. A recent example was the U.K. National ...

and

collective bargaining Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries, working conditions, benefits, and other aspects of workers' compensation and labour rights, rights for ...

. Four main fields of

EU regulation A regulation is a legal act of the European Union which becomes immediately enforceable as law in all member states simultaneously. Regulations can be distinguished from directives which, at least in principle, need to be transposed into nation ...

of labour rights include (1) individual labour rights, (2) anti-discrimination regulations, (3) rights to information, consultation, and participation at work, and (4) rights to

job security Job security is the probability that an individual will keep their job; a job with a high level of security is such that a person with the job would have a small chance of losing it. Many factors threaten job security: globalization, outsourcing ...

. In virtually all cases, the EU follows the principle that member states can always create rights more beneficial to workers. The fundamental principle of

labour law Labour laws (also spelled as labor laws), labour code or employment laws are those that mediate the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions, and the government. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship be ...

is that employees'

unequal bargaining power Inequality of bargaining power in law, economics and social sciences refers to a situation where one Party (law), party to a Bargaining, bargain, contract or Gentlemen's agreement, agreement, has more and better alternatives than the other party. ...

justifies substitution of rules in property and contract with positive

social rights Economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) are socio-economic human rights, such as the right to education, right to housing, right to an adequate standard of living, right to health, victims' rights and the right to science and culture. Econo ...

so that people may earn a living to fully participate in a democratic society. The EU's competences generally follow principles codified in the

Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers 1989 The Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers (9 December 1989) is a principles-based charter of human rights that apply specifically to the workforce in the European Union. It is used as an interpretative aid by the Court of Jus ...

, introduced in the "social chapter" of the

Treaty of Maastricht The Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, is the foundation treaty of the European Union (EU). Concluded in 1992 between the then-twelve member states of the European Communities, it announced "a new stage in the p ...

History

While

free movement of workers The freedom of movement for workers is a policy chapter of the acquis communautaire of the European Union. The free movement of workers means that nationals of any member state of the European Union can take up an employment in another member st ...

was central to the first

European Economic Community The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the ''Treaty on the functioning of the European Union'', as renamed by the Lisbo ...

agreement, the development of European labour law has been a gradual process. Originally, the Ohlin Report of 1956 recommended that labour standards did not need to be harmonised, although a general principle of anti-discrimination between men and women was included in the early Treaties. Increasingly, the absence of labour rights was seen as inadequate given the capacity for a "

race to the bottom Race to the bottom is a Socioeconomics, socio-economic concept describing a scenario in which individuals or companies compete in a manner that incrementally reduces the utility of a product or service in response to perverse incentives. This pheno ...

" in

international trade International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories because there is a need or want of goods or services. (See: World economy.) In most countries, such trade represents a significan ...

if corporations can shift jobs and production to countries with low wages. The

(deriving from the

Treaty of Lisbon The Treaty of Lisbon (initially known as the Reform Treaty) is a European agreement that amends the two treaties which form the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU). The Treaty of Lisbon, which was signed by all EU member states o ...

) lists in article 2(1) the European Union's competence in the field of

. What is conspicuously not included is unjust dismissal of workers, and according to article 153(5) "pay, the right of association, the right to strike or the right to impose lock-outs". As it says, "the Union shall support and complement the activities of the Member States in the following fields:" The objectives draw, according to TFEU article 151, inspiration from a number of other treaties and sources, which in turn draw inspiration from the

International Labour Organization The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice by setting international labour standards. Founded in October 1919 under the League of Nations, it is one of the firs ...

and the

Versailles Treaty The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919. As the most important treaty of World War I, it ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers. It was signed in the Palace of Versailles, exactl ...

Labour and human rights

A first group of Directives create a range of individual rights in EU employment relationships. The objective of transnational regulation is to progressively raise the minimum floor in line with economic development. *

articles 4, 6, 9, 10 and 11 *

European Social Charter The European Social Charter is a Council of Europe treaty which was opened for signature on 18 October 1961 and initially became effective on 26 February 1965, after West Germany had become the fifth of the 13 signing nations to ratify it. By ...

1961 * Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers 1989

Employment contracts

The

Employment Information Directive 2019 Employment is a relationship between two parties regulating the provision of paid labour services. Usually based on a contract, one party, the employer, which might be a corporation, a not-for-profit organization, a co-operative, or any oth ...

requires that every employee (however defined by member state law) has the right to a written statement of their employment contract. The consistent jurisprudence of the

European Court of Justice The European Court of Justice (ECJ), officially the Court of Justice (), is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law. As a part of the Court of Justice of the European Union, it is tasked with interpreting ...

is that an employee is generally to be defined according to the fact that he or she is invariably the weaker party in an employment contract, and works under the direction of another. *''

Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Württemberg ''Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Württemberg'' (1986) was a European Union law case about the free movement of workers within the territory of the European Union. The decision of the European Court of Justice concerned the scope of protection for peop ...

'' (1986) C-66/85, 7'the essential feature of an employment relationship ... is that for a certain period of time a person performs services for and under the direction of another person in return for which he receives remuneration.' *''

Pfeiffer v Deutsches Rotes Kreuz ''Pfeiffer v Deutsches Rotes Kreuz, Kreisverband Waldshut eV'' (2005C-397/01-403/01is an EU law and European labour law case concerning the Working Time Directive. It is relevant for the Working Time Regulations 1998 in UK labour law. Facts Work ...

'' (2005) C-397/01, "the worker must be regarded as the weaker party to the employment contract and it is therefore necessary to prevent the employer being in a position to disregard the intentions of the other party to the contract or to impose on that party a restriction of his rights without him having expressly given his consent in that regard." *''Danosa v LKB Līzings SIA'' (2010
C-232/09
*''Holterman Ferho Exploitatie BV v Spies Von Büllesheim'' (2015
C-47/14
The European Court of Justice expressly rules that there are generally no exemptions from the term "employee" fo
executives under European Law
which would allow member states to restrict employee protection on non-executive-employees. *

Platform Work Directive The Platform Work Directive (EU2024/2831is a proposed European Union Directive on the regulation of platform work in EU law. Contents Article 1 sets out the Directive's purpose to improve work, ensure "correct determination of latform workers'em ...

has been proposed to recognise platforms as employers, and regulate algorithmic management.

Free movement

Articles 45–48 state that workers have the right to move freely and work anywhere in the EU, without discrimination on grounds of nationality, subject to exceptions to preserve public policy, security and health. * Citizens Rights Directive 2004/38/EC There is also an old Directive concerning posted workers which has recently become highly contentious given decisions by the ECJ in ''

The Rosella ''International Transport Workers' Federation v Viking Line ABP'' (2007C-438/05is an EU law case of the European Court of Justice, in which it was held that there is a positive right to strike, but the exercise of that right could infringe a bu ...

'' and ''Laval''. * Posted Workers Directive 96/71/EC

Working time and child care

Reflecting basic standards in the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the Human rights, rights and freedoms of all human beings. Drafted by a UN Drafting of the Universal D ...

and

ILO Conventions The list of International Labour Organization Conventions contains 191 codifications of worldwide labour standards. International Labour Organization (ILO) Conventions are developed through tripartite negotiations between member state represen ...

, the Working Time Directive 2003 requires a minimum of 4 weeks (totalling 28 days) paid holidays each year, a minimum of 20-minute paid rest breaks for 6-hour work shifts, limits on night work or time spent on dangerous work, and a maximum 48-hour working week unless a worker individually consents. The Parental Leave Directive 2019 creates a bare minimum of four months of parental leave (to be used by parents/legal guardians and to be taken before the child reaches a specified age, up to the age of eight, as determined by each Member State) of which al least two months are non-transferable and are paid at a level that is determined by the Member State; ten days of paternity leave paid at least at the level of

sick pay Sick leave (or paid sick days or sick pay) is paid time off from work that workers can use to stay home to address their health needs without losing pay. It differs from paid vacation time or time off work to deal with personal matters, because ...

; five days carers’ leave; and the Pregnant Workers Directive 1992 creates a right for mothers to a minimum of 14 weeks' paid leave to care for children. *

Working Time Directive The Working Time Directive''2003/88/ECis a European Union law Directive and a key part of European labour law. It gives EU workers the right to: *at least 28 days (four weeks) in paid holidays each year; *rest breaks of 20 minutes in a 6-hou ...

br>2003/88/EC
*

Pregnant Workers Directive Pregnant Workers Directive 199292/85/EEC is a European Union Directive A directive is a legal act of the European Union that requires member states to achieve particular goals without dictating how the member states achieve those goals. A d ...

92/85/EEC * Parental Leave Directive 2019

Health and safety

The Safety and Health at Work Directive 1989 requires basic requirements to prevent and insure against workplace risks, with employee consultation and participation, and this is complemented by specialised Directives, ranging from work equipment to dangerous industries. In almost all cases, all member states go significantly beyond this minimum. * Health and Safety of Atypical Workers Directive 1991 91/383/EEC * Minimum Workplace Safety Directive 1989 89/654/EC

Pensions

While there is no

, the Institutions for Occupational Retirement Provision Directive 2003 requires that pension benefits are protected through a national insurance fund, that information is provided to beneficiaries, and minimum standards of governance are observed. These include protecting the "pension promise" of employers in the event of business trouble, and require minimum standards of funding. Most member states go far beyond these requirements, particularly by requiring a vote for employees in who manages their money. * Insolvency Protection Directive 2008/94/EC article 8 *'' Robins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions'' (2007) C-278/05, the member state pension guarantee institution must reimburse at much more than 20% of pension During the

2008 financial crisis The 2008 financial crisis, also known as the global financial crisis (GFC), was a major worldwide financial crisis centered in the United States. The causes of the 2008 crisis included excessive speculation on housing values by both homeowners ...

, the EU created a network of transnational financial regulators in an attempt to prevent the undercutting of standards by countries competing on low regulation. One of these is the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority, which replaced a committee known as the "Committee of European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Supervisors". * European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority Regulationbr>1094/2010
The

tax law Tax law or revenue law is an area of legal study in which public or sanctioned authorities, such as federal, state and municipal governments (as in the case of the US) use a body of rules and procedures (laws) to assess and collect taxes in a ...

for cross-border worker (UE and extra-UE) is regulated by the Directive n. 957/2018.

Social security

Equal Treatment in Occupational Social Security Directive Equal(s) may refer to: Mathematics * Equality (mathematics). * Equals sign (=), a mathematical symbol used to indicate equality. Arts and entertainment * Equals (film), ''Equals'' (film), a 2015 American science fiction film * Equals (game), ''E ...

86/378 * Equal Treatment in Social Security Directive 79/7/EEC * Social Security Regulation 1408/71/EC and 883/2004/EC *

Directive 2005/36/EC Directive 2005/36/EC on the recognition of professional qualifications provides for a system of recognition of professional experience and promotes automatic recognition of professional experience across the European Union (EU). It covers the Eu ...

Public procurement

* Public Contracts Directive 2014
2014/24/EU
arts 18, 69-71 and Annex X *'' RegioPost GmbH & Co v Stadt Landau in der Pfalz'' (2015
C-115/14

Collective representation

The EU is formally not enabled to legislate on

, although the EU, with all member states, is bound by the jurisprudence of the

European Court of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The court hears applications alleging that a co ...

freedom of association Freedom of association encompasses both an individual's right to join or leave groups voluntarily, the right of the group to take collective action to pursue the interests of its members, and the right of an association to accept or decline membe ...

Participatory governance

If a company transforms from a member state corporation to incorporate under the European Company Regulation 2001, employees are entitled to no less favourable representation than under the member state's existing board participation laws. This is practically important as a majority of EU member states require employee representation on company boards. *

Employee Involvement Directive The Employee Involvement Directive 2001/86/EC is an EU Directive concerning the right of workers to elect members of the board of directors in a European Company. It is a supplement to the European Company Regulation and inspired by the Europea ...

br>2001/86/EC
* European Company Regulation

Information and consultation

The Information and Consultation Directive 2002 requires that workplaces with over 20 or 50 staff have the right to set up elected

work councils A works council is a shop-floor organization representing workers that functions as a local/firm-level complement to trade unions but is independent of these at least in some countries. Works councils exist with different names in a variety of re ...

with a range of binding rights, the

European Works Council Directive 2009 European Works Councils (EWC) are information and consultation bodies representing employees in European multinational companies. Purpose The rationale behind the establishment of European Works Councils is related to the economic and political ...

enables

transnationally, and the

Employee Involvement Directive 2001 The Employee Involvement Directive 2001/86/EC is an EU Directive A directive is a legal act of the European Union that requires Member state of the European Union, member states to achieve particular goals without dictating how the member sta ...

requires representation of workers on company boards in some European Companies. In total, the requirement to inform and consult the workforce (negotiate with a view to agreement) is found in four directives. * European Works Council Directive 2009/38/EC art 6(3) * Information and Consultation Directive 2002/14/EC art 4(2) * Business Transfers Directive 2001/23/EC art 7 *

Collective Redundancies Directive The Collective Redundancies Directive''98/59/ECis an EU Directive concerning the procedures and warnings that any employer is under a duty to its workforce to follow if it finds it necessary to make more than 20 employees redundant over 90 days (or ...

98/59/EC art 2

Collective bargaining

Theoretically, only the European Court of Human Rights should have competence to decide issues related to collective bargaining and industrial action, as the European Union treaties do not confer competence on the EU to legislate on such issues. The ECHR's scope extends to collective bargaining given the right to freedom of association under article 11. In '' Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom'' the

Court A court is an institution, often a government entity, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between Party (law), parties and Administration of justice, administer justice in Civil law (common law), civil, Criminal law, criminal, an ...

held that any detriment for membership of a trade union was incompatible with article 11, and in '' Demir and Baykara v Turkey'' the

held "the right to bargain collectively with the employer has, in principle, become one of the essential elements" of article 11. This approach, which includes affirmation of the fundamental

right to strike Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike in British English, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances. Strikes became c ...

in all democratic member states, has been seen as lying in tension with some of the Court of Justice's previous case law, notably '' ITWF v Viking Line ABP'' and ''

Laval Un Partneri Ltd v Svenska Byggnadsarbetareforbundet Laval means ''The Valley'' in old French and is the name of: People * House of Laval, a French noble family originating from the town of Laval, Mayenne * Laval (surname) Places Belgium * Laval, a village in the municipality of Sainte-Ode, Luxem ...

''. These decisions suggested the fundamental right of workers to take collective action was subordinate to business freedom to establish and provide services. * Article 11 ECHR *'' Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom'' *'' Demir and Baykara v Turkey''

008 008, OO8, O08, or 0O8 may refer to: * "008", a fictional 00 Agent In Ian Fleming's James Bond novels and the derived films, the 00 Section of MI6 is considered the secret service's elite. A 00 (pronounced "Double O") is a field agent who ho ...

ECHR 1345 *'' Erzberger v TUI AG'' (2017) (C-566/15), scope of free movement of workers *''

IRLR 143 (C-438/05), on freedom of establishment *''

IRLR 160 (C-319/05, see also (C-319/06), on free movement of services *

Collective Bargaining and Wage Directive The Adequate Wage Directive 20222022/2041 is a European Union Directive on the setting of minimum wages and collective bargaining in EU law. Contents Article 1 states the subject matter of (1)(a) "setting adequate levels of minimum wages" and (b) ...

br>COM/2020/682 final

Equality

Beyond the general principle of equality in

EU law European Union law is a system of Supranational union, supranational Law, laws operating within the 27 member states of the European Union (EU). It has grown over time since the 1952 founding of the European Coal and Steel Community, to promote ...

, six main Directives protect basic equality rights in EU law. The rules are not consolidated, and on gender pay potentially limited in not enabling a hypothetical comparator, or comparators in outsourced business. Equality rules do not yet apply to child care rights, which only give women substantial time off, and consequently hinder equality in men and women caring for children after birth, and pursuing their careers.

General principle

The principle of equality regardless of status is a fundamental value in all European member states, and constitutes a core principle that pervades the objectives of every institution.

Equality Equality generally refers to the fact of being equal, of having the same value. In specific contexts, equality may refer to: Society * Egalitarianism, a trend of thought that favors equality for all people ** Political egalitarianism, in which ...

was affirmed by the Court of Justice in ''

Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG ''Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG'' (2010) is a leading EU labour law case, which held that there is a general principle of law in all European Union member states, against discrimination, and in favour of equal treatment. Facts Ms Kücük ...

'' to be a general principle of EU law. *''

'' (2010
C-555/07
This is reflected in a number of TFEU provisions. *Article 8 (ex Article 3(2) TEC) "In all its activities, the Union shall aim to eliminate inequalities, and to promote equality, between men and women." *Article 10, "In defining and implementing its policies and activities, the Union shall aim to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation."

Protected grounds

The Race Equality Directive 2000, Equality Framework Directive 2000 and Equal Treatment Directive 2006 prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation, disability, religion or belief, age, race and gender. As well as "direct discrimination", there is a prohibition on "indirect discrimination" where employers apply a neutral rule to everybody, but this has a disproportionate impact on the protected group. * Equality Framework Directivebr>2000/78/EC
* Race Equality Directivebr>2000/48/EC
*

Equal Treatment Directive Equal Treatment Directive 20062006/54/EC is a directive in European Union law, which implements the principle of equal treatment between men and women in EU labour law. Background Since the Treaty of Amsterdam came into force in 1999, new EU Di ...

br>2006/54/EC

Atypical workers

The Part-time Work Directive 1997, Fixed-term Work Directive 1999 and Temporary Agency Work Directive 2008 generally require that people who do not have ordinary full-time, permanent contracts are treated no less favourably than their colleagues. However, the scope of the protected worker is left to member state law, and the TAWD 2008 only applies to "basic working conditions" (mostly pay, working hours and participation rights) and enabled member states to have a qualifying period. * Part-time Workers Directivebr>97/81/EC
*

Fixed-term Work Directive The Fixed-term Work Directive''99/70/ECis one of three EU Directives that regulate atypical work. Alongside the Part-time Work Directive and the Agency Work Directive its aim is to ensure that people who have not contracted for permanent jobs are ...

br>99/70/EC
* Temporary and Agency Work Directivebr>2008/104/EC

Job security

Minimum

rights are provided by three Directives. There are further norms in the Treaties which aspire to create a high level of employment in the EU.

Business restructuring

The Collective Redundancies Directive 1998 specifies that minimum periods of notice and consultation occur if more than a set number of jobs in a workplace are at risk. The Transfers of Undertakings Directive 2001 require that staff retain all contractual rights, unless there is an independent economic, technical or organisational reason, if their workplace is sold from one company to another. Last, the Insolvency Protection Directive 2008 requires that employees' wage claims are protected in the event that their employer falls insolvent. This last Directive gave rise to ''

Francovich v Italy ''Francovich v Italy'' (1991) C-6/90 was a decision of the European Court of Justice which established that European Union Member States could be liable to pay compensation to individuals who suffered a loss by reason of the Member State's fai ...

'', where the Court of Justice affirmed that member states which fail to implement the minimum standards in EU Directives are liable to pay compensation to employees who should have rights under them. *'' Junk v Kühnel'' (2005) C-188/03, 3the Collective Redundancies Directive 1998 ‘imposes an obligation to negotiate’. *'' USDAW v WW Realisation 1 Ltd'' (2015
C-80/14
Fifth Chamber

Unemployment

Today, the EU is required under

TFEU The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) is one of two treaties forming the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU), the other being the Treaty on European Union (TEU). It was previously known as the Treaty Establish ...

article 147 to contribute to a "high level of employment by encouraging cooperation between Member States". This has not resulted in legislation, which usually requires taxation and fiscal stimulus for significant change, while the

European Central Bank The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central component of the Eurosystem and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) as well as one of seven institutions of the European Union. It is one of the world's Big Four (banking)#International ...

monetary policy Monetary policy is the policy adopted by the monetary authority of a nation to affect monetary and other financial conditions to accomplish broader objectives like high employment and price stability (normally interpreted as a low and stable rat ...

has been acutely controversial during the

Eurozone crisis The euro area crisis, often also referred to as the eurozone crisis, European debt crisis, or European sovereign debt crisis, was a multi-year debt crisis and financial crisis in the European Union (EU) from 2009 until, in Greece, 2018. The ...

. The EU undertakes ad hoc initiatives to combat unemployment, but only indirectly through better regulation. It does not have any specific fiscal stimulus programme, outside funds used for general regional development. *

Article 9, "In defining and implementing its policies and activities, the Union shall take into account requirements linked to the promotion of a high level of employment, the guarantee of adequate social protection, the fight against social exclusion, and a high level of education, training and protection of human health." *Articles 145–150, on coordinated strategies to promote employment * European Union Labour Force Survey *

Eurostat Eurostat ("European Statistical Office"; also DG ESTAT) is a department of the European Commission ( Directorate-General), located in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. Eurostat's main responsibilities are to provide statist ...

European debt crisis The euro area crisis, often also referred to as the eurozone crisis, European debt crisis, or European sovereign debt crisis, was a multi-year debt crisis and financial crisis in the European Union (EU) from 2009 until, in Greece, 2018. The e ...

Post-2008 Irish economic downturn The post-2008 Irish economic downturn in the Republic of Ireland, coincided with a Post-2008 Irish banking crisis, series of banking scandals, followed the 1990s and 2000s Celtic Tiger period of rapid real economic growth fuelled by foreign dire ...

Greek government-debt crisis Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family ** Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kn ...

2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis The 2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis, also known as the Great Recession in Spain or the Great Spanish Depression, began in 2008 during the 2008 financial crisis. In 2012, it made Spain a late participant in the European sovereign debt crisi ...

2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis The 2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis was part of the wider downturn of the Portuguese economy that started in 2001 and possibly ended between 2016 and 2017. The period from 2010 to 2014 was probably the hardest and more challenging part o ...

Gig economy legislation

In December 2021, the European Commission published new draft legislation to ensure gig workers get a minimum wage, access to sick pay, holidays and general employment rights. The announcement sent stock prices of gig economy brands lower, including

Deliveroo Deliveroo is a British multinational online food delivery company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It operates in the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Qatar. It formerly ...

Just Eat Takeaway Just Eat Takeaway.com N.V. (formerly Takeaway.com; founded as Thuisbezorgd.nl) is a Dutch multinational online food ordering and Food delivery, delivery company, formed from the Mergers and acquisitions, merger of London-based Just Eat and Amste ...

Delivery Hero Delivery Hero SE is a German multinational online food ordering and food delivery company based in Berlin, Germany. Founded in 2011, the company operates in 70+ countries internationally in Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin and South America, and th ...

Notes

References

* Catherine Barnard, ''EC Employment Law'' (3rd edn Oxford, OUP 2006) * E McGaughey, ''A Casebook on Labour Law'' (Hart 2018)

External links

EU homepage on Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion
{{Authority control Labour law by country