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European Works Council Directive 2009
European Works Councils (EWC) are information and consultation bodies representing employees in European multinational companies. Purpose The rationale behind the establishment of European Works Councils is related to the economic and political integration of the European Union. As companies became more transnational, the local information and consultation bodies (such as works councils) lacked a direct link to the level on which the real decisions are taken. As EWCs bring employee representatives of all over Europe together with the European management, they have an opportunity to be informed and consulted on the transnational companies strategy and status. Legal basis European Works Councils are regulated by two European directives. The first EWC directive was adopted in 199494/45/EC and a revised directive was adopted in 20092009/38/EC aka "EWC Recast Directive" and "Transnational Works Council Directive"). These directives are transposed into national legislation in all ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multinational Corporation
A multinational corporation (MNC; also called a multinational enterprise (MNE), transnational enterprise (TNE), transnational corporation (TNC), international corporation, or stateless corporation, is a corporate organization that owns and controls the production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country. Control is considered an important aspect of an MNC to distinguish it from international portfolio investment organizations, such as some international mutual funds that invest in corporations abroad solely to diversify financial risks. Most of the current largest and most influential companies are Public company, publicly traded multinational corporations, including Forbes Global 2000, ''Forbes'' Global 2000 companies. History Colonialism The history of multinational corporations began with the history of colonialism. The first multinational corporations were founded to set up colonial "factories" or port cities. The two main examples were the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are Geography of the European Union, located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated population of over 449million as of 2024. The EU is often described as a ''sui generis'' political entity combining characteristics of both a federation and a confederation. Containing 5.5% of the world population in 2023, EU member states generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of around €17.935 trillion in 2024, accounting for approximately one sixth of global economic output. Its cornerstone, the European Union Customs Union, Customs Union, paved the way to establishing European Single Market, an internal single market based on standardised European Union law, legal framework and legislation that applies in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where the states ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Works Council
A works council is a shop-floor organization representing workers that functions as a local/firm-level complement to trade unions but is independent of these at least in some countries. Works councils exist with different names in a variety of related forms in a number of European countries, including Great Britain (''joint consultative committee'' or ''employees’ council''); Germany and Austria (''Betriebsrat''); Luxembourg (''comité mixte'', ''délégation du personnel''); the Netherlands (''Dienstcommissie, Ondernemingsraad'') and Flanders in Belgium (''ondernemingsraad''); Italy (''comitato aziendale''); France (''comité social et économique''); Wallonia in Belgium (''conseil d'entreprise''), Spain (''comité de empresa'') and Denmark (''Samarbejdsudvalg'' or ''SU''). One of the most commonly examined (and arguably most successful) implementations of this institution is found in Germany. The model is basically as follows: general labour agreements are made at the nationa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Directive (European Union)
A directive is a legal act of the European Union that requires Member state of the European Union, member states to achieve particular goals without dictating how the member states achieve those goals. A directive's goals have to be made the goals of one or more new or changed national laws by the member states before this legislation applies to individuals residing in the member states. Directives normally leave member states with a certain amount of leeway as to the exact rules to be adopted. Directives can be adopted by means of a variety of European Union legislative procedure, legislative procedures depending on their subject matter. The text of a draft directive (if subject to the co-decision process, as contentious matters usually are) is prepared by the European Commission, Commission after consultation with its own and national experts. The draft is presented to the European Parliament, Parliament and the Council of the European Union, Council—composed of relevant min ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Economic Area
The European Economic Area (EEA) was established via the ''Agreement on the European Economic Area'', an international agreement which enables the extension of the European Union's single market to member states of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The EEA links the EU member states and three of the four EFTA states (Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway) into an internal market governed by the same EU laws. These rules aim to enable free movement of persons, goods, services, and capital within the European single market, including the freedom to choose residence in any country within this area. The EEA was established on 1 January 1994 upon entry into force of the EEA Agreement. The contracting parties are the EU, its member states, and Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway. New members of EFTA would not automatically become party to the EEA Agreement, as each EFTA State decides on its own whether it applies to be party to the EEA Agreement or not. According to Article 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Trade Union Confederation
The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) is the major trade union organisation representing workers at the European level. In its role as a European social partner, the ETUC works both in a consulting role with the European Commission and negotiates agreements and work programmes with European employers. It coordinates the national and sectoral policies of its affiliates on social and economic matters, particularly in the framework of the EU institutional processes, including European economic governance and the European Semester. History The ETUC was established in 1973, to coordinate and represent workers and their trade unions at the European level, and has grown as more countries have joined the EU. Representativeness and constitution At present, the ETUC represents almost 45 million workers across Europe, affiliated to 93 national trade union confederations from 41 European countries, and 10 European Trade Union Federations (ETUFs). It includes both a Women's Commit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KU Leuven
KU Leuven (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven) is a Catholic research university in the city of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Founded in 1425, it is the oldest university in Belgium and the oldest university in the Low Countries. In addition to its main campus in Leuven, it has satellite campuses in Kortrijk, Antwerp, Ghent, Bruges, Ostend, Geel, Diepenbeek, Genk, Aalst, Belgium, Aalst, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, and in Belgium's capital Brussels. KU Leuven is the largest university in Belgium and the Low Countries and the largest Dutch-language university in the world. In 2021–22, more than 65,000 students were enrolled, with 21% being international students. Its primary language of instruction is Dutch, although several programs are taught in English, particularly graduate and postgraduate degrees. KU Leuven previously only accepted baptized Catholics, but is now open to students from different faiths or life-stances. While nowadays only the acronymic name KU Leuven is used, the univer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Trade Union Institute (ETUI)
The European Trade Union Institute (ETUI) is the independent research and training centre of the European Trade Union Confederation ( ETUC). Its mission is to support, strengthen, and stimulate the European trade union movement by building bridges between research and labor. The ETUI was formed in 2005 through the merger of three specialist bodies: the European Trade Union Institute, the European Trade Union College, and the Trade Union Technical Bureau. It employs a multinational team of around 60 staff members and receives financial support from the European Union. Research The ETUI is recognised as a centre of excellence in several areas of research such as European industrial relations (including European Works Council, worker participation, European social dialogue, etc.) and working conditions (health and safety, exposure to dangerous substances – REACH, etc.). The research department consists of three subject units: * Europeanisation of industrial relations * Econom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Company Law
European company law is the part of European Union law which concerns the formation, operation and insolvency of companies (or corporations) in the European Union. The EU creates minimum standards for companies throughout the EU, and has its own corporate forms. All member states continue to operate separate companies acts, which are amended from time to time to comply with EU Directives and Regulations. There is, however, also the option of businesses to incorporate as a (SE), which allows a company to operate across all member states. History There have been, since the European Community was founded in 1957, a series of directives creating minimum standards for business across the European Union. A central aim restated in each Directive is to reduce the barriers to freedom of establishment of businesses in the European Union through a process of harmonising the basic laws. The object is that when laws are harmonised, business will not be deterred by different or more onerous ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Employee Involvement Directive 2001
The Employee Involvement Directive 2001/86/EC is an EU Directive A directive is a legal act of the European Union that requires Member state of the European Union, member states to achieve particular goals without dictating how the member states achieve those goals. A directive's goals have to be made the go ... concerning the right of workers to elect members of the board of directors in a European Company. It is a supplement to the European Company Regulation and inspired by the European Works Council Directive. History The Directive is largely modeled after the European Works Council Directive 94/45/EC. Conversely, according to the European Economic and Social Committee, the updated EWC Recast Directive 2009/38/EC was inspired by the Employee Involvement Directive. Content EU member states differ in the degree of worker involvement in corporate management. In Germany, most large corporations are required to allow employees to elect a certain percentage of seats on th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labour Law
Labour laws (also spelled as labor laws), labour code or employment laws are those that mediate the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions, and the government. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer, and union. Individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work also through the contract for work. are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for the minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors are allowed to work. Government agencies (such as the former US Employment Standards Administration) enforce labour law (legislature, regulatory, or judicial). History Following the unification of the List of cities of the ancient Near East, city-states in Assyria and Sumer by Sargon of Akkad into a Akkadian Empire, single empire ruled from his Akkad (city), home city circa 2334 BC, Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement, common Mesopotamian standards for length, ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Works Council
A works council is a shop-floor organization representing workers that functions as a local/firm-level complement to trade unions but is independent of these at least in some countries. Works councils exist with different names in a variety of related forms in a number of European countries, including Great Britain (''joint consultative committee'' or ''employees’ council''); Germany and Austria (''Betriebsrat''); Luxembourg (''comité mixte'', ''délégation du personnel''); the Netherlands (''Dienstcommissie, Ondernemingsraad'') and Flanders in Belgium (''ondernemingsraad''); Italy (''comitato aziendale''); France (''comité social et économique''); Wallonia in Belgium (''conseil d'entreprise''), Spain (''comité de empresa'') and Denmark (''Samarbejdsudvalg'' or ''SU''). One of the most commonly examined (and arguably most successful) implementations of this institution is found in Germany. The model is basically as follows: general labour agreements are made at the nationa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
