The Sironidae are a family of

harvestmen The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an Order (biology), order of arachnids Common name, colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, alth ...

with more than 30 described species. The family shows a

Laurasia Laurasia () was the more northern of two large landmasses that formed part of the Pangaea supercontinent from around ( Mya), the other being Gondwana. It separated from Gondwana (beginning in the late Triassic period) during the breakup of Pan ...

n distribution, with most species found in temperate

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located enti ...

and the west coast of North America. The only exception is ''Suzukielus sauteri'' from Japan. (2007): Sironidae Simon, 1879. In: Pinto-de-Rocha ''et al.'' 2007: 102f

Name

''Siro'' is the

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power ...

ized form of the French name "

Ciron The Ciron (; oc, Siron) is a left tributary of the Garonne, in Gironde, Southwest France. It is long. Geography The Ciron rises in the eastern end of the Moors of Gascony, in Landes. It flows north-west, mainly through the moors of Gironde, ...

Species

* '' Cyphophthalmus'' (mostly

Balkan The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the who ...

) :* '' Cyphophtalmus duricorius'' Joseph, 1868 (

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

Slovenia Slovenia ( ; sl, Slovenija ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: ''RS''), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, and ...

Bosnia-Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and H ...

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

) ::* ''Cyphophtalmus duricorius bithynicus'' (Gruber, 1973) (

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...

Bursa ( grc-gre, Προῦσα, Proûsa, Latin: Prusa, ota, بورسه, Arabic:بورصة) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of Bursa Province. The fourth-most populous city in Turkey and second-most populous in t ...

) ::* ''Cyphophtalmus duricorius bolei'' (Hadzi, 1973) (

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = ...

) ::* ''Cyphophtalmus duricorius corfuanus'' (Kratochvíl, 1937) (

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wit ...

: Corfu) ::* ''Cyphophtalmus duricorius yalovensis'' (Gruber, 1973) (Turkey:

Yalova Yalova is a market-gardening town located in northwestern Turkey on the eastern coast of the Sea of Marmara. The town has a population of 156,838, while the population of the surrounding Yalova Province is 291,001 . A largely modern town, it i ...

) :* '' Cyphophtalmus eratoae'' Juberthie, 1968 (Greece) :* '' Cyphophthalmus ere'' Karaman, 2007 (

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hung ...

) :* '' Cyphophthalmus gjorgjevici'' (Hadzi, 1933) (

North Macedonia North Macedonia, ; sq, Maqedonia e Veriut, (Macedonia before February 2019), officially the Republic of North Macedonia,, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Socialist Feder ...

) :* '' Cyphophthalmus klisurae'' (Hadzi, 1973) (cave near Klisura, Serbia) :* '' Cyphophthalmus markoi'' Karaman, 2007 (North Macedonia) :* '' Cyphophthalmus minutus'' Kratochvíl, 1937 (Croatia, cave) :* '' Cyphophthalmus montenegrinus'' Hadzi, 1973 (Montenegro) :* '' Cyphophthalmus noctiphilus'' Kratochvíl, 1940 (Croatia: cave Vranjaca) :* '' Cyphophthalmus nonveilleri'' Karaman, 2007 (Serbia, cave) :* '' Cyphophthalmus ohridanus'' Hadzi, 1973 (North Macedonia, cave) :* '' Cyphophthalmus serbicus'' Hadzi, 1973 (karstic region of east and central Serbia) :* '' Cyphophthalmus silhavyi'' Kratochvíl, 1937 (Croatia, cave) :* '' Cyphophthalmus teyrovskyi'' Kratochvíl, 1937 (Croatia, cave) * '' Iberosiro'' (

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, In recognized minority languages of Portugal: :* mwl, República Pertuesa is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Macaronesian ...

, cave) :* '' Iberosiro distylos'' de Bivort, 2004 * ''

Odontosiro ''Odontosiro'' is a genus of harvestmen belonging to the family Sironidae The Sironidae are a family of harvestmen with more than 30 described species. The family shows a Laurasian distribution, with most species found in temperate Europe an ...

'' Juberthie, 1961 (Portugal,

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...

) :* '' Odontosiro lusitanicus'' Juberthie, 1961 * '' Paramiopsalis'' Juberthie, 1962 (Portugal, Spain) :* ''

Paramiopsalis ramulosus ''Paramiopsalis'' is a genus of harvestmen belonging to the family Sironidae. All species are found in Spain. Description The genus ''Paramiopsalis'' was described by Juberthie, 1962, with the type species ''Paramiopsalis ramulosus'' Juberthie, ...

'' Juberthie, 1962 * ''

Parasiro ''Parasiro'' is a genus of harvestmen belonging to the family Parasironidae with one described species. It is found in Southwestern Europe. Description The genus ''Parasiro'' was described by Hansen & Sørensen 1904, with the type species ''C ...

'' Hansen & Sørensen, 1904 :* ''

Parasiro coiffaiti ''Parasiro'' is a genus of harvestmen belonging to the family Parasironidae with one described species. It is found in Southwestern Europe. Description The genus ''Parasiro'' was described by Hansen & Sørensen 1904, with the type species ''Cy ...

'' Juberthie, 1956 (Spain, France) :* ''

Parasiro corsicus ''Parasiro'' is a genus of harvestmen belonging to the family Parasironidae with one described species. It is found in Southwestern Europe. Description The genus ''Parasiro'' was described by Hansen & Sørensen 1904, with the type species ''Cy ...

'' ( Simon, 1872) (Corsica) :* ''

Parasiro minor ''Parasiro'' is a genus of harvestmen belonging to the family Parasironidae with one described species. It is found in Southwestern Europe. Description The genus ''Parasiro'' was described by Hansen & Sørensen 1904, with the type species ''C ...

'' Juberthie, 1958 (

, Corsica) * '' Siro'' Latreille, 1796 (western Europe, North America) :* '' Siro acaroides'' (Ewing, 1923) (US west coast:

Washington Washington commonly refers to: * Washington (state), United States * Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States ** A metonym for the federal government of the United States ** Washington metropolitan area, the metropolitan area centered o ...

Oregon Oregon () is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idah ...

California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the ...

) :*†'' Siro balticus'' Dunlop & Mitov, 2011 (

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

Baltic amber The Baltic region is home to the largest known deposit of amber, called Baltic amber or succinite. It was produced sometime during the Eocene epoch, but exactly when is controversial. It has been estimated that these forests created more than 1 ...

, unknown locality) :* '' Siro beschkovi'' Mitov, 1994 (

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Mac ...

) :* '' Siro boyerae'' Giribet & Shear, 2010 (Washington, Oregon) :* ''

Siro calaveras ''Siro calaveras'' is a species of mite harvestman in the family Sironidae The Sironidae are a family of harvestmen with more than 30 described species. The family shows a Laurasian distribution, with most species found in temperate Europe a ...

'' Giribet & Shear, 2010 (California) :* '' Siro carpaticus'' Rafalski, 1956 (

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is divided into Voivodeships of Poland, sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 mill ...

Slovakia Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the ...

) :* '' Siro crassus'' Novak & Giribet, 2006 (Slovenia) (2006): A new species of Cyphophthalmi (Arachnida, Opiliones, Sironidae) from Eastern Slovenia. ''Zootaxa'' 1330: 27-42
PDF
/ref> :* ''

Siro exilis ''Siro exilis'' is a species of mite harvestman in the family Sironidae The Sironidae are a family of harvestmen with more than 30 described species. The family shows a Laurasian distribution, with most species found in temperate Europe an ...

'' Hoffman, 1963 (US east coast:

Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography an ...

West Virginia West Virginia is a state in the Appalachian, Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States.The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States while the ...

Maryland Maryland ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It shares borders with Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; ...

) :* ''

Siro kamiakensis ''Neosiro kamiakensis'' is a species of mite harvestman in the family Sironidae The Sironidae are a family of harvestmen with more than 30 described species. The family shows a Laurasian distribution, with most species found in temperate Eur ...

'' (Newell, 1943) (Washington,

Idaho Idaho ( ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. To the north, it shares a small portion of the Canada–United States border with the province of British Columbia. It borders the states of Montana and W ...

) :* †'' Siro platypedibus'' Dunlop & Giribet, 2003 (fossil, Bitterfield amber from

Bitterfeld Bitterfeld () is a town in the district of Anhalt-Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 July 2007 it has been part of the town of Bitterfeld-Wolfen. It is situated approximately 25 km south of Dessau, and 30 km northeast of Halle ( ...

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, is a country in Central Europe. It is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the sou ...

) :* '' Siro rubens'' Latreille, 1804 (France) :* ''

Siro shasta ''Holosiro shasta'' is a species of mite harvestman in the family Sironidae. It is found in North America, specifically California California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United ...

'' Giribet & Shear, 2010 (California) :* ''

Siro sonoma ''Arhesiro sonoma'' is a species of mite harvestman in the family Sironidae (as of 2023). It is found in North America, specifically USA, California, Sonoma County. Description The genus ''Arhesiro'' was described by Karaman Karaman, historic ...

'' Shear, 1980 (Northern California) :* '' Siro valleorum'' Chemini, 1990 (Italy) * '' Suzukielus'' Juberthie, 1970 ( Japan) :* '' Suzukielus sauteri'' ( Roewer, 1916) * '' Tranteeva'' (Bulgaria) :* '' Tranteeva paradoxa'' Kratochvíl, 1958 The following genus is no longer included in Sironidae, but also not yet included in any new family: * '' Marwe'' Shear, 1985 (

Kenya ) , national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi , ...

) :* '' Marwe coarctata'' Shear, 1985

Footnotes

References

* Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog
Sironidae

Checklist of the Cyphophthalmi species of the World
* (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. ''Harvard University Press''

Name

Species

Footnotes

References

Further reading