silky anteater

The silky anteater, also known as the pygmy anteater, has traditionally been considered a single species of anteater, ''Cyclopes didactylus'', in the genus ''Cyclopes'', the only living genus in the family Cyclopedidae. Found in southern Mexico, and Central and South America, it is the smallest of all known anteaters. It has nocturnal habits and appears to be completely arboreal; its hind feet are highly modified for climbing.

A taxonomic review in 2017, including both molecular and morphological evidence, found that ''Cyclopes'' may actually comprise at least seven species. The only known extinct cyclopedid species is '' Palaeomyrmidon incomtus'', from the Late Miocene ( c. 7 to 9 million years ago) of modern-day Argentina.

Etymology

The scientific name ''Cyclopes didactylus'' translates to "two-toed circle-foot", referencing the two claws present on the forefeet. Additionally, the name alludes to the toes' ability to nearly encircle a branch while clinging.

Description

Silky anteaters are the smallest extant anteaters and have proportionately shorter faces and larger crania than other species. Average adult length ranges from , including a tail long, and weigh from . They have dense and soft fur, ranging from grey to yellowish in color, with a silvery sheen. Many subspecies have dark, often brownish, streaks and relatively paler underparts or limbs. Their eyes are black, while the foot soles are red.

The silky anteater possesses claws on the second and third toes of its forefeet, with the third toe being significantly larger. The fourth toe is small and clawless, while the remaining toes are vestigial or absent and not externally visible. On the hind feet, all four toes are of equal length and equipped with long claws, accompanied by a vestigial hallux that is not externally visible. The ribs are broad and flat, overlapping to form an internal armored casing that protects the chest.

The species also features partially prehensile tails, which further aid in their arboreal lifestyle.

Distribution and habitat

Silky anteaters are found from Oaxaca and southern Veracruz in Mexico, through Central America (except El Salvador), and south to Ecuador, and northern Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. A distinct population is found in the northern Atlantic Forest of eastern Brazil. Silky anteaters are also found on the island of Trinidad. They inhabit a range of different forest types, including semi-deciduous, tropical evergreen, and mangrove forests, from sea level to .

Systematics

Silky anteaters form the sister clade to the myrmecophagid anteaters, together forming Vermilingua. Vermilingua is a sister clade to sloths (Folivora), together forming Pilosa.

Until a detailed taxonomic review in 2017, seven subspecies of ''C. didactylus'' were recognized.
* ''C. d. didactylus'' Linnaeus, 1758 - the Guyanas, eastern Venezuela, Trinidad, Atlantic Forest
* ''C. d. catellus'' Thomas, 1928 - northern Bolivia, southeastern Peru, western Brazil
* ''C. d. dorsalis'' Gray, 1865 - extreme southern Mexico, Central America, northern Colombia
* ''C. d. eva'' Thomas, 1902 - western Ecuador, southwestern Colombia
* ''C. d. ida'', Thomas, 1900 - western Brazil, eastern Ecuador and Peru
* ''C. d. melini'' Lönnberg, 1928 - northern Brazil, eastern Colombia
* ''C. d. mexicanus'' Hollister, 1914 - southern Mexico

The 2017 review suggests that four of these subspecies deserve to be recognized as species, while the others are synonyms. It also described three new species of silky anteater.
* ''C. didactylus'' ( Linnaeus, 1758) (synonym: ''C. d. melini'') - the Guyanas, eastern Venezuela, Trinidad, Atlantic Forest and northern Brazil
* ''C. catellus'' Thomas, 1928 - Bolivia
* ''C. dorsalis'' ( Gray, 1865) (synonyms: ''C. d. eva'' and ''C. d. mexicanus'') - western Ecuador, southwestern to northern Colombia, Central America, southern Mexico
* ''C. ida'' Thomas, 1900 - western Brazil, eastern Ecuador, eastern Colombia and Peru
* ''C. thomasi'' Miranda et al., 2017 - Central Peru, extreme western Brazil (Acre)
* ''C. rufus'' Miranda et al., 2017 - Brazil (Rondônia)
* ''C. xinguensis'' Miranda et al., 2017 - Brazil, between the Madeira River and the Xingu River (Below the Amazon River)

Behavior

Silky anteaters are nocturnal and arboreal, found in lowland rainforests with continuous canopy, where they can move to different places without the need to descend from trees. They can occur at fairly high densities of 0.77 individuals/ha, for example, in some areas. Females have smaller home ranges than males.

The silky anteater is a slow-moving animal and feeds mainly on ants, eating between 700 and 5,000 a day. Silky anteaters also feed on wasps and wasp pupae, attacking the wasp nests at night when the wasps are sluggish and unable to defend themselves. Sometimes, it also feeds on other insects, such as termites and small coccinellid beetles. It has been observed to consume fruits while in captivity. The silky anteater defecates once a day. Some of those faeces contain a large quantity of exoskeleton fragments of insects, indicating the silky anteater does not possess either chitinase or chitobiase, digestive enzymes found in insectivorous bats.

It is a solitary animal and gives birth to a single young, up to twice a year. The young are born already furred, and with a similar colour pattern to the adults. They begin to take solid food when they are about one-third of the adult mass. The young is usually placed inside a nest of dead leaves built in tree holes, and left for about eight hours each night.

Some authors suggest the silky anteater usually dwells in silk cotton trees (genus ''Ceiba''). Because of its resemblance to the seed pod fibers of these trees, it can use the trees as camouflage and avoid attacks of predators such as hawks and, especially, harpy eagles. During the day, they typically sleep curled up in a ball. Although they are rarely seen in the forest, they can be found more easily when they are foraging on lianas at night.

When threatened, the silky anteater, like other anteaters, defends itself by standing on its hind legs and holding its fore feet close to its face so it can strike any animal that tries to get close with its sharp claws.

The silky anteater is a host of the acanthocephalan intestinal parasite '' Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus''.

References

Other sources

*
* Eisenberg, J.F. and Redford, K.H. 1999.
Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: The Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
. University of Chicago Press.

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Anteaters
Mammals of Central America
Mammals of the Caribbean
Mammals of Bolivia
Mammals of Brazil
Mammals of Colombia
Mammals of Ecuador
Mammals of French Guiana
Mammals of Guyana
Mammals of Mexico
Mammals of Peru
Mammals of Suriname
Mammals of Trinidad and Tobago
Mammals of Venezuela
Fauna of the Amazon
Silky anteater
Silky anteater