Shin-hanga

was an art movement in early 20th-century Japan, during the Taishō and Shōwa periods, that revitalized the traditional '' ukiyo-e'' art rooted in the Edo and Meiji periods (17th–19th century). It maintained the traditional ''ukiyo-e'' collaborative system (''hanmoto'' system) where the artist, carver, printer, and publisher engaged in division of labor, as opposed to the parallel '' sōsaku-hanga'' (creative prints) movement.

The movement was initiated and nurtured by publisher Watanabe Shozaburo (1885–1962), and flourished from around 1915 to 1942, resuming on a smaller scale after the Second World War through the 1950s and 1960s. Watanabe approached European artists residing in Tokyo, and Charles W. Bartlett to produce woodblock prints inspired by European Impressionism (which itself had drawn from ''ukiyo-e'').

''Shin-hanga'' artists incorporated Western elements such as the impression of light and the expression of individual moods. It eschewed ''ukiyo-e'' traditions of emulating hand-drawn brushstrokes seeking instead to "create works replete with creativity and rich with artistic quality, by avoiding enslavement to hand-drawn painting or old models".

Watanabe introduced new printing techniques, most notably in the extensive use of printed layers of either ''baren suji-zuri'' (printed marks left deliberately by the baren) or ''goma-zuri'' (printed speckles), printed on thicker and usually less moist paper than past ''ukiyo-e'' prints. Watanabe considered ''shin-hanga'' to be fine art (''geijutsu'') and separate from ''shinsaku-hanga'', the term that he used to describe less labor-intensive souvenir prints such as those by Takahashi Shōtei. ''Shin-hanga'' themes, however, remained strictly traditional; themes of landscapes (''fukeiga''), famous places ('' meishō''), beautiful women ('' bijinga''), kabuki actors ('' yakusha-e''), and birds-and-flowers ('' kachō-e'').

History

Popular with foreign Westerners,''shin-hanga'' prints appealed to the Western taste for nostalgic and romanticized views of Japan and as such, enjoyed immense popularity overseas. In the 1920s, there were articles on ''shin-hanga'' in the ''International Studio'', '' The Studio'', '' The Art News'' and '' The Art Digest'' magazines. The first ''shin-hanga'' exported were Capelari and Bartlett prints in 1916, however, no foreign exhibitions were held until at Boston in March 1924. A larger exhibition of 68 works was held at the Herron Art Institute in October 1926. Later, the promoter of said Boston and Indianapolis touring exhibitions, artist Hiroshi Yoshida, helped organize and promote two very large exhibitions at the Toledo Museum of Art in Ohio in 1930 and 1936. Through the 1930s and then after the Second World War, art dealers such as Robert O. Muller (1911-2003) imported ''shin-hanga'' to satisfy Western demand.

There was not much domestic market for ''shin-hanga'' prints in Japan. ''Ukiyo-e'' prints were considered by the Japanese as mass commercial products, as opposed to the European view of ''ukiyo-e'' as fine art during the climax of Japonisme. After decades of modernization and Westernization during the Meiji era, architecture, art and clothing in Japan came to follow Western modes. Japanese art students were trained in the Western tradition. Western oil paintings ('' yōga'') were considered high art and received official recognition from the Bunten (The Ministry of Education Fine Arts Exhibition). ''Shin-hanga'' prints, on the other hand, were considered as a variation of the outdated ''ukiyo-e''. They were dismissed by the Bunten and were subordinated under oil paintings and sculptures.

As foreign demand for ''shin-hanga'' increased through the 1920s, the complexity of prints decreased. Ground layers of ''baren-suji'' and ''goma'' were less commonly seen and the overall number of printing impressions decreased. To satisfy foreign collectors, colors became brighter and more saturated. ''Shin-hanga'' supplanted ''shinsaku-hanga'' in the souvenir market and the latter ceased production.

''Shin-hanga'' declined as the military government tightened its control over the arts and culture during wartime. In 1939, the Army Art Association was established under the patronage of the Army Information Section to promote war art. By 1943, an official commission for war painting was set up and artists’ materials were rationed. Overseas market for Japanese prints declined drastically at the same time.

Demand for ''shin-hanga'' never regained its momentum postwar. Nevertheless a small number of artists continued in the tradition. Artists such as Itō Shinsui (1898–1972) and (1907–1980) continued to utilize the collaborative system during the 1960s and 1970s. In the last decades of the 20th century publishers instead concentrated on making reproductions of early 20th century ''shin-hanga;'' meanwhile ''sōsaku-hanga'' enjoyed immense popularity and prestige in the international art scene. The early 21st century has seen somewhat of a resurgence in ''shin-hanga'' popularity notably in market demand for earlier masters such as Kawase Hasui (1883–1957) and Hiroshi Yoshida (1876–1950), and for new artists continuing the ''shin-hanga'' aesthetic such as Paul Binnie (1967–).

Steve Jobs, the head of Apple, was among the prominent collectors of ''shin-hanga''.

Shinsaku Hanga vs. Shin-hanga

and ''shin-hanga'' have often been conflated. ''Shinsaku-hanga'' was the forerunner to ''shin-hanga'' and similarly created by the publisher Watanabe Shozaburo. It began in 1907 with the prints of Takahashi Shōtei and prospered until about 1927, with its popularity waning inversely to the growing popularity of ''shin-hanga''. It had ceased completely by 1935.

''Shinsaku-hanga'' was essentially modernization of '' ukiyo-e'' and especially the prints of Hiroshige. Compared to ''shin-hanga'', it did not depict contemporary Japan, instead it offered nostalgic views of pre-industrial, pre- Meiji Japan with modern printmaking techniques. Techniques characterized by continuing to replicate the hand-drawn brushstrokes of ''ukiyo-e'' (''shin-hanga'' expressly resisted replicating brushstrokes) while beginning to eschew contour lines and large flat areas of color typical of historical ''ukiyo-e''.Shimizu, Hisao ''The Publisher Watanabe Shozaburo and the Birth of Shin-Hanga'' in Brown, K. p23

This style was very popular early on with tourists in Japan (Watanabe described them as "souvenir prints") and for foreign export. Its typically smaller prints (smaller than ''shin-hanga'') were less expensive to produce and less expensive to purchase, and they ultimately provided the financial stability to Watanabe to nurture the ''shin-hanga'' movement.

The best known ''shinsaku-hanga'' artists were Takahashi Shōtei, Ohara Koson, Ito Sozan and Narazaki Eisho. Each of these artists later moved to ''shin-hanga''.

Notable artists

* Arai Yoshimune
* Hashiguchi Goyō
*
* Itō Shinsui
* Ito Yuhan
* Kaburagi Kiyokata
* Kawase Hasui
* Elizabeth Keith
* Kitano Tsunetomi
* Kobayakawa Kiyoshi
* Natori Shunsen
* Ohara Koson
* Koichi Okada
* Ota Masamitsu (also known as Ota Gako)
* Settai Komura
*
* Shiro Kasamatsu
* Takahashi Shōtei (also known as Hiroaki)
* Takeji Asano
* Torii Kotondo
* Tsuchiya Koitsu
* Tsuchiya Rakusan
* Yamakawa Shūhō
* Yamamura Toyonari
* Yoshida Hiroshi

References

Further reading

*Blair, Dorothy. ''Modern Japanese prints: printed from a photographic reproduction of two exhibition catalogues of modern Japanese prints published by the Toledo Museum of Art in 1930–1936''. Ohio: Toledo Museum of Art, 1997.
*Brown, K. and Goodall-Cristante, H. ''Shin-Hanga: New Prints in Modern Japan''. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1996.
*Hamanoka, Shinji. ''Female Image: 20th Century Prints of Japanese Beauties''. Hotei Publishing 2000.
*Jenkins, D. ''Images of a Changing World: Japanese Prints of the Twentieth Century''. Portland: Portland Art Museum, 1983.
*Menzies, Jackie. ''Modern boy, Modern Girl: Modernity in Japanese Art 1910–1935''. Sydney, Australia: Art Gallery NSW, c. 1998.
* Merritt, Helen and Nanako Yamada. (1995). ''Guide to Modern Japanese Woodblock Prints, 1900–1975.'' Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ;
OCLC 247995392
*Merritt, Helen. ''Modern Japanese Woodblock Prints: The Early Years''. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press 1990.
*Milone, Marco. ''La xilografia giapponese moderno-contemporanea'', Edizioni Clandestine, 2023,
*Mirviss, Joan B. ''Printed to Perfection: Twentieth-century Japanese Prints from the Robert O. Muller Collection''. Washington D.C.: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution and Hotei Publishing 2004.
* Newland, Amy Reigle. (2005). ''Hotei Encyclopedia of Japanese Woodblock Prints.'' Amsterdam: Hotei.
OCLC 61666175

*Smith, Lawrence. ''Modern Japanese Prints 1912–1989''. New York, London, Paris: Cross River Press, 1994.
*Swinton, Elizabeth de Sabato. ''Terrific Tokyo: A panorama in Prints from the 1860s to the 1930s''. Worcester: Worcester Art Museum, 1998.
*Masuda, Koh. ''Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary'', Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo 1991,
*Shimizu, Hisao ''The Publisher Watanabe Shozaburo and the Birth of Shin-Hanga'' in ''Water and Shadow: Kawase Hasui and Japanese Landscape Prints'' edited by Kendall Brown, Hotei Publishing, 2014.
*Watanabe, Shozaburo ''Shin-hanga o tsukuru ni tsuite no watashi no iken'' y opinions about how to make shin-hangain ''Bijutsu gaho'' vol 44 no 8 (August 1921).

External links

Video showing the printing of a shin-hanga work
by craftsman David Bull (16 mins)
"The Shin Hanga Movement in America"
Video lecture by Dr. Kendall Brown on roles played by artist Hiroshi Yoshida and museum professional J. Arthur MacLean in disseminating the art (50 mins)
Shin hanga — ''Viewing Japanese Prints''
website by John Fiorillo
''Dream Worlds: Modern Japanese Prints and Paintings from the Robert O. Muller Collection''
Online Exhibition

Information about the man behind one of the most well known collections of Shin Hanga.

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20th-century art movements
20th century in Japan
Ukiyo-e genres
Schools of Japanese art
Impressionism