Ibrāhīm bin Shahryar bin Zadan Farrokh bin Khorshid (c. 963 – c. 1035; Persian: ابراهیم بن شهریار بن زادان‌فرخ بن خورشید), better known by his pen-names Abū Ishaq (ابواسحاق) and Sheykh Abū Ishaq of Kazerun (شیخ ابواسحاق کازرونی) and Nicknamed Sheykh Murshid (شیخ مرشد), was one of the famous Iraninan

Sufis Sufism ( or ) is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism, and asceticism. Practitioners of Sufism are referred to as "Sufis" (from , ), and ...

of the late 4th and early 5th century AH. He was the founder of the Kazeruniyeh sufism, which spread to

India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...

and

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

on one side, and to

Anatolia Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...

and

Baghdad Baghdad ( or ; , ) is the capital and List of largest cities of Iraq, largest city of Iraq, located along the Tigris in the central part of the country. With a population exceeding 7 million, it ranks among the List of largest cities in the A ...

on the other side.Iranica ABŪ ESḤĀQ KĀZARŪNĪ

Birth and family

Abū Ishaq Ibrāhīm was born on the 15th of Ramadan in the year 352 AH equal to 963 AD in Novard area of

Kazerun Kazerun () is a city in the northwest of Fars Province in Iran and the center of Kazerun County. This city has an ancient history, numerous ancient and historical monuments, and numerous tourist attractions. Kazerun is the largest and most p ...

(currently Olia neighborhood). His father, Shahryar, was a craftsman from the Salmani dynasty of Kazerun, who were relatives of

Salman the Persian Salman Farsi (; ) was a Persian religious scholar and one of the companions of Muhammad. As a practicing Zoroastrian, he dedicated much of his early life to studying to become a magus, after which he began travelling extensively throughout Weste ...

, and the

Prophet of Islam Prophets in Islam () are individuals in Islam who are believed to spread God's message on Earth and serve as models of ideal human behaviour. Some prophets are categorized as messengers (; sing. , ), those who transmit divine revelation, most ...

had exempted them from paying the

Jizya Jizya (), or jizyah, is a type of taxation levied on non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Sharia, Islamic law. The Quran and hadiths mention jizya without specifying its rate or amount,Sabet, Amr (2006), ''The American Journal of Islamic Soc ...

. Shahryar and Banouye (his mother), who were born in

Zoroastrian Zoroastrianism ( ), also called Mazdayasnā () or Beh-dīn (), is an Iranian religion centred on the Avesta and the teachings of Zarathushtra Spitama, who is more commonly referred to by the Greek translation, Zoroaster ( ). Among the wo ...

families, changed their religion and became

Muslims Muslims () are people who adhere to Islam, a Monotheism, monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God ...

before the birth of Abū Ishaq.

The era of Abū Ishaq

At the time of Abū Ishaq's birth, the Fars region was still one of the important bases of the Zoroastrian religion, and Kazerun was the most important and largest center of Zoroastrianism, and most of the people of Kazerun still had the Zoroastrian religion. At that time, there were several large

Fire temple A fire temple (; ) is a place of worship for Zoroastrians. In Zoroastrian doctrine, ''atar'' and '' aban'' (fire and water) are agents of ritual purity. Clean, white "ash for the purification ceremonies sregarded as the basis of ritual lif ...

s and two

Mosque A mosque ( ), also called a masjid ( ), is a place of worship for Muslims. The term usually refers to a covered building, but can be any place where Salah, Islamic prayers are performed; such as an outdoor courtyard. Originally, mosques were si ...

s in Kazerun, and the ruler of the city was a Zoroastrian named ''Khorshid Marzban'', known as Deylam Majoosi, who belonged to the Zoroastrians of

Buyid dynasty The Buyid dynasty or Buyid Empire was a Zaydi and later Twelver Shi'a dynasty of Daylamite origin. Founded by Imad al-Dawla, they mainly ruled over central and southern Iran and Iraq from 934 to 1062. Coupled with the rise of other Iranian dyn ...

Life and education

Abū Ishaq was born in a poor family and had to work since childhood. In the mornings, before starting work, he used to study

Quran The Quran, also Romanization, romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a Waḥy, revelation directly from God in Islam, God (''Allah, Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which ...

with Abū Tamam from

Basra Basra () is a port city in Iraq, southern Iraq. It is the capital of the eponymous Basra Governorate, as well as the List of largest cities of Iraq, third largest city in Iraq overall, behind Baghdad and Mosul. Located near the Iran–Iraq bor ...

and Abū Ali Muhammad from

Levant The Levant ( ) is the subregion that borders the Eastern Mediterranean, Eastern Mediterranean sea to the west, and forms the core of West Asia and the political term, Middle East, ''Middle East''. In its narrowest sense, which is in use toda ...

, who were Quran reciters living in Kazerun. He gradually became an admirer of

Ibn Khafif Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn al-Khafif (882-982) known as ''al-Shaykh al-Kabir'' or Shaykh al-Shirazi was a Persian people, Persian mystic and sufi from Iran. He is credited with bringing Sufism (''tasawwuf'') to Shiraz. He was a Baghdad-educated ...

, a famous Sufi of the 4th century AH. Among his main teachers, we can mention Abū Abdullah Muhammad Beyzavi, Abi Ahmed Abdul Vahab Ramin, Judge

Abu al-Tayyib al-Tabari Abu’l-Ṭayyib Ṭāher Bin ʿAbdallāh Bin Ṭāher al-Ṭabarī al-Āmolī al-S̲h̲āfiʿī commonly known as Abū al-Ṭayyib al-Ṭabarī () was an Iranian jurisconsult, professor of legal sciences and was the chief judge in Baghdad. He i ...

, Abū Abdullah Muhammad Kazeruni and Judge Abū Masoud Mohsen Kazeruni. Abū Ishaq traveled to Basra,

Mecca Mecca, officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia; it is the Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow valley above ...

and

Medina Medina, officially al-Madinah al-Munawwarah (, ), also known as Taybah () and known in pre-Islamic times as Yathrib (), is the capital of Medina Province (Saudi Arabia), Medina Province in the Hejaz region of western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ...

with Sheykh Hassan Akkar in 388 AH. Finally, after completing his studies, he founded the Kazeruniyeh (Morshediyeh) sufism in the second half of the 4th century AH with the aim of promoting

Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...

, centered in the city of

Efforts to spread Islam and battles

Abū Ishaq decided to develop Islam in Kazerun region and for this reason he started to spread the religion. He first went to the pulpit in the

Congregational mosque A congregational mosque or Friday mosque (, ''masjid jāmi‘'', or simply: , ''jāmi‘''; ), or sometimes great mosque or grand mosque (, ''jāmi‘ kabir''; ), is a mosque for hosting the Friday noon prayers known as ''Friday prayer, jumu'ah' ...

of Kazerun. But due to the disruptions caused by the opponents in his work, he had to leave Kazerun and propagated religion by building an altar and then a stone mosque in the outskirts of the city. His opponents destroyed this mosque many times until finally, in 371 AH, one of his disciples built a mosque that became the main base of the Kazeruniyeh sufism. It was after that that Abu Ishaq turned to preparing an army with the help of Abū Abdullah Muhammad bin Jazin. The conflicts between Abū Ishaq and the Zoroastrian ruler of Kazerun caused a fierce war between Muslims and Zoroastrians of Kazerun. His numerous wars caused him to be called ''Sheykh-e Ghazi'' ''(means Warrior)'' among the people. The hostilities continued until a man named Shahzur bin Kharbam tried to assassinate Sheykh Abū Ishaq, which was unsuccessful. Finally, the ruler of Kazerun was poisoned by one of Sheykh Abū Ishaq's disciples in 406 AH and died. All the events led to the consolidation and expansion of Islam in Kazerun. Narrations indicate that 24,000 people of Kazerun were converted to Islam by Sheykh Abū Ishaq. The activities of the Kazeruniyeh sufism led by Sheykh Abū Ishaq reached such a level that it gradually established 65

Sufi lodge A Sufi lodge is a building designed specifically for gatherings of a Sufi brotherhood or ''tariqa'' and is a place for spiritual practice and religious education. They include structures also known as ''khānaqāh'', ''zāwiya'', ''ribāṭ'' ...

in the Fars region.

Death

Sheykh Abū Ishaq finally died on the 8th of Dhu Qadah in the year 426 AH equal to 1035 AD after enduring illness for four months in Kazerun. Throughout his life, he was always a

vegetarian Vegetarianism is the practice of abstaining from the Eating, consumption of meat (red meat, poultry, seafood, insects as food, insects, and the flesh of any other animal). It may also include abstaining from eating all by-products of animal slau ...

and never married.

Famous disciples and enthusiasts

Sheykh Abū Ishaq had many disciples, and Mahmoud bin Othman gave a long list of their names in his biography's book. Among the famous disciples of Abū Ishaq during his lifetime, we can mention Amir Abulfazl bin Buyeh Deylami and Fakhr al-Mulk, the ministers of

Shah Rukh Shah Rukh or Shahrukh Mirza (, ''Šāhrokh''; 20 August 1377 – 13 March 1447) was the ruler of the Timurid Empire between 1405 and 1447. He was the son of the Central Asian conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), who founded the Timurid dynasty in 1370 ...

, the king of the

Timurid Empire The Timurid Empire was a late medieval, culturally Persianate, Turco-Mongol empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century, comprising modern-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and parts of co ...

in the 9th century AH,

Ghiyas ud din Balban Al-Sultan al-Azam Ghiyath al-Dunya Wal Din Abu'l Muzaffar Balban al-Sultan (; 1216 – 13 January 1287), more famously known as Ghiyath al-Din Balban or simply Balban, was the ninth Mamluk sultan of Delhi. He had been the regent of the last S ...

, sultan of Mamluk dynasty in delhi in the 7th century AH,

Alauddin Khalji Alauddin Khalji (; ), born Ali Gurshasp, was a ruler from the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent. Alauddin instituted a number of significant administrative changes in the Delhi Sultanate, related to revenue ...

, ruler of the

Delhi Sultanate The Delhi Sultanate or the Sultanate of Delhi was a Medieval India, late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for more than three centuries.

in the 7th and 8th centuries, and

Muhammad bin Tughluq Muhammad bin Tughluq (; ; 1290 – 20 March 1351), or Muhammad II, also named Jauna Khan as Crown Prince, further known by his epithets, The Eccentric Prince, or The Mad Sultan, was the eighteenth Sultan of Delhi. He reigned from 4 February 1 ...

, the sultan of

Delhi Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, but spread chiefly to the west, or beyond its Bank (geography ...

in the 8th century AH were among his other famous disciples.

Bayezid the Thunderbolt Bayezid I (; ), also known as Bayezid the Thunderbolt (; ; – 8 March 1403), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1389 to 1402. He adopted the title of ''Sultan-i Rûm'', ''Rûm'' being the Arabic name for the Eastern Roman Empire. In 139 ...

and

Mehmed the Conqueror Mehmed II (; , ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (; ), was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from August 1444 to September 1446 and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. In Mehmed II's first reign, ...

, Sultans of

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

, also had a special devotion to Sheykh Abū Ishaq of Kazerun and built buildings for him in Ottoman. Mahmoud Shah Inju, the ruler of the

Injuids The Injuids (also Injus or House of Inju) were an Iranian dynasty of Persian origin that came to rule over the cities of Shiraz and Isfahan during the 14th century. Its members became de facto independent rulers following the breakup of the Ilkh ...

in Fars and Isfahan, named his son and successor Abū Ishaq because of his devotion to Sheykh Abū Ishaq. Among his famous disciples and admirers in later centuries, we can mention

Khwaju Kermani Khwaju Kermani (; December 1290 – 1349) was a famous Persian poet and Sufi mystic from Iran. Life He was born in Kerman, Iran on 24 December 1290. His nickname Khwaju is a diminutive of the Persian word ''Khwaja'' which he uses as his poeti ...

Amin al-Din Balyani Amin al-Din Balyani (died 1345) was a Sufi mystic based in Kazerun Kazerun () is a city in the northwest of Fars Province in Iran and the center of Kazerun County. This city has an ancient history, numerous ancient and historical monuments ...

Attar of Nishapur Faridoddin Abu Hamed Mohammad Attar Nishapuri ( – c. 1221; ), better known by his pen-names Faridoddin () and ʿAttar of Nishapur (, Attar means apothecary), was a poet, theoretician of Sufism, and hagiographer from Nishapur who had an immense ...

Ruzbihan Baqli Abu Muhammad Sheikh Ruzbehan Baqli (1128–1209) was a Persian poet, mystic, teacher and sufi master. He wrote about his own life as well as published commentaries on Sufi poets and ideas. Baqli's most renowned work was his autobiography ''Unv ...

, Khajeh Amin al-Din Kazeruni and Rokn al-Din Danyal Khonji. The kings of

had great faith in Sheykh Abū Ishaq and paid many vows in his name. Local rulers in Iran also used his name on

coin A coin is a small object, usually round and flat, used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in order to facilitate trade. They are most often issued by ...

s, especially from the 7th century A.H. onwards.

The book of Abū Ishaq's biography

Ferdows al-Murshidiya fi Asrar al-Samadiyya is the name of the book of the biography of Sheykh Abū Ishaq of Kazerun, which was written in the fifth century AH by Imam Abū Bakr Muhammad and translated in the eighth century AH by Mahmoud bin Othman, one of his disciples.

Works

Among the remaining works of Sheykh Abū Ishaq, we can mention narrations about beliefs, testament-like words addressed to Abulfath Abd al-Salam bin Ahmad and poems in the Old Kazeruni dialect, which today is considered one of the dead dialects.

Expansion of the Kazeruniyeh sufism

After the death of Sheykh Abū Ishaq, the activities of the Kazeruniyeh sufism continued through its Sufi lodges, which were known as philanthropic enterprises, under the leadership of the Kazerun

sufi lodge A Sufi lodge is a building designed specifically for gatherings of a Sufi brotherhood or ''tariqa'' and is a place for spiritual practice and religious education. They include structures also known as ''khānaqāh'', ''zāwiya'', ''ribāṭ'' ...

. The location of the Fars region and the city of Kazerun as part of the commercial highway on the back shore of the

Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf, sometimes called the Arabian Gulf, is a Mediterranean seas, mediterranean sea in West Asia. The body of water is an extension of the Arabian Sea and the larger Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.Un ...

and the existence of the merchant network from Kazerun city, led to the expansion of the Kazeruniyeh sufism. Hasan Fasa'i writes about this in his book

Fars-Nama-ye Naseri ''Fars-Nama-ye Naseri'' (, literally "Naseri's Book on Fars") is a Persian-language book on geography and history of Fars province in Iran, with illustrations and maps, by Hasan Fasāʾī (1821–1898). Authorship of this book was assigned by Nas ...

: Sheykh Abū Ishaq's successors in the leadership of the Kazeruniyeh sufism built most of their sufi lodges on commercial routes. Their activity was initially limited to

Shapur-Khwarrah Shapur-Khwarrah (Middle Persian: Šāhpuhr-Xwarra, meaning "glory of Shapur") was one of the four (later five) administrative divisions of the Sasanian province of Pars. The other administrative divisions were Ardashir-Khwarrah, Istakhr and Darabg ...

state. The city of

Bishapur Bishapur (Middle Persian: ''Bay-Šāpūr''; , ''Bishâpûr'') was an ancient city in Sasanid Persia (Iran) on the ancient road between Persis and Elam. The road linked the Sassanid capitals Estakhr (very close to Persepolis) and Ctesiphon. It ...

, as one of the capitals of the

Sasanian Empire The Sasanian Empire (), officially Eranshahr ( , "Empire of the Iranian peoples, Iranians"), was an List of monarchs of Iran, Iranian empire that was founded and ruled by the House of Sasan from 224 to 651. Enduring for over four centuries, th ...

and the most important city of this state, had gradually transferred its position and importance to

, and most of the people of Bishapur had also migrated to Kazerun. Other important cities of this state include the ancient cities of

Tawwaj Tawwaj, Tawwaz or Tavvaz (Middle Persian: ; New Persian: ) was a medieval city in Fars (Pars) in modern Iran, located southwest of Shiraz. Description Tawwaj was located on or close to the Shapur River in the region of Fars, about from the Pe ...

and Ghondejan both of which are abandoned today. The city of

Khonj Khonj () is a city in the Central District of Khonj County, Fars province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. The city is at an altitude of . Khonj was traditionally part of the region of Irahistan. Demograp ...

, one of the backshore cities of the Persian Gulf, was also one of the areas where the Kazeruniyeh sufi lodge was established in the early stages due to its location on the trade route. Being on the important trade routes gradually made the merchants of Kazeruniyeh sufism with the countries of the East and the West and made them rich. The presence of merchants of Kazerun in these countries led to the creation of an international network by the Kazeruniyeh sufism in other countries, especially China, India and Anatolia. The leadership of this international network was under the responsibility of ''Sheykh Omar bin Abul Faraj of Kazerun'', the head of the Kazeruniyeh sufism and the successor of Sheykh Abū Ishaq of Kazerun.

Ibn Battuta Ibn Battuta (; 24 February 13041368/1369), was a Maghrebi traveller, explorer and scholar. Over a period of 30 years from 1325 to 1354, he visited much of Africa, the Middle East, Asia and the Iberian Peninsula. Near the end of his life, Ibn ...

has mentioned in the book

Rihla ''Riḥla'' () refers to both a journey and the written account of that journey, or travelogue. It constitutes a genre of Arabic literature. Associated with the medieval Islamic notion of "travel in search of knowledge" (الرحلة في طلب ...

about the existence of Kazeruniyeh (Murshidyeh) sufi lodges in China and India.

Method of the Kazeruniyeh sufism

The method of Kazeruniyeh sufism was based on the principle that one should take from the rich and give to the poor. The followers of this sufism also propagated Islam by doing charity work in different countries. Kazeruniyeh sufi lodges were considered a place to collect offerings and welcome travelers and the poor. In these sufi lodges, remittances were given to the poor and the needy, and they could receive these remittances through those who paid their alms to the sufi lodges of Kazeruniyeh. Ibn Battuta narrates that:

Influence of Kazeruniyeh sufism in India

, as one of the commercial and population centers, was the focus of Sheykh Abū Ishaq and the elders of the Kazeruniyeh sufism from the very beginning. The first Sufi who migrated to India was ''Sheykh Safi al-Din of Kazerun'', the nephew and disciple of Sheykh Abū Ishaq, who went to this region on his orders and founded the Kazeruniyeh sufi lodge in the city of

Uch Uch (; ), frequently referred to as Uch Sharīf (; ; ''"Noble Uch"''), is a historic city in the Pakistan's Punjab province. Uch may have been founded as Alexandria on the Indus, a town founded by Alexander the Great during his invasion of t ...

(located in the present-day

Punjab Punjab (; ; also romanised as Panjāb or Panj-Āb) is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia. It is located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of modern-day eastern Pakistan and no ...

state of

Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...

). However, the influence of the Kazeruniyeh sufism in India increased from the last years of the 7th century AH with the arrival of the followers of this sufism and merchants of Kazerun city to India. The fame and influence of Sheykh Abū Ishaq of Kazerun in India reached such an extent that

, the king of the

Khalji dynasty The Khalji or Khilji dynasty was a Turco-Afghan dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate for three decades between 1290 and 1320. It was the second dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate which covered large swaths of the Indian subcontinent.

in India, after capturing the port of Kambaye (present-day Khambhat), built an altar there and wrote verses of the Quran around it and sent it to the tomb of Sheykh Abū Ishaq in Kazerun as a blessing.

, the

sultan of Delhi The Sultan of Delhi was the absolute monarch of the Delhi Sultanate which stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent during the period of medieval era, for 320 years (1206–1526).Calicut Kozhikode (), also known as Calicut, is a city along the Malabar Coast in the state of Kerala in India. Known as the City of Spices, Kozhikode is listed among the City of Literature, UNESCO's Cities of Literature. It is the nineteenth large ...

and

Kollam Kollam (;), is an ancient seaport and the List of cities and towns in Kerala, fourth largest city in the Indian state of Kerala. Located on the southern tip of the Malabar Coast of the Arabian Sea, the city is on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake ...

on the

Malabar coast The Malabar Coast () is the southwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. It generally refers to the West Coast of India, western coastline of India stretching from Konkan to Kanyakumari. Geographically, it comprises one of the wettest regio ...

. Unions of Iranian merchants were active in western India under the leadership of ''Sheykh Shahab al-Din of Kazerun'', known as Malik al-Tojjar. At the same time, Sheikh Shahab al-Din was the head of the Kazeruniyeh sufi lodge in the port of Calicut and the representative of the Kazeruniyeh sufism to receive the offerings of the people of India and China and collect the offerings of merchants and sailors for the central sufi lodge of the Kazeruniyeh sufism in the city of Kazerun. His son, ''Sheykh Fakhr al-Din of Kazerun'', was also the head of the Kazeruniyeh sufi lodge in Kollam port and held the same position in South India. Among other influential disciples of Sheykh Abū Ishaq of Kazerun in India, we can mention Sheykh Nur al-Din Malik Yar Paran and Rafi al-Din of Kazerun, both of whom were close to the Indian court in the 7th century AH and were engaged in the work of judges in this country.

Influence of Kazeruniyeh sufism in China

In the 8th century AH, the presence of Muslim merchants, including merchants of Kazerun, increased in the city of

Guangzhou Guangzhou, Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Canton or Kwangchow, is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Guangdong Provinces of China, province in South China, southern China. Located on the Pearl River about nor ...

, and their financial power and cultural influence made them gain power in this country. One of these influential people was ''Burhan al-Din of Kazerun'', a Sufi and the head of the Kazeruniyeh sufi lodge in China. He also received the offerings of merchants and sailors and sent them to the central sufi lodge in Kazerun city. In his travelogue, Ibn Battuta mentions Sheykh Burhan al-Din of Kazerun as one of the great sufis living in Guangzhou. In his travelogue, Ibn Battuta has also mentioned that Sheykh Abū Ishaq of Kazerun has a high position in the eyes of the people of India and China, and ships coming from India or China pay thousands of dinars as offerings to the representatives of Sheykh Abū Ishaq to protect them from calamities.

Influence of Kazeruniyeh sufism in Anatolia

Sheykh Abū Ishaq had many fans and disciples in the

, so that there is a neighborhood named Abū Ishaq in the city of

Bursa Bursa () is a city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of Bursa Province. The fourth-most populous city in Turkey and second-most populous in the Marmara Region, Bursa is one of the industrial centers of the country. Most of ...

, the first capital of the Ottoman Empire. The name of this neighborhood is due to the presence of a mosque and a symbolic tomb of Sheykh Abū Ishaq of Kazerun. In the year 802 AH, Sultan Bayezid Osmani built the symbolic tomb of Sheykh Abū Ishaq for the followers of the Kazeruniyeh sufism, which was known as ''Ishaqiyeh'' in that region. In later periods,

Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror Sultan (; ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be use ...

rebuilt it. This building is still standing and is kept as one of the cultural heritage of

Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

Tomb

After his death in 426 AH, Sheykh Abū Ishaq of Kazerun was buried in his sufi lodge, known as ''Ivan-e Morshedi'', which is located in Kuzehgaran neighborhood of

today. This place has seen many historical events. The soil of Sheykh Abū Ishaq's grave was used to bless pilgrims going from

Konya Konya is a major city in central Turkey, on the southwestern edge of the Central Anatolian Plateau, and is the capital of Konya Province. During antiquity and into Seljuk times it was known as Iconium. In 19th-century accounts of the city in En ...

Hijaz Hejaz is a historical region of the Arabian Peninsula that includes the majority of the western region of Saudi Arabia, covering the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif and Al-Bahah. It is thus known as the "Western Province ...

and also to prevent ships from sinking. The people believed in her tomb to such an extent that the soil of her tomb was called the ''great opium''. Sheykh Abū Ishaq had bequeathed as follows: The same thing happened and Seljuq Shah bin Salghor, Atabeg of Fars, who had revolted against the

Mongols Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China ( Inner Mongolia and other 11 autonomous territories), as well as the republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia in Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family o ...

who ruled

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...

, took refuge in the tomb of Sheykh Abū Ishaq in Kazerun and made that place a stronghold against the Mongols. But in the end, he was badly defeated by the Mongols. In this war, Seljuq Shah was captured and killed, and the Mongols also massacred the people of Kazerun who had sheltered Seljuq Shah. Whenever

, the king of the Timurid Empire traveled to the south of Iran, he came to visit the tomb of Sheykh Abū Ishaq. This tomb is the place where

sang the Mathnawi of Rozat al-Anwar during his stay in Kazerun in the year 743 AH. The tomb of Sheykh Abū Ishaq of Kazerun was registered in the

Iran National Heritage List Iran National Heritage List is a register of nationally significant monuments, places, buildings, events, etc., officially registered under the National Heritage Preservation Act of 1930. According to Article 1 of this law, "All the industrial mon ...

in 1978 with number 1509. The garden where the tomb of Sheykh Abū Ishaq is located is currently the location of the Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Department of Kazerun.

Destruction of the Kazeruniyeh sufism

Finally, with the coming to power of the

Safavid dynasty The Safavid dynasty (; , ) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from Safavid Iran, 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of History of Iran, modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder em ...

, Shah

Ismail I Ismail I (; 17 July 1487 – 23 May 1524) was the founder and first shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1501 until his death in 1524. His reign is one of the most vital in the history of Iran, and the Safavid period is often considered the beginn ...

ordered the killing of the elders of the Kazeruniyeh sufism and the destruction of their important buildings. This sufism was also deprived of having a central sufi lodge and gradually declined.
Jahangoshaye Khaghan
', pp. 188

References

Resources

* Abu Ishaq from Kazerun (Persian Wikipedia)
Encyclopedia Iranica - ABŪ ESḤĀQ KĀZARŪNĪ

Encyclopedia Iranica - KĀZARUNIYA

Encyclopedia Iranica - FERDAWS AL-MORŠEDĪYA FĪ ASRĀR AL-ṢAMADĪYA
* Azam Rahimi Jaberi

* ttps://www.safarway.com/en/property/abu-ishaq-kazeruni-tomb Information about Sheikh Abu Ishaq Kazeruni Mausoleum
Isamveri
* Abdolrasool Kheirandish, Azam Rahimi Jaberi

* ttps://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kazerun-ii-history Encyclopedia Iranica - KAZERUN ii. History* Ralph Kauz
Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road:From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea - A Kazaruni Network section
* Elizabeth Lambourn
A collection of merits…’ architectural influences in the Friday mosque and Kazaruni tomb complex at Cambay in Gujarat
* Abdurrahman Mihcloglu
Academia Edu - Şeyh-i Gâzî Ebû İshâk Kâzerûnî , Shaykh Abu Ishaq al-Kazeruni

The tomb of Abu Ishaq Kazeruni
* Abdolrasool Kheirandish, Azam Rahimi Jaberi
The formation and expansion of Murshidiya monasteries in India and China
* Fatemeh Erfani Vahed, Abdollah Vasegh Abbasi, Mohammad Amir Mashhadi

Wikifeqh - Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Shahryar Kazeruni

Wiki Ahlolbait - Sheykh Abu Ishaq Kazeruni

Tazkirat al-Awliya of Attar of Nishapur - Mention of Sheykh Abu Ishaq Shahryar of Kazerun

Tahoor Encyclopedia - Abu Ishaq Kazeruni

Biography of Sheikh Abu Ishaq Kazeruni
* Seyed Ali Asghar Mirbagheri-fard, Zohreh Najafi, Amirhossein Koohestani
Analyzing and examining the mystical ethics of Sheykh Abu Ishaq of Kazerun
* Mohammad Sheikholhokamaei
The position of the dignity of Sheykh Abu Ishaq of Kazerun in the expansion of the monasteries of Murshidiya

Sun of Kazerun, A research on the status and thoughts of Abu Ishaq Kazeruni, Elyas Nooraei, 2012, Yar-e Danesh Publications
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abu Ishaq, of Kazerun 963 births 1023 deaths 10th-century Iranian people 11th-century Iranian people Iranian Muslim mystics Iranian Sufis Iranian Sufi saints Burials in Kazerun Religious leaders from Kazerun 10th-century Islamic religious leaders 11th-century Islamic religious leaders Writers from Kazerun Iranian Sufi religious leaders Disease-related deaths in Iran Iranian male poets Buyid-period poets Sufi poets Vegetarianism writers 10th-century Persian-language writers 11th-century Persian-language writers 10th-century Persian-language poets 11th-century Persian-language poets 10th-century Iranian writers 11th-century Iranian writers