Sham may refer to:

Arabic use

Al-Sham Syria, ( or ''Shaam'') also known as Greater Syria or Syria-Palestine, is a historical region located east of the Mediterranean Sea in West Asia, broadly synonymous with the Levant. The region boundaries have changed throughout history. Howe ...

or Shām (شام), the Arabic term for the Greater Syria region, known in English as the

Levant The Levant ( ) is the subregion that borders the Eastern Mediterranean, Eastern Mediterranean sea to the west, and forms the core of West Asia and the political term, Middle East, ''Middle East''. In its narrowest sense, which is in use toda ...

or the

eastern Mediterranean The Eastern Mediterranean is a loosely delimited region comprising the easternmost portion of the Mediterranean Sea, and well as the adjoining land—often defined as the countries around the Levantine Sea. It includes the southern half of Turkey ...

, which includes the modern countries of Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Cyprus, and Turkey's

Hatay Province Hatay Province (, ) is the southernmost province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey. Its area is , and its population is 1,686,043 (2022). It is situated mostly outside Anatolia, along the eastern coast of the Levantine Sea. The province ...

Bilad al-Sham Bilad al-Sham (), often referred to as Islamic Syria or simply Syria in English-language sources, was a province of the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatimid caliphates. It roughly corresponded with the Byzantine Diocese of the East, con ...

, the Caliphate province of the same region ** Jund al-Sham, militant group based in Afghanistan, meaning "Army of Syria" *

Sham el-Nessim Sham Ennessim (, ''Sham Al Nassim'' or ''Sham an-Nassim''; Egyptian Arabic: ''Sham Ennesim'', ) is a festival marking the beginning of spring, celebrated by Egyptians of all religions. It is an official public holiday in Egypt.Asante, Molefi Kete ...

, Egyptian holiday marking the beginning of spring * Sham, or Alsahm, the Arabic name for the star Alpha Sagittae

English use

Fraud In law, fraud is intent (law), intentional deception to deprive a victim of a legal right or to gain from a victim unlawfully or unfairly. Fraud can violate Civil law (common law), civil law (e.g., a fraud victim may sue the fraud perpetrato ...

** Sham drug as a quack remedy ** Sham election, another name for a

show election An election is a formal group decision-making process whereby a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated ...

Sham marriage A sham marriage or fake marriage is a marriage of convenience entered into without intending to create a real marital relationship. This is usually for the purpose of gaining an advantage from the marriage. Definitions of sham marriage vary b ...

, a marriage entered into with intent to deceive ** Sham peer review, a fraudulent or malicious form of peer review *

Hoax A hoax (plural: hoaxes) is a widely publicised falsehood created to deceive its audience with false and often astonishing information, with the either malicious or humorous intent of causing shock and interest in as many people as possible. S ...

Placebo A placebo ( ) can be roughly defined as a sham medical treatment. Common placebos include inert tablets (like sugar pills), inert injections (like saline), sham surgery, and other procedures. Placebos are used in randomized clinical trials ...

, any drug, surgery, or other treatment with intentional (and usually blinded) lack of efficacy ** Sham drug as a placebo used in a single- or double-blinded control group of experiments (see

treatment and control groups In the design of experiments, hypotheses are applied to experimental units in a treatment group. In comparative experiments, members of a control group receive a standard treatment, a placebo, or no treatment at all. There may be more than one t ...

) **

Sham surgery Sham surgery (or placebo surgery) is a faked surgical intervention that omits the step thought to be therapeutically necessary. In clinical trials of surgical interventions, sham surgery is an important scientific control. This is because it isol ...

, surgery omitting the therapeutic component, performed in the single-blinded control group of experiments * Name of a person or group of people: **

Sam the Sham Domingo Samudio (born February 28, 1937), better known by his stage name Sam the Sham, is a retired American rock and roll singer. Sam the Sham is known for his Camp (style), camp robe and turban and hauling his equipment in a 1952 Packard hears ...

(born 1937), stage name of U.S. rock singer Domingo “Sam” Samudio ** Sham, nickname of Art Shamsky (born 1941), American Major League Baseball outfielder and Israel Baseball League manager **

Sham 69 Sham 69 are an English punk rock band that formed in Hersham in Surrey in 1975. They changed their musical direction after seeing the Sex Pistols play live in early 1976. They were one of the most successful punk bands in the United Kingdom, ac ...

, English punk band * Title of a work of art ** ''Sham'' (film), a lost 1921 silent film based on a Broadway play starring Ethel Clayton ** ''Sham'' (play), a 1920 one-act stage play by Frank G. Tompkins * Other uses ** Sham, a name for the cover of a

pillow A pillow is a support of the body at rest for comfort, therapy, or decoration. Pillows are used in different variations by many species, including humans. Some types of pillows include throw pillows, body pillows, decorative pillows, and man ...

** SHAM, salicylhydroxamic acid, a drug that works against urinary tract infections

Chinese use

* Kohn–Sham equations, named after Walter Kohn and Lu Jeu Sham *

Sham Chun River The Sham Chun River or Shenzhen River () serves as the natural border between Hong Kong and mainland China, together with Deep Bay, Mirs Bay, and the Sha Tau Kok River. It formed a part of the limit of the lease of the New Territories in ...

, on the border of Hong Kong and mainland China *

Sham Shui Po District Sham Shui Po District is one of 18 districts of Hong Kong. It is the second poorest district by income in Hong Kong, with a predominantly working-class population of 405,869 in 2016 and the lowest median household income of all districts. Sham ...

, a district of Hong Kong * Sham Kwok Fai (born 1984), association football player from Hong Kong

Other uses

* Sham (name), list of people with the name * Sham (horse), American Thoroughbred horse born in 1970 who won multiple graded stakes races ** Sham Stakes, a race named for the horse * Sham, Iran * Sham, a character in the X-Men 2099 comic book series * Sham Pain, a single by American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch from ''And Justice For None'' * Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode (SHAM), a climate pattern

Arabic use

English use

Chinese use

Other uses

See also