The Privy Council of Scotland ( — 1 May 1708) was a body that advised the
Scottish monarch
The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the form of government used by the United Kingdom by which a hereditary monarch reigns as the head of state, with their powers regulated by the British cons ...
. During its existence, the Privy Council of Scotland was essentially considered as the government of the
Kingdom of Scotland
The Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a Anglo-Sc ...
, and was seen as the most important element of central government.
In the range of its functions the council was often more important than the
Estates in the running the country. Its registers include a wide range of material on the political, administrative, economic and social affairs of the
Kingdom of Scotland
The Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a Anglo-Sc ...
. The council supervised the administration of the law, regulated trade and shipping, took emergency measures against the plague, granted licences to travel, administered oaths of allegiance, banished
beggars and
gypsies, dealt with
witches
Witchcraft is the use of magic by a person called a witch. Traditionally, "witchcraft" means the use of magic to inflict supernatural harm or misfortune on others, and this remains the most common and widespread meaning. According to ''Enc ...
,
recusants,
Covenanters
Covenanters were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement, who supported a Presbyterian Church of Scotland and the primacy of its leaders in religious affairs. It originated in disputes with James VI and his son ...
and
Jacobites and tackled the problem of
lawlessness in the
Highlands and the
Borders.
The council was officially abolished in 1708 and merged with the
Privy Council of England
The Privy Council of England, also known as His (or Her) Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council (), was a body of advisers to the List of English monarchs, sovereign of the Kingdom of England. Its members were often senior members of the House ...
to create the newly established
Privy Council of Great Britain
The Privy Council, formally His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its members, known as privy counsellors, are mainly senior politicians who are current or former m ...
to serve in the same advisory functions to the monarch of the newly created state, the
Kingdom of Great Britain
Great Britain, also known as the Kingdom of Great Britain, was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the Kingd ...
, which was established under the terms of the
Treaty of Union
The Treaty of Union is the name usually now given to the treaty which led to the creation of the new political state of Great Britain. The treaty, effective since 1707, brought the Kingdom of England (which already included Wales) and the Ki ...
in 1707.
History
Development

Like the Parliament, the council was a development of the
King's Council. The King's Council, or ''curia regis'', was the court of the monarch surrounded by his royal officers and others upon whom he relied for advice. It is known to have existed in the thirteenth century, if not earlier, but has left little trace of its activities.
By the later fifteenth century the council had advisory, executive and judicial functions though surviving records are mainly confined to the last. It is at this period that the 'secret' or privy council makes its formal appearance when, in February 1490, parliament elected 2 bishops, an abbot or prior, 6 barons and 8 royal officers to form the king's council .
Lords of Secret Council
The ''Lords of Secret Council'', as they were known, were part of the general body of Lords of Council, like the Lords of Session and
Lords Auditors of Exchequer. After 1532 much of the judicial business was transferred to the newly founded College of Justice, the later
Court of Session
The Court of Session is the highest national court of Scotland in relation to Civil law (common law), civil cases. The court was established in 1532 to take on the judicial functions of the royal council. Its jurisdiction overlapped with othe ...
. The council met regularly and was particularly active during periods of a monarch's minority. A separate register of the privy council appears in 1545 and probably marks the point at which the secret council split off from its parent body.
After 1603
James VI
James may refer to:
People
* James (given name)
* James (surname)
* James (musician), aka Faruq Mahfuz Anam James, (born 1964), Bollywood musician
* James, brother of Jesus
* King James (disambiguation), various kings named James
* Prince Ja ...
was able to boast to the English Parliament that he governed Scotland ''with my pen''. The council received his written instructions and executed his will. This style of government, continued by his grandsons
Charles II and
James VII, was disrupted during the reign of Charles I by the Covenanters and the Cromwellian occupation. There are gaps in the register during the
upheavals of 1638–41 when the council was largely displaced by an alternative administration set up by the
Covenanter
Covenanters were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement, who supported a Presbyterian Church of Scotland and the primacy of its leaders in religious affairs. It originated in disputes with James VI and his son C ...
s and during the
Cromwellian period, the council ceased to act at all.
Acts of Union and abolishment

After the
restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II nominated his own privy councillors and set up a council in London through which he directed affairs in Edinburgh, a situation that continued after the
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution, also known as the Revolution of 1688, was the deposition of James II and VII, James II and VII in November 1688. He was replaced by his daughter Mary II, Mary II and her Dutch husband, William III of Orange ...
of 1688–9. Until 1707, the Privy Council met in what is now the West Drawing Room at the
Palace of Holyroodhouse in
Edinburgh
Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. The city is located in southeast Scotland and is bounded to the north by the Firth of Forth and to the south by the Pentland Hills. Edinburgh ...
. It was called the Council Chamber in the 17th century. The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland (1545–1689) was edited and published between 1877 and 1970 by
John Hill Burton,
David Masson
David Mather Masson (2 December 18226 October 1907), was a Scotland, Scottish academic, supporter of women's suffrage, literary critic and historian.
Biography
Masson was born in Aberdeen, the son of Sarah Mather and William Masson, a sto ...
,
Peter Hume Brown and Henry Macleod Paton.
The council survived the Act of Union but for one year only. It was abolished on 1 May 1708 by the
Parliament of Great Britain
The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in May 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union 1707, Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The Acts ratified the treaty of Union which created a ...
and thereafter there was one
Privy Council of Great Britain
The Privy Council, formally His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its members, known as privy counsellors, are mainly senior politicians who are current or former m ...
sitting in London.
Whilst the Kingdom of Scotland's
legal
Law is a set of rules that are created and are law enforcement, enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a Socia ...
,
education
Education is the transmission of knowledge and skills and the development of character traits. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, such as public schools, following a curriculum. Non-formal education als ...
and
religious
Religion is a range of social- cultural systems, including designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural ...
institutions were unaffected by the terms of the Treaty of Union and remained distinct and separate following the union, the Privy Council of Scotland was given somewhat a vague reassurance in the Treaty of Union. Article 19 of the 1707 treaty stated that "after the union the queen’s majesty and her royal successors may continue a privy council in Scotland, for preserving of public peace and order, until the parliament of Great Britain shall think fit to alter it, or establish any other effectual method for that end". As a result, the Privy Council of Scotland was considered vulnerable especially as a result of unravelling of party politics in both Edinburgh and London.
The abolition of the Privy Council of Scotland occurred on 1 May 1708, twelve months following the Treaty of Union coming into force. The
Privy Council of Great Britain
The Privy Council, formally His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its members, known as privy counsellors, are mainly senior politicians who are current or former m ...
was created, with the Privy Council of Scotland and the
Privy Council of England
The Privy Council of England, also known as His (or Her) Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council (), was a body of advisers to the List of English monarchs, sovereign of the Kingdom of England. Its members were often senior members of the House ...
both being abolished and being subsumed into the new Privy Council of Great Britain. The absence of central executive power in Edinburgh which had access to local intelligence and the ability to respond quickly to affairs in Scotland provided problems for government in Scotland, particularly in relation to the
Jacobite threat.
Functions of the council
The government of the
Kingdom of Scotland
The Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a Anglo-Sc ...
was effectively the privy council. Prior to it being abolished in 1708 and merged into the newly created
Privy Council of Great Britain
The Privy Council, formally His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its members, known as privy counsellors, are mainly senior politicians who are current or former m ...
, the Privy Council of Scotland was the most important element of the central government in the country, and was responsible for handling day-to-day responsibilities in conjunction with the incumbent reigning monarch, however, monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland prior 1603 had different ways of collaborating with the council.
Beginning in the early 17th century, the Privy Council of Scotland began to divide responsibilities into two different areas, the ''Acta'' (government or state business) and ''Decreta'' (judicial and private business). Due to there being no formal government departments in the Kingdom of Scotland during the councils operation, it was the only forum to exist which allowed policy matters and decision making to be discussed. The responsibilities of the Privy Council of Scotland included law and order, military matters which included the recruitment and supply of military personnel and coastal defence, government finance and taxation, promulgation and enforcement of statute, oversight of local government, ecclesiastical affairs, responses to national crises, and the organisation of nationally significant events, most notably summoning and staging parliaments, as well as national celebrations, thanksgivings and fasts. In its judicial capacity, the Privy Council of Scotland responded to complaints about criminal activities, summoned suspected criminals and received and responded to petitions.
Lord President of the Privy Council
The President of the Privy Council was one of the
Great Officers of State
Government in medieval monarchies generally comprised the king's companions, later becoming the royal household, from which the officers of state arose. These officers initially had household and governmental duties. Later some of these offic ...
in Scotland. The
Lord Chancellor
The Lord Chancellor, formally titled Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, is a senior minister of the Crown within the Government of the United Kingdom. The lord chancellor is the minister of justice for England and Wales and the highest-ra ...
presided over the Council ex officio, but in 1610 James VI decreed that the President of the College of Justice should preside in the Chancellor's absence, and by 1619 the additional title of President of the Privy Council had been added. The two presidencies were separated in 1626 as part of
Charles I's reorganisation of the Privy Council and Court of Session. The Lord President of the council was accorded precedence as one of the King's chief officers in 1661, but appeared in the
Estates of Parliament only intermittently.
*1625:
John Graham, 4th Earl of Montrose,
*1649:
John Campbell, 1st Earl of Loudoun,
*1660:
John Leslie, 1st Duke of Rothes,
*1663:
John Hay, 1st Marquess of Tweeddale,
*1672:
John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale
John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale, Order of the Garter, KG, Privy Council of Scotland, PC (24 May 1616 – 24 August 1682) was a Scottish statesman and peer.
Background
Maitland was a member of an ancient family of both Berwickshire an ...
,
*1681:
George Gordon, 1st Earl of Aberdeen
George Gordon, 1st Earl of Aberdeen (3 October 163720 April 1720), was a List of Lord Chancellors of Scotland, Lord Chancellor of Scotland.
Early life
Gordon, born on 3 October 1637, the second son of Sir John Gordon, 1st Baronet, of Haddo, Abe ...
,
*1682:
James Graham, 3rd Marquess of Montrose,
*1686:
William Douglas, 1st Duke of Queensberry, (questioned),
*1689:
William Lindsay, 18th Earl of Crawford,
*1692:
William Johnstone, 1st Marquess of Annandale
William Johnstone, 2nd Earl of Annandale and Hartfell, 1st Marquess of Annandale KT (17 February 1664 – 14 January 1721) was a Scottish nobleman. He was the son of James Johnstone, 1st Earl of Annandale and Hartfell and Henrietta Douglas. ...
,
*1695:
George Melville, 1st Earl of Melville,
*1702:
William Johnstone, 1st Marquess of Annandale
William Johnstone, 2nd Earl of Annandale and Hartfell, 1st Marquess of Annandale KT (17 February 1664 – 14 January 1721) was a Scottish nobleman. He was the son of James Johnstone, 1st Earl of Annandale and Hartfell and Henrietta Douglas. ...
,
*1704:
James Graham, 1st Duke of Montrose,
*1705:
William Johnstone, 1st Marquess of Annandale
William Johnstone, 2nd Earl of Annandale and Hartfell, 1st Marquess of Annandale KT (17 February 1664 – 14 January 1721) was a Scottish nobleman. He was the son of James Johnstone, 1st Earl of Annandale and Hartfell and Henrietta Douglas. ...
,
*1706:
James Graham, 1st Duke of Montrose.
''office abolished in 1708 by
Union with Scotland (Amendment ) Act 1707.''
See also
*
Privy Council
*
:Members of the Privy Council of Scotland
Further reading
The Register of the Privy Council of Scotland (edited and abridged) – 2nd Series (incomplete)
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External links
Other links
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References
{{Early Modern Scotland
Lists of Scottish people
1708 disestablishments in Great Britain
1708 disestablishments in Scotland