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The Carnival in Rio de Janeiro ( Portuguese: ''Carnaval do Rio de Janeiro'') is a
festival A festival is an event celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its religion or cultures. It is often marked as a local or national holiday, Melā, mela, or Muslim holidays, eid. A ...
held every year before
Lent Lent (, 'Fortieth') is the solemn Christianity, Christian religious moveable feast#Lent, observance in the liturgical year in preparation for Easter. It echoes the 40 days Jesus spent fasting in the desert and enduring Temptation of Christ, t ...
; it is considered the biggest celebration of
Carnival Carnival (known as Shrovetide in certain localities) is a festive season that occurs at the close of the Christian pre-Lenten period, consisting of Quinquagesima or Shrove Sunday, Shrove Monday, and Shrove Tuesday or Mardi Gras. Carnival typi ...
in the world, with two million people per day on the streets. The first Carnival festival in
Rio Rio or Río is the Portuguese and Spanish word for "river". The word also exists in Italian, but is largely obsolete and used in a poetical or literary context to mean "stream". Rio, RIO or Río may also refer to: Places United States * Rio, Fl ...
occurred in 1723. The typical Rio Carnival parade is filled with revelers, floats, and adornments from numerous
samba school A samba school () is a dancing, marching, and drumming (Samba Enredo) club. They practice and often perform in a huge square-Compound (enclosure), compounds ("quadras de samba") and are devoted to practicing and exhibiting samba, an Afro-Brazili ...
s which are located in Rio (more than 200 approximately, divided into five leagues/divisions). A samba school is composed of a collaboration of local neighbours that want to attend the carnival together, with some kind of regional, geographical and common background. There is a special order that every school has to follow with their parade entries. Each school begins with the "comissão de frente" (meaning "Front Commission"), that is the group of people from the school that appear first. Made of ten to fifteen people, the comissão de frente introduces the school and sets the mood and style of their presentation. These people have choreographed dances in elaborate costumes that usually tell a short story. Following the "comissão de frente" is the first float of the samba school, called "abre-alas" ("Opening Wing"). These are followed by the Mestre-sala and Porta-Bandeira ("Master of Ceremonies and Flag Bearer"), with one to four pairs, one active and three reserve, to lead the dancers, which include the old guard veterans and the "ala das baianas", with the drum line battery at the rear and sometimes a
brass section The brass section of the orchestra, concert band, and jazz ensemble consist of brass instruments, and is one of the main sections in all three ensembles. The British brass band, British-style brass band contains only brass and percussion instrume ...
and guitars. This brass section was included in the early 20th century as part of a more diverse musical ensemble which began to be offered at this time.


History

The origins of the Rio Carnival celebration dates back to the 16th and 17th centuries. Carnival was brought to Brazil by Portuguese colonizers between the 16th and 17th centuries, manifesting itself initially through the 'Entrudo', a popular festival where public games and lighthearted mockery would run wild in the streets. Over time, the festival acquired other ways of manifesting itself, such as in the use of masks and costumes. ''O Moleque'' by Lima Barreto, depicts an emergence of costume which was originally used in Carnival, tracing back to the European cultural roots. The costumes are symbolic of political and cultural themes of the time, which are then integrated into Carnival. The emergence of carnival societies created by the monarch elite also contributed to the popularization of the party among the poor. In 1840, the very first Rio masquerade took place, and polka and waltz took center stage. Later in the beginning of the 20th century the Samba and Batucada rhythms classically associated with Rio Carnival were introduced by
Afro-Brazilians Afro-Brazilians (; ), also known as Black Brazilians (), are Brazilians of total or predominantly Sub-Saharan African ancestry. Most multiracial Brazilians also have a range of degree of African ancestry. Brazilians whose African features are mo ...
and Pardos, by adapting different cultural inputs to produce a new musical genre. During this period, Carnival assumed its position as the biggest popular festival in Brazil. In the 1920s and 1930s in Rio, Samba schools were beginning to become popular as a way for blocos to increase their legitimacy and avert police oppression. Blacks at the time were often oppressed by the police for any street Carnival activities due to the city's attempt to become a European-style capital at this time. There was no carnival in 1915–18 (due to
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
) or 1940–45 (due to
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
). Once more it was canceled with strict warnings against clandestine celebrations in 2021 due to the
COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil has resulted in confirmed cases of COVID-19 and deaths. The virus was confirmed to have spread to Brazil on 25 February 2020, when a man from São Paulo who had traveled to Italy tested positive for the virus. ...
and was postponed in 2022 for similar reasons. It returned in 2023.


Samba school parade

The pre-existing traditions of the 'Entrudos' and other popular festivities such as the 'ranches' and 'Cordão carnavalesco' that dated from the Empire would eventually be combined into
carnival block Carnival blocks, carnaval blocos or blocos de rua are street bands that mobilize crowds on the streets and are the main popular expression of Brazilian Carnival. These parades fall under the term "street carnival", and happen during a period of ab ...
s by the 1920s, and evolve into their ultimate form - the Rio samba schools.
Estácio de Sá Estácio de Sá (1520 – 20 February 1567) was a Portuguese soldier and officer. Sá travelled to the colony of Brazil on the orders of the Portuguese crown to wage war on the French colonists commanded by Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. The ...
, together with Portela and
Estação Primeira de Mangueira Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Estação Primeira de Mangueira, or simply Mangueira, is a samba school in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The school was founded on April 28, 1928, by , Cartola, Zé Espinguela, among others. It is located in the Ma ...
paraded for the first time in the city in 1929. All three were former carnival blocks which transformed into schools with professional staffing and city support. In 1930, seven schools were already active in the city. With the works of in Avenida Presidente Vargas, the parade moved there, and from 1942 to 1945 the parade was held in
São Januário Estádio Vasco da Gama, popularly known as São Januário owing to its location on a street of the same name, is the home ground of Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama, CR Vasco da Gama. It is located in the Vasco da Gama (neighborhood), Vasco da Gama ...
. From 1952 temporary stands for the public were annually assembled, and in 1961 paid tickets made their debut to take advantage of the rising international and national interest and the increasing tourist arrivals. In 1974, due to the works of the subway, the parade was held on Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, from where it was also broadcast for the first time in color television. In 1978, the parade was transferred to the
Marquês de Sapucaí A marquess (; ) is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German-language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave). A woman with the rank of a marquess or the wife (or widow) ...
Avenue, where it remains up to this day. In 1983, the then governor
Leonel Brizola Leonel de Moura Brizola (22 January 1922 – 21 June 2004) was a Brazilian politician. Launched into politics by Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas in the 1930–1950s, Brizola was the only politician to serve as elected governor of two Brazil ...
commissioned the architect
Oscar Niemeyer Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho (15 December 1907 – 5 December 2012), known as Oscar Niemeyer (), was a Brazilian architect considered to be one of the key figures in the development of modern architecture. Niemeyer was b ...
the project of a permanent local stadium for the parades in that same area, because until then the bleachers had continued to be temporary, and only assembled and disassembled for the event. With the increase in the number of schools taking part, which made the parade longer and tiring for the public, in 1984 the parade was separated into two dates and categories: Friday evening into Saturday morning for the lower-level schools; and Sunday evening into Monday morning for the major schools, including the more recognizable ones. That year, a “super-champion” school was also announced following the parade of the champions that took place the following Saturday, which by that time were awarded for the best performances of the past nights of competition. Since this practice was never again repeated,
Mangueira Mangueira (''Mango Tree'') is a shantytown neighborhood (favela) in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, centered on the Mangueira hill or ''morro''. It is most famous for its samba school, the Estação Primeira de Mangueira (First Mangueira rainS ...
remains the only samba school to ever be awarded with the title and dignity of "super-champion" of the annual event. Portela is the samba school that has the largest number of championships with 22. The schools of the Special Group under
LIESA Liga Independente das Escolas de Samba do Rio de Janeiro (), commonly known by the acronym LIESA, is the principal association that organizes the Rio Carnival, Carnival of Rio de Janeiro (city), the city of Rio de Janeiro. History Disgruntled wit ...
parade over two days (Sunday and Monday), while the A Series schools parade on Friday and Saturday under
LIERJ The Liga das Escolas de Samba do Rio de Janeiro (LIERJ; English: League of Samba Schools of the Rio de Janeiro) is the leading association that organizes the Série A Group in the Carnival in Rio de Janeiro. On 15 July 2008, seven presidents of ...
, which also has the B Series, which parades on
Fat Tuesday Mardi Gras (, ; also known as Shrove Tuesday) is the final day of Carnival (also known as Shrovetide or Fastelavn); it thus falls on the day before the beginning of Lent on Ash Wednesday. is French for "Fat Tuesday", referring to it being t ...
. Both organizations were under the
AESCRJ The Carnival in Rio de Janeiro ( Portuguese: ''Carnaval do Rio de Janeiro'') is a festival held every year before Lent; it is considered the biggest celebration of Carnival in the world, with two million people per day on the streets. The first ...
banner before it lost organizing rights, thus also providing for the establishment of new organizations like
LIESB __NOTOC__ Are the alloys of carnival that organize the parades conducted outside the Marquês de Sapucaí. The LIESB took over the organization of the lower level divisions'. In 2015, disagreements on the board of AESCRJ led the organization to ...
and Samba é Nosso for the lower level divisions. The Gold Division (A Series) champion school which advances directly as a participant in the Special Group for the next year's Carnival parades last on Carnival Monday while the Special Group champion parades once more on the Saturday after Ash Wednesday. As of 2018, LIESB handed over the management of the E series and its schools to ACAS, which now operates it as a rookie level organization for samba schools, in 2020 the C Series (Silver Division) fell under a new organization, LIVRES, with LIESB handling the divisions above and below it.


Music

Many songs and musicians play during the carnival in Rio to celebrate the roots of Rios culture.  Music is a big part of the celebration and multiple artists and musicians come together to celebrate. The music played ranges from Orchestra throughout pop songs with Brazilian beats. The Orchestra Voadora has played multiple times at carnival, and they continue to do so with many musicians like Voadoras trumpet player Daniel Paiva. Pre-samba rhythms like maxixe, polka, and lundu were important to the development of samba.  Carnival music in Rio has evolved as Samba became the main thing gaining popularity with both the elite and the working class by the 1910’s There has been a revival of street carnival traditions through brass bands, also known as Blocos De Rua, playing alternative and international music styles in the 21st century. Commercialization of samba school is often challenged by bands reviving more grassroots, participatory music forms. Dozens of new street bands sprang up in the early 2000’s. Many centered-on street bands instead of the traditional samba-school bateria. Band groups with trombones, trumpets, sousaphoens and remodeled band horns.  These groups reclaimed public spaces having whole neighborhoods into open air dance floors. Revivalists openly took in styles like Jazz, Funk, soul, Afrobeat, and even electronic dance music. This global mix both honors samba’s synthetic roots and pushes carnival music toward new things.   The Rio Carnaval has had a lot of cultural importances and global appeal. Each samba school parade revolves around a specially made samba enredo. This is music that can celebrate Afro-Brazilian heritage or to recall historical events. Through the lyrics, dancing, and floats, the carnival music becomes something for collective memory  and political commentary changing  each parade into a special drama of Brazilian heritage. The Rio Carnival by it being only a year round community anchor. Beyond the four day event, samba schools work as social and cultural places in their neighborhoods. This is shown by weekly rehearsals and youth music workshops keeping the rhythm alive all year round, adopting intergenerational bonds. The Rio de Janeiro's city hall had a community project to boost the cities culture. This project has helped attract tourists to come and celebrate its history and as well as Rios carnival. They have actively organized international exhibitions to promote the music and culture. The exhibitions are designed to show the diversity and culture of Rios carnival and uses the music as central element to attract global attention and more tourists. The music is also promoted through magazines and education allowing for younger people to understand the cultural and historical significance and can help connect to the rest of the world.


Dates

Rio's Carnival begins on the Friday preceding
Lent Lent (, 'Fortieth') is the solemn Christianity, Christian religious moveable feast#Lent, observance in the liturgical year in preparation for Easter. It echoes the 40 days Jesus spent fasting in the desert and enduring Temptation of Christ, t ...
and ends on Ash Wednesday, but the Winners' Parade happens on the Saturday after the carnival ends. The winning school and runners' up of the Special Group, as well as the A Series champion school, all march past one final time in front of their supporters on this night. “Held the week before Ash Wednesday, the samba school parades thrive as both a cultural performance tradition and an urban entertainment business. The parades are an amalgamation of dance, fashion, music, narrative, spectacle, and competition in which thousands of performers process in the early morning hours through the Sambadrome (Sambódromo), a linear structure consisting of a runway for the parades and bleacher seating for 72,500 spectators.” * February 21 to 26, 20 * February 12 to 17, 2021 (cancelled due to
COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an disease outbreak, outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December ...
) * April 20 to April, 2022 (moved up due to COVID-19 and coincide with
Tiradentes' Day In Brazil, public holidays may be legislated at the federal, statewide and municipal levels. Most holidays are observed nationwide. Apart from the yearly official holidays (listed below), the Constitution of Brazil also establishes that electio ...
) * February 17 to 22, 2029


Tickets

In 1984, the government decided to give Rio Carnival its new home in the
Sambadrome Sambadrome () is the name given to an exhibition place for the Samba schools parades during Carnaval in Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries ...
. Today, some of the most famous events of Rio Carnival are ticketed events. There are different types of Sambadrome tickets that are available for purchase. Grandstand tickets are general admissions tickets that are available on a first-come, first-served basis and are not allocated ahead of time. Frisas are open air box seats located along the samba runway. Camarotes are luxury boxes situated between the frisas and the grandstands. Sector 9 is the tourist sector which are the same as grandstand tickets, with the difference being that they are allocated so people have assigned seats. Carnival ticket prices can vary depending on the ticket type, sector and season. The cheapest sectors are 12 and 13. Tickets can be bought in advance through international brokers, or through local travel agents in Rio de Janeiro. 'Purchase of a ticket' normally means purchase of a ''voucher'' which is then exchangeable for the ticket close to the date. Ticket sales are organised by
LIESA Liga Independente das Escolas de Samba do Rio de Janeiro (), commonly known by the acronym LIESA, is the principal association that organizes the Rio Carnival, Carnival of Rio de Janeiro (city), the city of Rio de Janeiro. History Disgruntled wit ...
, who will often also make tickets available at late notice via a venue (often a bank) announced the day before. LIESA prices for grandstand tickets vary from Rs5 to Rs500 for the Tourist Sector (2014 prices) (Rs500 = approx. US$250). LIESA publish the base price of the tickets, and agents and brokers charge more (sometimes significantly more) but offer considerable convenience and other benefits. File:Desfile da Escola Vila Isabel 2016 8.jpg, Drum Queen File:DESFILE DAS ESCOLAS DE SAMBA DO GRUPO ESPECIAL NO SAMBÓDROMO DO RIO DE JANEIRO (33040464051).jpg, Flag bearer and master of ceremony File:Desfile Portela 2016 (dsc0887).jpg, Float with a giant
Lemuel Gulliver Lemuel Gulliver () is the fictional protagonist and narrator of ''Gulliver's Travels'', a novel written by Jonathan Swift, first published in 1726. In ''Gulliver's Travels'' According to Swift's novel, Gulliver was born in Nottinghamshire c. ...
File:DESFILE DAS ESCOLAS DE SAMBA DO GRUPO ESPECIAL NO SAMBÓDROMO DO RIO DE JANEIRO (33011568802).jpg, A float with the Dragon of Saint George File:DESFILE DAS ESCOLAS DE SAMBA DO GRUPO ESPECIAL NO SAMBÓDROMO DO RIO DE JANEIRO (33126487906).jpg, A float with a
camel caravan A camel train, caravan, or camel string is a series of camels carrying passengers and goods on a regular or semi-regular service between points. Despite rarely travelling faster than human walking speed, for centuries camels' ability to withst ...


Street carnival

As the parade is taking place in the
Sambadrome Marquês de Sapucaí The Sambadrome Marquês de Sapucaí is a purpose-built parade area built for the Rio Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The venue is also known as Passarela Professor Darcy Ribeiro or simply the Sambódromo in Portuguese or Sambadrome in Engli ...
and the balls are being held in the Copacabana Palace and beach, many carnival participants are at other locations. Street festivals are very common during carnival and are highly populated by the locals. Elegance and extravagance are usually left behind, but music and dancing are still extremely common. Anyone is allowed to participate in the street festivals. Bandas are very familiar with the street carnival especially because it takes nothing to join in on the fun except to jump in. One of the most well known bandas of Rio is
Banda de Ipanema Banda de Ipanema is one of the largest Carnival blocks of Rio de Janeiro's street Carnival festivities. The first parade happened in 1965, when Brazil was under a military dictatorship. In 2004 it was declared part of the city's cultural heritage ...
. Banda de Ipanema was first created in 1965 and is known as Rio's most irreverent street band. Rio de Janeiro is "submerged", almost "invisible" and that emerges with full intensity during Carnival. Even though this is only clearly perceived during Carnival, this city is occupied (especially in the central area) extensively by actors who, in different locations, play, sing and dance, giving new meaning to their daily lives and their relationship with the city's public spaces. Incorporated into every aspect of the Rio Carnival are dancing and music. The most famous dance in brazilian carnival is
samba Samba () is a broad term for many of the rhythms that compose the better known Brazilian music genres that originated in the Afro-Brazilians, Afro Brazilian communities of Bahia in the late 19th century and early 20th century, It is a name or ...
. The samba remains a popular dance not only in carnival but in the ghettos outside of the main cities. These villages keep alive the historical aspect of the dance without the influence of the western cultures. Music is another major part of all aspects of the carnival. As stated by Samba City, "Samba Carnival Instruments are an important part of Brazil and the Rio de Janeiro carnival, sending out the irresistible beats and rhythms making the crowd explode in a colourful dance revolution fantasy fest!" The samba that is found in Rio is Battucanada, referring to the dance and music being based on percussion instruments. It "is born of a rhythmic necessity that it allows you to sing, to dance, and to parade at the same time." This is why the batucada style is found in most all of Rio's street carnivals. Street parades, blocos, and bandas take place throughout the city of Rio during Carnival, the most famous and largest carnival celebration of the world. There can be more than 300 bandas taking place at any given point in time. While the biggest street party takes place right outside the Sambadrome, the largest organized street dance is typically found on Cinelândia Square in Rio's Centro. In 2012, more than 2 million revelers took to the streets of Rio de Janeiro to participate in the Cordão da Bola Preta bloco. According to police estimates, more than 5 million people attended a bloco during Rio Carnival 2012 and there was not one reported incident of crime. When the Sambadrome was built in 1984, it had the side-effect of taking street parades from the downtown area to a specific, ticketed performance area. Some samba schools have since been motivated by an agenda that focuses on regaining public space, and using the carnival tradition to occupy the streets with parades or ''blocos''. Many of these represent a local community of the area but are open to all. Several of the Rio street
carnival block Carnival blocks, carnaval blocos or blocos de rua are street bands that mobilize crowds on the streets and are the main popular expression of Brazilian Carnival. These parades fall under the term "street carnival", and happen during a period of ab ...
s that hold the parties are affiliated to the ''Rio de Janeiro State Street Carnival Blocks Federation'' (FBCERJ), established in 1965.


Corte real


King Momo


Queens of Carnival

The Queen of the Carnival in Rio de Janeiro and up to two princesses having the duty to woo the revelry, along with the
King Momo King Momo or King Momos or King Momus, (Rei Momo in Portuguese or Rey Momo in Spanish) ‘’’ Rex Momus’’’ in Latin is considered the king of Carnivals in numerous Latin American festivities, mainly in Brazil and Colombia. His appeara ...
. Unlike some cities, in the city of
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of Rio de Janeiro. It is the List of cities in Brazil by population, second-most-populous city in Brazil (after São Paulo) and the Largest cities in the America ...
, Queens of Carnival do not see a certain school of samba. In competitions, princesses are usually placed as second and third, and are correspondingly 1st and 2nd Princess. Some of them after the reign become queens or battery bridesmaids.


In popular culture


Cinema

* The French film
Orfeu Negro ''Black Orpheus'' ( Portuguese: ''Orfeu Negro'' ) is a 1959 romantic tragedy film directed by French filmmaker Marcel Camus and starring Marpessa Dawn and Breno Mello. It is based on the play '' Orfeu da Conceição'' by Vinicius de Moraes, ...
(1958), by
Marcel Camus Marcel Camus (21 April 1912 – 13 January 1982) was a French film director. He is best known for '' Orfeu Negro'' (''Black Orpheus''), which won the Palme d'Or at the 1959 Cannes Film Festival and the 1960 Oscar for Best Foreign Language Fi ...
, makes a transposition of the Greek myth of
Orpheus In Greek mythology, Orpheus (; , classical pronunciation: ) was a Thracians, Thracian bard, legendary musician and prophet. He was also a renowned Ancient Greek poetry, poet and, according to legend, travelled with Jason and the Argonauts in se ...
and
Eurydice Eurydice (; Ancient Greek: Εὐρυδίκη 'wide justice', classical pronunciation: ) was a character in Greek mythology and the wife of Orpheus, whom Orpheus tried to bring back from the dead with his enchanting music. Etymology Several ...
in Rio Carnival. * The Brazilian film Apaixonados (2016), by Paulo Fontenelle, tells the story of three couples who meet during the carnival *The Brazilian film
Orfeu ''Orfeu'' is a 1999 Brazilian romantic drama film directed by Carlos Diegues, and starring Toni Garrido, Patrícia França and Murilo Benício. Based on the play '' Orfeu da Conceição'' by Vinicius de Moraes, the film retells the Greek l ...
(1999), by
Cacá Diegues Carlos Diegues (also known as Cacá Diegues; 19 May 1940 – 14 February 2025) was a Brazilian film director, best known as a member of the Cinema Novo movement. He was popularly known for his unconventional, yet intriguing film techniques among ...
, is another transposition of the myth of
Orpheus In Greek mythology, Orpheus (; , classical pronunciation: ) was a Thracians, Thracian bard, legendary musician and prophet. He was also a renowned Ancient Greek poetry, poet and, according to legend, travelled with Jason and the Argonauts in se ...
and
Eurydice Eurydice (; Ancient Greek: Εὐρυδίκη 'wide justice', classical pronunciation: ) was a character in Greek mythology and the wife of Orpheus, whom Orpheus tried to bring back from the dead with his enchanting music. Etymology Several ...
in Rio Carnival. The movie
Rio Rio or Río is the Portuguese and Spanish word for "river". The word also exists in Italian, but is largely obsolete and used in a poetical or literary context to mean "stream". Rio, RIO or Río may also refer to: Places United States * Rio, Fl ...
about Blu the blue macaw takes place during carnaval season in Rio de Janeiro.


Literature

*The novel
A Moreninha A Moreninha may refer to: * ''A Moreninha'' (novel), an 1844 novel by Joaquim Manuel de Macedo * ''A Moreninha'' (TV series), a 1965 Brazilian telenovela {{dab ...
(1844), by
Joaquim Manuel de Macedo Joaquim Manuel de Macedo (June 24, 1820 – April 11, 1882) was a Brazilian novelist, medical doctor, teacher, poet, playwright and journalist, famous for the romance '' A Moreninha''. He is considered the first Brazilian novelist. He is the pat ...
, tells a love story in the middle of Rio Carnival, on
Paquetá Island Paquetá Island () is an island in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro. The name of the island is a Tupi word meaning "many pacas". The island is an auto-free zone, so travel is limited to bicycles and horse-drawn carriages. Paquetá has twenty baoba ...
. * The novel
O cortiço ''O Cortiço'' (The Slum'') is an influential Brazilian novel written in 1890 by Aluísio Azevedo. The novel depicts a part of Brazil's culture in the late 19th century, represented by a variety of colorful characters living in a single Rio de J ...
(1890), by
Aluísio Azevedo Aluísio Tancredo Gonçalves de Azevedo (; 14 April 1857 – 21 January 1913) was a Brazilian novelist, caricaturist, diplomat, playwright and short story writer. Initially a Romantic writer, he would later adhere to the Naturalist movement. He ...
, depicts Rio Carnival in the 19th century. * The novel A Grande Arte (1983), by
Rubem Fonseca Rubem Fonseca (May 11, 1925 – April 15, 2020) was a Brazilian writer. Life and career He was born in Juiz de Fora, in the state of Minas Gerais, but he lived most of his life in Rio de Janeiro. In 1952, he started his career as a low-level cop ...
, is about the investigation of an ex private eye during Rio Carnival. * The two novellas of Os Prisoneiros (1963), by
Rubem Fonseca Rubem Fonseca (May 11, 1925 – April 15, 2020) was a Brazilian writer. Life and career He was born in Juiz de Fora, in the state of Minas Gerais, but he lived most of his life in Rio de Janeiro. In 1952, he started his career as a low-level cop ...
, take place during Rio Carnival.


Twinning

*
Santa Cruz de Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife (; locally ), commonly abbreviated as Santa Cruz, is a city, the capital of the island of Tenerife, Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and one of the capitals of the Canary Islands, along with Las Palmas. Santa Cruz has a ...
,
Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...
; Since 1984, Rio de Janeiro is twinned with the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife for the special link between the Carnival of Rio and the
Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife The Carnival of Santa Cruz de Tenerife () is held each February–March –depending on the year– in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the capital of the largest island of the Canary Islands, Spain and attracts people from all over the world. It is con ...
.


See also

*
Brazilian Carnival The Carnival of Brazil (, ) is an annual festival held the Friday afternoon before Ash Wednesday at noon, which marks the beginning of Lent, the forty-day period before Easter. During Lent, Roman Catholics and some other Christians traditionally ...
*
Tourism in Brazil Tourism is a growing sector and key to the economy of several regions of Brazil. The country had 6.589 million visitors in 2018, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the second main destination in South America after Argent ...
*
Culture of Brazil The culture of Brazil has been shaped by the amalgamation of diverse indigenous cultures, and the cultural fusion that took place among Indigenous peoples in Brazil, Indigenous communities, Portuguese people, Portuguese colonists, and Afro-Brazi ...


References


External links


Rio Carnival photos 2010,13

Carnival in Rio: Crazy, Sexy, Weird
– slideshow by ''
Life magazine ''Life'' (stylized as ''LIFE'') is an American magazine launched in 1883 as a weekly publication. In 1972, it transitioned to publishing "special" issues before running as a monthly from 1978 to 2000. Since then, ''Life'' has irregularly publi ...
''advanced searcher of America by R.G.
Carnival in Rio: An Online documentary about the Carnival of Rio de Janeiro

Brasiltropicalshow.com
{{authority control Rio Carnival Culture of Brazil