Urdu
Urdu (; , , ) is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. It is the Languages of Pakistan, national language and ''lingua franca'' of Pakistan. In India, it is an Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of Indi ...
: ; born 17 September 1942; ) is a
Pakistani
Pakistanis (, ) are the citizens and nationals of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Pakistan is the fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the second-largest Muslim population as of 2023. As much as ...
nuclear physicist
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.
Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the ...
known for his research in
gamma spectroscopy
Gamma-ray spectroscopy is the ''qualitative'' study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, such as in the nuclear industry, geochemical investigation, and astrophysics. Gamma-ray spectrometry, on the other hand, is the method used to acqu ...
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology
The Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) is a federally funded research and development laboratory in Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Following his doctoral research in fast neutron spectrometry, he was appointed as head of the Diagnostic Group for the
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) () is a federally funded independent governmental agency, concerned with research and development of nuclear power, promotion of nuclear science, energy conservation and the peaceful use of nuclear techn ...
. He went on to serve as the test director for
nuclear weapons testing
Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the performance of nuclear weapons and the effects of Nuclear explosion, their explosion. Nuclear testing is a sensitive political issue. Governments have often performed tests to si ...
Balochistan
Balochistan ( ; , ), also spelled as Baluchistan or Baluchestan, is a historical region in West and South Asia, located in the Iranian plateau's far southeast and bordering the Indian Plate and the Arabian Sea coastline. This arid region o ...
, in 1998.
Prior to that, he was the lead scientist for Pakistan's military Hatf Program, overseeing the development of the Shaheen and
Babur
Babur (; 14 February 148326 December 1530; born Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad) was the founder of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent. He was a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan through his father and mother respectively. He was also ...
missile programs, while serving as the chairman of the
National Engineering and Scientific Commission
National may refer to:
Common uses
* Nation or country
** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen
Places in the United States
* National, Maryland, ...
for the Government of Punjab between 2001 and 2007. His career in government continued when he was appointed as a science adviser to the Federal
Government of Pakistan
The Government of Pakistan () (abbreviated as GoP), constitutionally known as the Federal Government, commonly known as the Centre, is the national authority of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, a federal republic located in South Asia, con ...
to assist with the Thar coalfield project. He is currently heading the mineral exploration work in the district of
Chiniot
Chiniot ( Punjabi, Urdu: ) is a city and the administrative headquarters of Chiniot District in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Located on the bank of the river Chenab, it is the 28th most populous city in Pakistan.
It is also known for ...
as chairman of the board of directors at the Punjab Mineral Company (Mines & Minerals Department), Government of Punjab.
Biography
Early life and education
Samar Mubarakmand was born in
Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi is the List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by population, third-largest city in the Administrative units of Pakistan, Pakistani province of Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab. It is a commercial and industrial hub, being the list of cities in P ...
Hoshiarpur
Hoshiarpur () is a city and a Municipal corporations in India, municipal corporation in Hoshiarpur district in the Doaba region of the Indian state of Punjab, India, Punjab. It was founded, according to tradition, during the early part of the ...
,
East Punjab
East Punjab was a state of Dominion of India from 1947 until 1950. It consisted parts of the Punjab Province of British India that remained in India following the partition of the state between the new dominions of Pakistan and India by the ...
. He was educated in
Lahore
Lahore ( ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, Pakistani province of Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab. It is the List of cities in Pakistan by population, second-largest city in Pakistan, after Karachi, and ...
Tahir Hussain
Mohammad Tahir Hussain Khan (19 September 1938 – 2 February 2010), better known as Tahir Hussain, was an Indian film producer, screenwriter, actor, and film director known for his works in Hindi cinema.
Personal life
Hussain was b ...
. In 1960, he graduated with a
Bachelor of Science
A Bachelor of Science (BS, BSc, B.S., B.Sc., SB, or ScB; from the Latin ') is a bachelor's degree that is awarded for programs that generally last three to five years.
The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Scienc ...
(BSc) in
physics
Physics is the scientific study of matter, its Elementary particle, fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge whi ...
with a
concentration
In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Several types of mathematical description can be distinguished: '' mass concentration'', '' molar concentration'', '' number concentration'', ...
in
experimental physics
Experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of physics that are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments. Methods vary from discipline to discipline, from simple experiments and o ...
and a
minor
Minor may refer to:
Common meanings
* Minor (law), a person not under the age of certain legal activities.
* Academic minor, a secondary field of study in undergraduate education
Mathematics
* Minor (graph theory), a relation of one graph to an ...
in mathematics. During college, Mubarakmand was a swimmer and represented GCU at the
National Games of Pakistan
The National Games of Pakistan is a multi-sport event held in Pakistan. It comprises various disciplines in which sportsmen from the provinces and departments of Pakistan compete against each other. The games are organized by Pakistan Sports Boa ...
.
He researched
experimental physics
Experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of physics that are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments. Methods vary from discipline to discipline, from simple experiments and o ...
under Hussain and built an experimental apparatus for his master's thesis. His thesis contained work on gamma ray spectrometry , and he performed an experiment that was witnessed by nuclear physicist
Denys Wilkinson
Sir Denys Haigh Wilkinson FRS (5 September 1922 – 22 April 2016) was a British nuclear physicist.
Life
Wilkinson was born on 5 September 1922 in Leeds, Yorkshire and educated at Loughborough Grammar School and Jesus College, Cambridge, ...
as part of his master's program. Wilkinson invited Mubarakmand to visit
Oxford University
The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the second-oldest continuously operating u ...
in the United Kingdom to resume studies in
experimental physics
Experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of physics that are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments. Methods vary from discipline to discipline, from simple experiments and o ...
.
In 1962, Mubarakmand gained a
Master of Science
A Master of Science (; abbreviated MS, M.S., MSc, M.Sc., SM, S.M., ScM or Sc.M.) is a master's degree. In contrast to the Master of Arts degree, the Master of Science degree is typically granted for studies in sciences, engineering and medici ...
(MSc) in Physics after publishing his thesis, ''Construction of a gamma-ray spectrometer'', under Hussain. In 1962, he joined the
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) () is a federally funded independent governmental agency, concerned with research and development of nuclear power, promotion of nuclear science, energy conservation and the peaceful use of nuclear techn ...
(PAEC) and received a scholarship to study at
Oxford University
The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the second-oldest continuously operating u ...
and joined the group led by Wilkinson. Mubarakmand participated in preparing and commissioning a 22 million
volt
The volt (symbol: V) is the unit of electric potential, Voltage#Galvani potential vs. electrochemical potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force in the International System of Units, International System of Uni ...
particle accelerator
A particle accelerator is a machine that uses electromagnetic fields to propel electric charge, charged particles to very high speeds and energies to contain them in well-defined particle beam, beams. Small accelerators are used for fundamental ...
. He also studied
linear accelerator
A linear particle accelerator (often shortened to linac) is a type of particle accelerator that accelerates charged subatomic particles or ions to a high speed by subjecting them to a series of oscillating electric potentials along a linear ...
s, and after returning to
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
, he built one. Apart from studying, Mubarakmand played cricket and fast bowled for the
Oxford University Cricket Club
Oxford University Cricket Club (OUCC), which represents the University of Oxford, had held first-class status since 1827 when it made its debut in the inaugural University Match between OUCC and Cambridge University Cricket Club (CUCC). Follo ...
. In 1966, he completed his doctoral thesis under Wilkinson and was awarded a
Doctor of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, DPhil; or ) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of Postgraduate education, graduate study and original resear ...
(DPhil) in Experimental
Nuclear Physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.
Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies th ...
.
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
On his return to
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
, he joined the
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) () is a federally funded independent governmental agency, concerned with research and development of nuclear power, promotion of nuclear science, energy conservation and the peaceful use of nuclear techn ...
. From the experience he gained in the use of high-energy accelerators, he converted a neutron generator available with PAEC to study nuclear structure and fast
neutron scattering
Neutron scattering, the irregular dispersal of free neutrons by matter, can refer to either the naturally occurring physical process itself or to the man-made experimental techniques that use the natural process for investigating materials. Th ...
. In 1974, Samar Mubarakmand completed research in fast neutron-induced reactions and developed experimental techniques for neutron spectroscopy. This resulted in several publications in the journals “Nuclear Physics” and “Nuclear Instrumentation and Methods” North Holland publications.
From 1974 to 1977, he was the director of Center for Advanced Studies in Physics (CASP) at
Government College University, Lahore
The Government College University (colloquially known as GCU; Punjabi, Urdu: ) is a public research university in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Founded as Government College, Lahore, in 1864 under British administration, it became a university i ...
, on temporary attachment. During his tenure, he developed an interest in the applications of solid-state track detectors. He later presented his work at an international conference held at the Max Planck Institute, Munich, in 1976.
From 1977 to 1980, Mubarakmand worked on applications of lasers and the separation of isotopes of sulfur in
sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfur hexafluoride or sulphur hexafluoride ( British spelling) is an inorganic compound with the formula SF6. It is a colorless, odorless, non-flammable, and non-toxic gas. has an octahedral geometry, consisting of six fluorine atoms attache ...
. Mubarakmand also contributed to the development of methods for transmitting fast signals through
optical fibers
An optical fiber, or optical fibre, is a flexible glass or plastic fiber that can transmit light from one end to the other. Such fibers find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at ...
, aimed at reducing electromagnetic interference. This work paralleled the increasing adoption of fiber optic technology in communications countrywide.
1971 War and Atomic Bomb Project
In the decade of the 80s, when PAEC was busy developing several designs of nuclear devices, it was felt that these designs would have to be ratified through cold tests. Mubarakmand, an experimental physicist, was known for his expertise in fast neutron spectrometry.
During his research in nuclear structure for his doctorate at Oxford, Mubarakmand developed and refined the technique for spectroscopy of fast neutrons released during the nuclear reactions under his study. This technique has direct applications in carrying out the cold tests of nuclear devices.
Mubarakmand was Munir Khan's, Chairman of the
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) () is a federally funded independent governmental agency, concerned with research and development of nuclear power, promotion of nuclear science, energy conservation and the peaceful use of nuclear techn ...
, first choice for head of the Diagnostic Group.
Several designs of nuclear devices were developed, and high confidence in their performance was assured through cold testing. Each of these tests involved the detection and measurement of fast neutrons emitted in short, sharp sub-microsecond bursts. All the available nuclear devices designed and developed were consequently Cold Tested and qualified. The Diagnostic Group also accomplished the important task of designing and manufacturing a neutron trigger source based on fusion reactions. This neutron source would trigger a nuclear device in a Hot Test.
From 1991 to 1994, Mubarakmand was given a higher responsibility to lead the Directorate of Technical Development (DTD). He supervised and modernized the method of working at his new assignment, and within the short period of three years, smaller nuclear devices with updated specifications were developed to meet the varied requirements of Pakistan’s Fighter Aircraft as well as the upcoming delivery systems of different types. All the designs were ratified through Cold Testing by his previous diagnostic team.
After three years as Director DTD, Mubarakmand was promoted as Director General DTD in 1994. In 1995, he was given the responsibility of Member Technical PAEC, which he held till the year 2000. During the five-year tenure, Mubarakmand, apart from looking after the classified side of the Technical Program of PAEC, also became responsible for the optimal functioning of the centers of Nuclear Medicine, Agriculture, PINSTECH and New Labs. At the last-mentioned facility, Mubarakmand and an outstanding team of PAEC’s Scientists and Engineers were able to establish and commission Pakistan’s first reprocessing Plant for burnt reactor fuel. This led to the production of metallic plutonium at the facility in the year 2000.
Several areas were visited and studied with the help of senior
Geologist
A geologist is a scientist who studies the structure, composition, and History of Earth, history of Earth. Geologists incorporate techniques from physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and geography to perform research in the Field research, ...
s of the PAEC, and finally, the chairman PAEC, Ishfaq Ahmed, selected the Chaghai Site for conducting Pakistan’s Hot Tests at an appropriate time. Mubarakmand supervised the installation of Diagnostic Equipment and other facilities at the site relevant to the safe conduct of the
Nuclear tests
Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the performance of nuclear weapons and the effects of Nuclear explosion, their explosion. Nuclear testing is a sensitive political issue. Governments have often performed tests to si ...
.
In 2005, Mubarakmand eulogized his memories in an interview with
Hamid Mir
Hamid Mir (born 23 July 1966) is a Pakistani journalist, columnist and writer. Mir initially worked as a journalist with Pakistani newspapers. He has hosted the political talk show '' Capital Talk'' on Geo News intermittently since 2002. He writ ...
's '' Capital Talk'' television show and said:
Recalling
Munir Ahmad Khan
Munir Ahmad Khan (; 20 May 1926 – 22 April 1999), , was a Pakistani nuclear engineer who is credited, among others, with being the "father of the atomic bomb program" of Pakistan for their leading role in developing their nation's nuclear we ...
and PAEC's role and its relation to the atomic bomb project priority dispute, Mubarakmand later said that:
Pakistan's Missile Program
In 1990s, Mubarakmand took special initiatives in the advancement of the
space program
A space program is an organized effort by a government or a company with a goal related to outer space.
Lists of space programs include:
* List of government space agencies
* List of private spaceflight companies
* List of human spaceflight prog ...
and led a team of
engineers
Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are professionals who invent, design, build, maintain and test machines, complex systems, structures, gadgets and materials. They aim to fulfill functional objectives and requirements while consider ...
to successfully develop the ''
Shaheen-I
The Shaheen-I (; Military designation: Hatf–IV, Translit.: ''Target-4''), is a Surface to surface missile, land-based Short-range ballistic missile, short-range ballistic missile designed and developed by the National Defence Complex and NESCO ...
'' missile. He was the founding director of the National Defence Complex (NDC) bureau that initiated the work on the
Shaheen-I
The Shaheen-I (; Military designation: Hatf–IV, Translit.: ''Target-4''), is a Surface to surface missile, land-based Short-range ballistic missile, short-range ballistic missile designed and developed by the National Defence Complex and NESCO ...
and gathered support for the program. Necessary funding for the program was secured by the
military
A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. Militaries are typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with their members identifiable by a d ...
. Mubarakmand oversaw the development of the
solid-fuel rocket
A solid-propellant rocket or solid rocket is a rocket with a rocket engine that uses Rocket propellant#Solid chemical propellants, solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer). The earliest rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder. The incepti ...
Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme
The Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) was an Indian Ministry of Defence programme for the research and development of the comprehensive range of missiles. The programme was managed by the Defence Research and Development O ...
Benazir Bhutto
Benazir Bhutto (21 June 1953 – 27 December 2007) was a Pakistani politician who served as the 11th prime minister of Pakistan from 1988 to 1990, and again from 1993 to 1996. She was also the first woman elected to head a democratic governmen ...
in 1993. The Shaheen-I missile was successfully test fired in 1999 by a team of engineers led by Mubarakmand. Subsequently, Shaheen-II and
Shaheen-III
The Shaheen-III ( ; lit. ''Falcon''), is a land-based medium range ballistic missile, which was test fired for the first time by military service on 9 March 2015.
Development began in secrecy in the early 2000s in response to India's '' Agni ...
missiles were successfully test fired with ranges of 2000 Km and 2750 Km respectively.
Key strategic weapon systems, such as the ''
Babur
Babur (; 14 February 148326 December 1530; born Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad) was the founder of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent. He was a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan through his father and mother respectively. He was also ...
'' and '' Ghaznavi'' missiles, were also built by his team.
Development of Babur Cruise Missile with a range of 700 Km was also commenced during the same period. Several tests of its boost phase and flight phase were conducted to evaluate the missile's performance and potential role in national defense strategy. Mubarakmand retired from
NESCOM
The National Engineering & Scientific Commission (NESCOM) () is a Pakistani government-funded defence contractor that develops, designs and sells defense hardware, including missile and weapon systems. It was funded and formed by the Government of ...
in November 2007.
In 2008, Mubarakmand joined the
Planning Commission of Pakistan
The Planning Commission (denoted as PC) () is a financial and public policy development institution of the Government of Pakistan. The Commission comes under Ministry of Planning Development & Special Initiatives The Planning Commission undertak ...
where he strongly advocated for peaceful usage of their space program. In 2009, he revealed the work on
Paksat-1R
Paksat-1R (or Paksat-1 Replacement) is a geosynchronous, communications satellite that was manufactured by China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC) and operated by the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), an executiv ...
, the nation's first
geostationary satellite
A geostationary orbit, also referred to as a geosynchronous equatorial orbit''Geostationary orbit'' and ''Geosynchronous (equatorial) orbit'' are used somewhat interchangeably in sources. (GEO), is a circular geosynchronous orbit in altitud ...
that was launched in 2011.
The satellite was described as being able to monitor agricultural programs, minerals programs and weather conditions and quoted that there were sufficient funds for the defence, nuclear and space programs. The satellite was launched in 2011 from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China. His relations with Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan often remained tense over several scientific issues.
mineral extraction
Mining is the Resource extraction, extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth. Mining is required to obtain most materials that cannot be grown through agriculture, agricultural processes, or feasib ...
Abdul Qadeer Khan
Abdul Qadeer Khan (1 April 1936 – 10 October 2021) was a Pakistani Nuclear physics, nuclear physicist and metallurgist, metallurgical engineer. He is colloquially known as the "father of Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction, Pakistan's ...
. In 2015, a breakthrough in the Thar coal project was reported by the media. According to Mubarakmand, the Thar coal reserves have been projected to supply power for several decades, subject to development and policy implementation. When speaking to a large crowd at Cadet College Fateh Jang, he said that he had developed a solution to the growing power outage and was now waiting for the government to put it into action
Reko Diq Copper Gold Project
The Tethyan Cooper Company (TCC) has approached the
High Court of Justice
The High Court of Justice in London, known properly as His Majesty's High Court of Justice in England, together with the Court of Appeal (England and Wales), Court of Appeal and the Crown Court, are the Courts of England and Wales, Senior Cour ...
in the British Virgin Islands for the enforcement of the $5.97 billion award against
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
by the
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is an international arbitration institution established in 1966 for legal dispute resolution and conciliation between international investors and States. ICSID is part of ...
(ICSID) in the Reko Diq case in Dec-20.
A senior official revealed that the "misstatement" of scientist, Mubarakmand before the Supreme Court tribunal, in 2011, was one of the main reasons behind the Supreme Court Decision on 7 January 2013, when a three-member bench of the apex court, headed by then Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, declared Chejva "illegal, void" and non-binding, causing ICSID slapping the heavy penalty on
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
. Mubarakmand had claimed that the
Reko Diq
Reko Diq (; ), is a small town in Chagai District, Balochistan. It is located in a desert area, north-west of Naukundi, close to Pakistan's border with Iran and Afghanistan. The area is located in the Tethyan belt, which stretches all the wa ...
gold mines would fetch the country around $2.5 billion annually. Mubarakmand projected that
Reko Diq
Reko Diq (; ), is a small town in Chagai District, Balochistan. It is located in a desert area, north-west of Naukundi, close to Pakistan's border with Iran and Afghanistan. The area is located in the Tethyan belt, which stretches all the wa ...
and other reserves could generate up to $131 billion over the mine’s lifetime. The tribunal relied on his statement.
State honours
Mubarakmand has been conferred with state honors for his services to the country by the
Government of Pakistan
The Government of Pakistan () (abbreviated as GoP), constitutionally known as the Federal Government, commonly known as the Centre, is the national authority of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, a federal republic located in South Asia, con ...
. He is the recipient of the:
Sitara-e-Imtiaz
The Sitara-e-Imtiaz () also spelled as Sitara-i-Imtiaz, is the third-highest (in the order of "Imtiaz") honour and civilian award in the State of Pakistan. It recognizes individuals who have made an "especially meritorious contribution to the ...
(1992);
Hilal-e-Imtiaz
The ''Hilal-e-Imtiaz'' (; ), also spelled as ''Hilal-i-Imtiaz,'' is the second-highest (in the order of "Imtiaz") Awards and decorations of the Pakistan military, civilian award and honour given to both civilians and military Officer (armed fo ...
(1998); and the
Nishan-e-Imtiaz
The Nishan-e-Imtiaz (; ) is one of the state organized Civil decorations of Pakistan, civil decorations of Pakistan.
It is awarded for achievements towards world recognition for Pakistan or outstanding service for the country. However, the awa ...
(2003), which is the highest civil honor of Pakistan. Additionally, he is a
Fellow of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences
The Pakistan Academy of Sciences () (abbreviated as: PAS), is a learned society of sciences, which described itself as "a repository of the highest scientific talent available in the country."
Established in 1953 in Lahore, Punjab, the academy ...
(PAS), inducted by
Ishfaq Ahmad
Ishfaq Ahmad (3 November 1930 – 18 January 2018) , was a Pakistani nuclear physicist, emeritus professor of high-energy physics at the National Centre for Physics, and former science advisor to the Government of Pakistan.
A versatile theor ...
in 2000.
*
Nishan-e-Imtiaz
The Nishan-e-Imtiaz (; ) is one of the state organized Civil decorations of Pakistan, civil decorations of Pakistan.
It is awarded for achievements towards world recognition for Pakistan or outstanding service for the country. However, the awa ...
(2003)
*
Hilal-e-Imtiaz
The ''Hilal-e-Imtiaz'' (; ), also spelled as ''Hilal-i-Imtiaz,'' is the second-highest (in the order of "Imtiaz") Awards and decorations of the Pakistan military, civilian award and honour given to both civilians and military Officer (armed fo ...
(1998)
*
Sitara-e-Imtiaz
The Sitara-e-Imtiaz () also spelled as Sitara-i-Imtiaz, is the third-highest (in the order of "Imtiaz") honour and civilian award in the State of Pakistan. It recognizes individuals who have made an "especially meritorious contribution to the ...
* Aspects of a-emission from the bombardment of 58Ni with 14.7
MeV
In physics, an electronvolt (symbol eV), also written electron-volt and electron volt, is the measure of an amount of kinetic energy gained by a single electron accelerating through an electric potential difference of one volt in vacuum. When us ...
neutrons
The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol or , that has no electric charge, and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton. The neutron was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932, leading to the discovery of nuclear fission in 1938, the f ...
, by Naeem Ahmad Khan, Samar Mubarakmand and Masud Ahmed, journal of Nuclear physics, PINSTECH.
*Cross-section measurements with a neutron generator by Samar Mubarakmand, Masud Ahmad, M. Anwar and M. S. Chaudhry.
*Some characteristic differences between the etch pits due to 86Rn and 232Thα particles in CA80–15 and LR–115 cellulose nitrate track detectors, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, M. Afzal, P. Chaudhary, Samar Mubarakmand, F. I. Nagi and A.Waheed, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1977).
*Application of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in the measurement of the + particle fission cross–section of uranium, by Samar Mubarakmand, K. Rashid, P. Chaudhry and Hameed Ahmad Khan, Methods of Nuclear Instrumentation. (1977)
*Etching of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in aqueous solutions of (4NH)2HF,
NaOH
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula . It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions .
Sodium hydroxide is a highly corrosive base and alkali t ...
and KOH, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, R. A. Akbar, A. Waheed, P. Chaudhry and Samar Mubarakmand, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1978).
See also
*
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
Pakistan is one of List of states with nuclear weapons, nine states that possess nuclear weapons, and is not party to the Nuclear Non-Profileration Treaty (NPT) and any of its provisions. As of 2025, multiple unofficial sources indicate a stoc ...
Chagai-I
Chagai-I is the code name of five simultaneous underground nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan at 15:15 hrs Pakistan Standard Time, PKT on 28 May 1998. The tests were performed at Ras Koh Hills in the Chagai District of Balochistan Province.
C ...
*
Chagai-II
Chagai-II is the codename assigned to the second atomic test conducted by Pakistan, carried out on 30 May 1998 in the Kharan Desert in Balochistan Province of Pakistan. ''Chagai-II'' took place two days after Pakistan's first successful te ...