The Salicaceae is the willow family of

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of ...

s. The traditional family (Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'') included the willows, poplar, aspen, and cottonwoods. Genetic studies summarized by the

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships dis ...

(APG) have greatly expanded the circumscription of the family to contain 56 genera and about 1220 species, including the

Scyphostegia ''Scyphostegia borneensis'' is a species of shrub or small tree endemic to Borneo. This unusual plant is the only species in the genus ''Scyphostegia''. In many taxonomic classifications the genus was placed in its own family, the Scyphostegiacea ...

ceae and many of the former

Flacourtiaceae The Flacourtiaceae is a defunct family of flowering plants whose former members have been scattered to various families, mostly to the Achariaceae and Salicaceae. It was so vaguely defined that hardly anything seemed out of place there and it bec ...

. In the

Cronquist system The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) ...

, the Salicaceae were assigned to their own order, Salicales, and contained three genera (''

Salix Willows, also called sallows and osiers, from the genus ''Salix'', comprise around 400 speciesMabberley, D.J. 1997. The Plant Book, Cambridge University Press #2: Cambridge. of typically deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist s ...

'', ''

Populus ''Populus'' is a genus of 25–30 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. English names variously applied to different species include poplar (), aspen, and cottonwood. The we ...

'', and ''

Chosenia ''Chosenia arbutifolia'' (syn. ''Salix arbutifolia'' Pall.)Skvortsov, A. K. 1957. Commentationes de morphologia et systematica salicarum. IV. On the correct species epithet for ''Chosenia''. — Bot. mat. Gerb. Bot. in-ta AN SSSR 18: 42–47. is ...

''). Recognized to be closely related to the

Violaceae Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus ''Viola'', the violets and pansies. Older classifications such as the Cronquist system placed ...

and

Passifloraceae The Passifloraceae are a family of flowering plants, containing about 750 species classified in around 27 genera. They include tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches a ...

, the family is placed by the APG in the order

Malpighiales The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants, containing about 36 families and more than species, about 7.8% of the eudicots. The order is very diverse, containing plants as different as the willow, violet, poinse ...

. Under the new circumscription, all members of the family are trees or shrubs that have simple leaves with alternate arrangement and temperate members are usually

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, a ...

. Most members have serrate or dentate leaf margins, and those that have such toothed margins all exhibit salicoid teeth; a salicoid tooth being one in which a

vein Veins are blood vessels in humans and most other animals that carry blood towards the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary and umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenate ...

enters the tooth, expands, and terminates at or near the apex, near which are spherical and glandular protuberances called setae. Members of the family often have flowers which are reduced and inconspicuous, and all have

ovaries The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the bod ...

that are superior or half-inferior with

parietal placentation Placentation refers to the formation, type and structure, or arrangement of the placenta. The function of placentation is to transfer nutrients, respiratory gases, and water from maternal tissue to a growing embryo, and in some instances to remove ...

Genera by subfamily and tribe

Salicaceae is divided into three subfamilies, with Salicoideae further divided into six tribes. Salicoideae Abatieae *''

Abatia ''Abatia'' (syn. ''Raleighia'' Gardner) is a genus of about ten species of Central and South American trees in the family Salicaceae (following the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification). Previously, it was treated in the family Flacourtiacea ...

'' Ruiz & Pavón (formerly including ''Aphaerema'') *''

Aphaerema ''Aphaerema'' was formerly a genus of flowering plants in the Flacourtiaceae, consisting of one species of small shrubs, ''Aphaerema spicata'', which is native to Brazil and Argentina. Later studies indicated that ''Aphaerema'' should be classifie ...

'' Miers Bembicieae *''

Bembicia ''Bembicia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Salicaceae The Salicaceae is the willow family of flowering plants. The traditional family (Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'') included the willows, poplar, aspen, and cottonwood ...

'' Oliver Homalieae *''

Bartholomaea ''Bartholomaea'' is a genus of two species of flowering plant in the family Salicaceae, native to Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize Belize (; bzj, Bileez) is a Caribbean and Central American country on the northeastern coast of Central Ameri ...

'' Standley & Steyermark *''

Bivinia ''Bivinia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, sometimes included in ''Calantica''. It contains a single species, ''Bivinia jalbertii'', which is found in Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zimbabwe Zimbab ...

'' Tulasne *'' Byrsanthus'' Guillemin *''

Calantica ''Calantica'' is a genus of barnacles in the family Calanticidae, containing the following species: *'' Calantica affinis'' Broch, 1922 *''Calantica darwini'' Jones & Hosie, 2009 *'' Calantica eos'' (Pilsbry, 1907) *''Calantica flagellata'' Ren ...

'' Tulasne *'' Dissomeria'' Bentham *'' Homalium'' Jacquin *''

Neopringlea ''Neopringlea'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Salicaceae. It is native to Mexico and Guatemala. The genus name of ''Neopringlea'' is in honour of Cyrus Pringle Cyrus Guernsey Pringle (May 6, 1838 – May 25, 1911) wa ...

'' S. Watson *'' Trimeria'' Harvey Prockieae *''

Banara ''Banara'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae (formerly in Flacourtiaceae). Species accepted by the Plants of the World Online as of October 2022: *'' Banara acunae'' *'' Banara arguta'' *'' Banara axilliflora'' *'' Ba ...

'' Aublet *''

Hasseltia ''Hasseltia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It contains four species of small to medium-sized trees native to the neotropics, ranging from Mexico south to Brazil and Bolivia.Alford, M.H. 2006. A new species of ''Hassel ...

'' Kunth *'' Hasseltiopsis'' Sleumer *'' Macrohasseltia'' L. O. Williams *''

Neosprucea ''Neosprucea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. There are nine species native to Panama and northern South America.Alford, M.H. 2008Revision of ''Neosprucea ''(Salicaceae).''Systematic Botany Monographs'' 85: 1-62. Spec ...

'' Sleumer *'' Pineda'' Ruiz & Pavón *''

Pleuranthodendron ''Pleuranthodendron'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It consists of one species (''Pleuranthodendron lindenii'') of small to medium-sized trees native to the neotropics, specifically Central America and northern South Am ...

'' L. O. Williams *'' Prockia'' L. Saliceae *'' Azara'' Ruiz & Pavón *'' Bennettiodendron'' Merrill *'' Carrierea'' Franchet *'' Dovyalis'' Arnott *''

Flacourtia ''Flacourtia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It was previously placed in the now defunct family Flacourtiaceae. The generic name honors Étienne de Flacourt (1607–1660), a governor of Madagascar. It contains 15 s ...

'' L'Heritier *'' Idesia'' Maximowicz *''

Itoa ''Itoa'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It is also in the tribe Saliceae. Its native range is southern China to Vietnam, central and eastern Malesia to New Guinea. It is found in China ( Hainan), Maluku Islands, New ...

'' Hemsley *''

Lasiochlamys ''Lasiochlamys'' is a genus of flowering plants endemic to New Caledonia in the family Salicaceae. Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggest that ''Lasiochlamys'' may be nested in the more widespread genus ''Xylosma''.Alford, M.A (2005). Systemati ...

'' Pax & K. Hoffmann *'' Ludia'' de Jussieu *''

Olmediella ''Olmediella'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It consists of one species of trees: ''Olmediella betschleriana'', which is native to Central America. Formerly placed in the heterogeneous family Flacourtiaceae, ...

'' Baillon *'' Poliothyrsis'' Oliver *''

'' L. *''

Priamosia ''Priamosia'' was formerly a genus of flowering plants in the Flacourtiaceae, consisting of one species of shrubs, ''Priamosia domingensis'', which is native to the Dominican Republic and Haiti. Later studies indicated that ''Priamosia'' should ...

'' Urban *

† A dagger, obelisk, or obelus is a typographical mark that usually indicates a footnote if an asterisk has already been used. The symbol is also used to indicate death (of people) or extinction (of species). It is one of the modern descendan ...

'' Pseudosalix'' Boucher, Manchester, & Judd *''

'' L. *''

Tisonia ''Tisonia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Salicaceae. It is also in the subfamily Salicoideae and tribe Saliceae. It is native to Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagas ...

'' Baillon *''

Xylosma ''Xylosma'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. It contains around 100 species of evergreen shrubs and trees commonly known as brushhollies, xylosmas, or, more ambiguously, "logwoods". The generic name is derived from the G ...

'' G. Forster (formerly including ''Priamosia'') Scolopieae *''

Hemiscolopia ''Hemiscolopia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Salicaceae. It contains a single species, ''Hemiscolopia trimera''. Its native range is Indo-China to Western Malesia. References

{{Taxonbar, from1=Q10294636, from2=Q1 ...

'' van Slooten *''

Phyllobotryon ''Phyllobotryon'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Salicaceae. Its native range is Nigeria to Tanzania and Angola. Species Species: *'' Phyllobotryon bracteatum'' *'' Phyllobotryon lebrunii'' *'' Phyllobotryon maikoens ...

'' Müller *''

Pseudoscolopia ''Pseudoscolopia'' is a genus of plants in the family Salicaceae, which contains a single species, ''Pseudoscolopia polyantha''. It is endemic to South Africa. It is threatened by habitat loss Habitat destruction (also termed habitat loss a ...

'' Gilg *''

Scolopia ''Scolopia'' is an Old World genus of plants in the family Salicaceae. Species include: * '' Scolopia braunii'' (Klotzsch) & Sleumer - an Australian rainforest tree *'' Scolopia buxifolia'' Gagnep. *'' Scolopia chinensis'' (Lour.) Clos *'' Sc ...

'' Schreber Samydoideae *'' Casearia'' Jacquin (including '' Hecatostemon'', '' Laetia'', '' Samyda'', & ''

Zuelania ''Zuelania guidonia'' is a species of shrub or tree native to the West Indies, Central America, and northern South America and is the only member of the genus ''Zuelania''. Formerly classified in the Flacourtiaceae, phylogenetic analyses b ...

'') *''

Euceraea ''Euceraea'' is a genus of three species of shrubs and small trees in the willow family Salicaceae native to the Guiana Shield The Guiana Shield (french: Plateau des Guyanes, Bouclier guyanais; nl, Hoogland van Guyana, Guianaschild; p ...

'' Martius *''

Irenodendron ''Irenodendron'' is a genus of three species of shrubs and trees in the willow family Salicaceae native to northern South America. These species were previously treated as a section of the genus ''Laetia'' in the family Flacourtiaceae, but the ...

'' Alford & Dement *''

Lunania ''Lunania'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae. Selected species * ''Lunania cubensis'' Turczaninov * ''Lunania dodecandra'' Wright * ''Lunania elongata'' Britton & P.Wilson * ''Lunania polydactyla'' Urban * ''Lunania rac ...

'' Hooker *''

Neoptychocarpus ''Neoptychocarpus'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Salicaceae. Its native range is Southern Tropical America. Species Species: *'' Neoptychocarpus apodanthus'' *'' Neoptychocarpus chocoensis'' *'' Neoptychocarpus ki ...

'' Buchheim *'' Ophiobotrys'' Gilg *'' Osmelia'' Thwaites *''

Piparea ''Piparea'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Salicaceae. Its native range is Southern Mexico to Southern Tropical America. Species: *'' Piparea dentata'' *'' Piparea multiflora'' *'' Piparea spruceana'' References ...

'' Aublet *'' Pseudosmelia'' Sleumer *''

Ryania ''Ryania'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae; it was previously listed in the now defunct family Flacourtiaceae. The genus is significant partly because the ryanoid insecticides are derived from, and have the same mode o ...

'' Vahl *''

Tetrathylacium ''Tetrathylacium'' is a genus of two species of shrubs and small trees in the family Salicaceae native to southern Central America and northern South America. Previously it was treated in the family Flacourtiaceae but was moved along with its clo ...

'' Poeppig & Endlicher *'' Trichostephanus'' Gilg Scyphostegioideae *'' Dianyuea'' C. Shang ''et al''. *''

'' Stapf incertae sedis *'' Ahernia'' Merrill *'' Mocquerysia'' Hua *'' Oncoba'' Forsskahl *†'' Saxifragispermum'' Reid & Chandler *†'' Utkholokia'' (Cheleb.) Iljinskaja & Chelb.

References

External links

* * {{Authority control Malpighiales families