Sakaki

''Cleyera japonica'' (sakaki) is a flowering evergreen tree native to warm areas of Japan, Taiwan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, and northern India (Min and Bartholomew 2015). It can reach a height of 10 m. The leaves are 6–10 cm long, smooth, oval, leathery, shiny and dark green above, yellowish-green below, with deep furrows for the leaf stem. The bark is dark reddish brown and smooth. The small, scented, cream-white flowers open in early summer, and are followed later by berries which start red and turn black when ripe. Sakaki is one of the common trees in the second layer of the evergreen oak forests. It is considered sacred to Japanese Shintō faith, and is one of the classical offerings at Shintō shrines including Tamagushi and masakaki .

Uses

Sakaki wood is used for making utensils (especially combs), building materials, and fuel. It is commonly planted in gardens, parks, and shrines.

Sakaki is considered a sacred tree in the Shinto religion, along with other evergreens such as and . Shinto shrines are traditionally encircled with constituting a . In Shinto ritual offerings to the , branches of sakaki are decorated with paper streamers ('' shide'') to make '' tamagushi''.

In the myth about '' Amaterasu'' and the cave she hid in, after ''Susanoo's'' tantrum, when the '' Yata no Kagami'' was forged and propped-up in front of ''Amaterasu's'' cave, it was said to have been perched-upon the branches of a sacred, 500-branched ''Sakaki'' tree facing the cave.

Linguistic background

The Japanese word ''sakaki'' is written with the kanji character , which combines (''ki'', "tree; wood") and (''kami'', "spirit; god") to form the meaning "sacred tree; divine tree". The lexicographer Michael Carr notes:

In modern Japanese, ''sakaki'' is written with a doubly exceptional logograph. It is an ideograph (in the proper sense of 'logograph representing an idea' rather than loosely 'Chinese character; logograph') and is a '' kokuji'' 'Japanese ot Chineselogograph.' Ideograms and ''kokuji'' are two of the rarest logographic types, each constituting a small percentage of a typical written Japanese sample. First, the idea of ''sakaki'' is expressed with a melding of ''boku'' or ''ki'' 'tree' and ''shin'' or ''kami'' 'god; divine, sacred' f ''Shinto'' comparable to a graphic fusion of the word ''shinboku'' 'sacred tree.' Second, the ''sakaki'' ideograph is a ''kokuji'' 'national .e., Japaneselogograph' rather than a usual ''kanji'' 'Chinese logograph' borrowing. ''Kokuji'' often denote Japanese plants and animals not native to China, and thus not normally written with Chinese logographs. (1995:11)

The kanji first appears in the (12th-century) '' Konjaku Monogatarishū'', but two 8th-century transcriptions of the word ''sakaki'' are , meaning "sage tree" ('' Kojiki'', tr. Chamberlain 1981:64 "pulling up by pulling its roots a true ''cleyera japonica'' with five hundred ranchesfrom the Heavenly Mount Kagu"), and , meaning "slope tree" ('' Nihon Shoki'', tr. Aston 1896:42–43, "True Sakaki tree of the Heavenly Mt. Kagu"). ''Sakaki'' ( or ) is the title of Chapter 10 in '' The Tale of Genji'' (ca. 1021). It comes from this context.

"May I at least come up to the veranda?" he asked, starting up the stairs. The evening moon burst forth and the figure she saw in its light was handsome beyond describing. Not wishing to apologize for all the weeks of neglect, he pushed a branch of the sacred tree in under the blinds. "With heart unchanging as this evergreen, This sacred tree, I enter the sacred gate." She replied: "You err with your sacred tree and sacred gate. No beckoning cedars stand before my house." And he: "Thinking to find you here with the holy maidens, I followed the scent of the leaf of the sacred tree." Though the scene did not encourage familiarity, he made bold to lean inside the blinds. (tr. Seidensticker 1976:187)

The etymology of the pronunciation ''sakaki'' is uncertain. With linguistic consensus that the ''-ki'' suffix denotes ("tree"), the two most probable etymologies are either ''sakae-ki'' ("evergreen tree"), from ; or ''saka-ki'' ("boundary tree"), from – an older form of modern reading ''sakai'', from the way that trees were often planted at a shrine's boundary line. Carr (1995:13) cites Japanese tradition and historical phonology to support the latter etymon. The Shogakukan ''Kokugo Dai Jiten Dictionary'' entry for this term also notes that the pitch accent for ''sakayu'' () – the origin of modern ''sakae'' () – is different than what would be expected, suggesting that may be the more likely derivation (Shogakukan 1988).

References

* Aston, William George, tr. 1896
''Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697''
Kegan Paul. 1972 Tuttle reprint.
* Carr, Michael. 1995
"Sacred Twig and Tree: ''Tamagushi'' and ''Sakaki'' in Japanese-English Dictionaries"
''The Review of Liberal Arts'' 小樽商科大学人文研究 89:1–36.
* Chamberlain, Basil H., tr. 1919

1981 Tuttle reprint.
*Min, Tianlu and Bruce Bartholomew, 2015
''Cleyera japonica''
Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria.
* Seidensticker, Edward G., tr. 1976. ''The Tale of Genji''. Knopf.
*Shogakukan, 1988, ''Kokugo Dai Jiten'' 国語大辞典, rev. ed., Shogakukan.

External links

Sakaki, Sacred Tree of Shinto
Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden newsletter 1999
Sakaki
Encyclopedia of Shinto

NC State University Urban Horticulture

, Plantnames.org

{{Shinto shrine

Pentaphylacaceae
Trees of Myanmar
Trees of China
Flora of India (region)
Trees of Nepal
Trees of Japan
Trees of Taiwan
Shinto religious objects
Trees in Shinto