Sabra is a superhero appearing in
American comic book
An American comic book is a thin periodical literature originating in the United States, commonly between 24 and 64 pages, containing comics. While the form originated in 1933, American comic books first gained popularity after the 1938 publ ...
s published by
Marvel Comics
Marvel Comics is a New York City–based comic book publishing, publisher, a property of the Walt Disney Company since December 31, 2009, and a subsidiary of Disney Publishing Worldwide since March 2023. Marvel was founded in 1939 by Martin G ...
. Created by writer
Bill Mantlo
William Timothy Mantlo (born November 9, 1951) is an American comic book writer, primarily at Marvel Comics. He is best known for his work on two licensed toy properties whose adventures occurred in the Marvel Universe: '' Micronauts'' and '' R ...
and artist
Sal Buscema
Sal Buscema ( ; born Silvio Buscema, , on January 26, 1936) is an American comics artist, primarily for Marvel Comics, where he had a ten-year run as artist of ''The Incredible Hulk (comic book), The Incredible Hulk'' and an eight-year run as art ...
, the character first appeared in ''
The Incredible Hulk
The Hulk is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in the debut issue of '' The Incredible Hulk'' (May 1962). In his comic book ...
'' #250 (1980), before making a full appearance in issue #256 (1981). She has been a member of the
X-Corporation
The X-Corporation (X-Corp) is a fictional institution appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the X-Men comics. This organization was created to ensure the protection of Mutant (Marvel Comics), m ...
, and often appeared as a supporting character for the
Hulk
The Hulk is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in the debut issue of ''The Incredible Hulk (comic book), The Incredible Hulk ...
and the
X-Men
The X-Men are a superhero team in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer/editor Stan Lee and artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby, the team first appeared in Uncanny X-Men, ''The X-Men'' #1 (September 1963). Although initial ...
.
Ruth Bat-Seraph () is a
mutant
In biology, and especially in genetics, a mutant is an organism or a new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of mutation, which is generally an alteration of the DNA sequence of the genome or chromosome of an organism. It i ...
who serves as an agent to the
Mossad
The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations (), popularly known as Mossad ( , ), is the national intelligence agency of the Israel, State of Israel. It is one of the main entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community, along with M ...
. She is noted to be the first
Israeli superheroine and has been received positively by the
Jewish community
Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly inte ...
.
Shira Haas
Shira Haas (born ) is an Israeli actress. She first rose to local prominence for her role in the television series '' Shtisel'' (2013–2021). Her international breakthrough came with her portrayal of Esther "Esty" Shapiro in the Netflix minis ...
portrayed a reimagined version of Bat-Seraph, a former
Black Widow assassin, in the
Marvel Cinematic Universe
The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is an American media franchise and shared universe centered on List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films, a series of superhero films produced by Marvel Studios. The films are based on characters that appe ...
(MCU) film ''
Captain America: Brave New World'' (2025), with her inclusion receiving polarizing responses.
Development
Concept and creation
The character was created by Belinda Glass, the first wife of
American comic book
An American comic book is a thin periodical literature originating in the United States, commonly between 24 and 64 pages, containing comics. While the form originated in 1933, American comic books first gained popularity after the 1938 publ ...
writer
Mark Gruenwald
Mark Eugene Gruenwald ( ; June 18, 1953 – August 12, 1996) was an American comic book writer, editor, and occasional penciler known for his long association with Marvel Comics.
Career
Early career
Gruenwald got his start in comics f ...
.
The name "
Sabra
Sabra may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* Sabra (character), a fictional Israeli female superhero in the Marvel Comics universe
* Sabra (magazine), a Japanese magazine for men
* ''Sabra Command'' the original title of the film ''Warhead''
* ...
" () was derived from a term to describe a native-born
Israeli Jew, inspired by the
prickly pear cactus
''Opuntia'', commonly called the prickly pear cactus, is a genus of flowering plants in the cactus family Cactaceae, many known for their flavorful fruit and showy flowers. Cacti are native to the Americas, and are well adapted to arid climat ...
—a fruit that is tough and thorny on the outside but soft on the inside.
She was originally envisioned as the Israeli counterpart to
Captain America
Captain America is a superhero created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in '' Captain America Comics'' #1, published on December 20, 1940, by Timely C ...
(Steve Rogers), much like
Red Guardian
The Red Guardian (Russian: Красный страж, ''Krasnyy Strazh'') is the name of several fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics: Aleksey Lebedev, Alexei Shostakov, Tania Belinsky, Josef Petkus, ...
serves as the Russian equivalent.
Publication history
Sabra debuted in ''
The Incredible Hulk
The Hulk is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in the debut issue of '' The Incredible Hulk'' (May 1962). In his comic book ...
'' #256 (February 1981), created by writer
Bill Mantlo
William Timothy Mantlo (born November 9, 1951) is an American comic book writer, primarily at Marvel Comics. He is best known for his work on two licensed toy properties whose adventures occurred in the Marvel Universe: '' Micronauts'' and '' R ...
and artist
Sal Buscema
Sal Buscema ( ; born Silvio Buscema, , on January 26, 1936) is an American comics artist, primarily for Marvel Comics, where he had a ten-year run as artist of ''The Incredible Hulk (comic book), The Incredible Hulk'' and an eight-year run as art ...
.
She appeared in a supporting role in the limited series ''Union Jack'' #1–4 (2006) by writer
Christos Gage
Christos N. Gage is an American screenwriter and comic book writer. He is known for his work on the TV series ''Daredevil (TV series), Daredevil'', ''Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series), Hawaii Five-0'', ''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'', ''Numbers ...
and artist
Mike Perkins
Michael Perkins (born 20 November 1969) is a British comic book artist known for his inking work and full art duties on comic books such as Ed Brubaker's List of Captain America titles#Captain America (Brubaker era), run on ''Captain America ( ...
. She later appeared in the ''
New Warriors
The New Warriors are a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They traditionally consisted of teenage and young adult heroes, and were often seen to serve as a junior counterpart to Avengers (comics) ...
'' (1995), by writer
Evan Skolnick
Evan Skolnick is an American writer, editor and producer who has created content in a wide variety of media including newspapers, magazines, comic books, books, websites, CD-ROMs, computer games and video games. He is currently an instructor in the ...
and artist
Patrick Zircher
Patrick Zircher () is an American comic book artist and penciller.
Career
Zircher's early career as an illustrator began with production of several completed works for '' Villains and Vigilantes'', '' Champions'' and other pen-and-paper role-pl ...
.
She starred in her first solo
one-shot
One shot may refer to:
Film and television
* One-shot film, a feature film shot in one long take with no edits, or manufactured to look like so
* ''One Shot'' (2005 film), a Sri Lankan action film directed by Ranjan Ramanayake
* ''One Shot'', a ...
, ''
Astonishing Tales: Sabra'' (2009), written by Matt Yocum.
Since her debut in the 1980s, Sabra has not featured heavily in comics, only making minor cameos and appearances.
She was later retconned as a
mutant
In biology, and especially in genetics, a mutant is an organism or a new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of mutation, which is generally an alteration of the DNA sequence of the genome or chromosome of an organism. It i ...
, and a vocal supporter of the Mutant cause, with the shift beginning with her role in the 1997 crossover ''
Operation: Zero Tolerance''.
This shift offered potential for deeper
character development beyond her identity as a nationalist symbol, and to move her away from direct political associations.
Fictional character biography
Ruth Bat-Seraph was born near
Jerusalem
Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest cities in the world, and ...
, raised on a
kibbutz
A kibbutz ( / , ; : kibbutzim / ) is an intentional community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The first kibbutz, established in 1910, was Degania Alef, Degania. Today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economi ...
, and recruited into a
super-soldier
The following is a list of fictional characters that appear, or are only mentioned briefly, in the 24 one-shots of Amalgam Comics. They are listed by comic book title and a teams section is also provided. The amalgamations of characters or the Ama ...
-inspired program run by the Israeli government after her mutant powers began to manifest. She later becomes the first superhuman agent to serve with the Mossad (Israeli's
secret service
A secret service is a government agency, intelligence agency, or the activities of a government agency, concerned with the gathering of intelligence data. The tasks and powers of a secret service can vary greatly from one country to another. For i ...
). She also becomes a police officer in addition to serving as a government agent. She had a son named Jacob who was killed by a Palestinian terrorist group.
Bat-Seraph's first public act as Sabra is a battle with the
Hulk
The Hulk is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in the debut issue of ''The Incredible Hulk (comic book), The Incredible Hulk ...
, whom she mistakenly believes is working with terrorists. Not long after that, Sabra is chosen as a pawn of
Death
Death is the end of life; the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Death eventually and inevitably occurs in all organisms. The remains of a former organism normally begin to decompose sh ...
in the latter's game against the
Grandmaster. There, she meets
Iron Man
Iron Man is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Co-created by writer and editor Stan Lee, developed by scripter Larry Lieber, and designed by artists Don Heck and Jack Kirby, the character first appearan ...
and the
Arabian Knight (
Abdul Qamar), and battles
She-Hulk
She-Hulk (Jennifer Susan Walters) is a Character (arts), character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist John Buscema, she First appearance, first appeared in ''The Savage She-Hulk ...
and
Captain Britain
Captain Britain is a title used by various superheroes in comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with Excalibur. The moniker was first used in publication by Brian Braddock in ''Captain Britain'' #1 by writer Chris Cl ...
. She faces another dispute with the Hulk in which her quills strike his larynx, leaving him temporarily unable to speak, so Sabra initially believes he is still a near-mindless monster. The two fight but eventually work through their differences and search for a child who is foretold to become a genocidal maniac, while contending with
Achilles
In Greek mythology, Achilles ( ) or Achilleus () was a hero of the Trojan War who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors. The central character in Homer's ''Iliad'', he was the son of the Nereids, Nereid Thetis and Peleus, ...
of the
Pantheon who was sent to kill the boy.
Later, during a peace conference in
New York City
New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
, Sabra assists the
New Warriors
The New Warriors are a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They traditionally consisted of teenage and young adult heroes, and were often seen to serve as a junior counterpart to Avengers (comics) ...
in stopping a terrorist group. However, she falls under the control of a powerful force and turns against the team. She is brought out of her trance by
Justice
In its broadest sense, justice is the idea that individuals should be treated fairly. According to the ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', the most plausible candidate for a core definition comes from the ''Institutes (Justinian), Inst ...
, whose eyes remind her of her late son. Some time after, Sabra is attacked by
Prime Sentinels
Prime Sentinels are an advanced type of fictional Sentinel appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are depicted as a humans-turned-cyborgs that uses nanotechnology from the "Days of Future Past" alternate future. Like t ...
as part of the anti-mutant campaign known as "Operation: Zero Tolerance". She travels back to the U.S. to track down
Bastion
A bastion is a structure projecting outward from the curtain wall of a fortification, most commonly angular in shape and positioned at the corners of the fort. The fully developed bastion consists of two faces and two flanks, with fire from the ...
, their creator, and works to stop him alongside
Iceman,
Cecilia Reyes
Cecilia Reyes is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Scott Lobdell and Carlos Pacheco, the character first appeared in ''X-Men'' (vol. 2) #65 (June 1997). She belongs to the subspecies o ...
and
Marrow. It is also at this time that Sabra begins to work alongside the
X-Men
The X-Men are a superhero team in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer/editor Stan Lee and artist/co-plotter Jack Kirby, the team first appeared in Uncanny X-Men, ''The X-Men'' #1 (September 1963). Although initial ...
and subscribe to the philosophies of
Charles Xavier
Professor X (Prof. Charles Francis Xavier) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist/co-writer Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in Uncanny X-Men, ''The X-Men'' #1 ( ...
. Sabra spends some time as a member of the
X-Corporation
The X-Corporation (X-Corp) is a fictional institution appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in association with the X-Men comics. This organization was created to ensure the protection of Mutant (Marvel Comics), m ...
's Paris branch. She accompanies Xavier and other X-Men to
Genosha
Genosha ( ) is a fictional country appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is an island nation that exists in the Marvel Universe and a prominent location in the X-Men comics. The fictional nation served as an allegory fo ...
after it was demolished by
Sentinels.
During the ''
JLA/Avengers
''JLA/Avengers'' (issues #2 and 4 are titled ''Avengers/JLA'') is a comic book limited series and crossover published in prestige format by DC Comics and Marvel Comics from September 2003 to March 2004. The series was written by Kurt Busiek, wi ...
'' crossover event, she is seen holding the
Western Wall
The Western Wall (; ; Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: ''HaKosel HaMa'arovi'') is an ancient retaining wall of the built-up hill known to Jews and Christians as the Temple Mount of Jerusalem. Its most famous section, known by the same name ...
together after
Krona's attack causes earthquakes across the globe. Sabra is also one of a handful of mutants to have retained their powers after the effects of
M-Day. She is later seen, under request from the British government, aiding
Union Jack
The Union Jack or Union Flag is the ''de facto'' national flag of the United Kingdom. The Union Jack was also used as the official flag of several British colonies and dominions before they adopted their own national flags.
It is sometimes a ...
against a terrorist attack on London. She comes into conflict with the new Arabian Knight (
Navid Hashim) because of cultural differences,
but they begrudgingly work together, paralleling her relationship with the first Arabian Knight during the
Contest of Champions. During the
Civil War
A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...
within the US superhero community over the
Superhuman Registration Act
Superhero fiction is a subgenre of speculative fiction examining the adventures, personalities and ethics of costumed crime fighters known as superheroes, who often possess superhuman powers and battle similarly powered criminals known as super ...
, Sabra joins
Bishop
A bishop is an ordained member of the clergy who is entrusted with a position of Episcopal polity, authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance and administration of di ...
's government-sanctioned team that polices unruly mutants. Mossad assigns her to the force in exchange for intelligence and technology so Israel can enact its own registration program. Sabra is identified as pro-registration in the superhuman
Civil War
A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...
as one of the 142 registered superheroes under the
Initiative
Popular initiative
A popular initiative (also citizens' initiative) is a form of direct democracy by which a petition meeting certain hurdles can force a legal procedure on a proposition.
In direct initiative, the proposition is put direct ...
.
During the events of ''
Secret Invasion
"Secret Invasion" is a comic book fictional crossover, crossover storyline written by Brian Michael Bendis and illustrated by Leinil Francis Yu, that ran through a self-titled eight-issue Limited series (comics), limited series and several ti ...
'', Sabra is briefly seen fighting off Skrulls in Israel, and during the ''
Ends of the Earth'' storyline, Sabra is one of the heroes that respond to
Spider-Man
Spider-Man is a superhero in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer-editor Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, he first appearance, first appeared in the anthology comic book ''Amazing Fantasy'' #15 (August 1962) in ...
's call for help against
Doctor Octopus
Doctor Octopus (Dr. Otto Octavius), also known as Doc Ock for short, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko and first appeared in ''The Amazin ...
' satellite factories. She is shown fighting through Octobots at a seemingly abandoned factory until being shot by
Crossbones with a sniper rifle. Prior to the events of ''
Secret Empire Secret Empire may refer to:
* Secret Empire (organization), an evil organization in Marvel Comics
** Secret Empire (1974 comic), comic book storyline
** Secret Empire (2017 comic)
"Secret Empire" is a 2017 Marvel Comics crossover storyline pu ...
'', Sabra breaks into and secures a flash drive in a
Hydra data storage, much to the anger of an alternate
Captain America
Captain America is a superhero created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in '' Captain America Comics'' #1, published on December 20, 1940, by Timely C ...
(
Hydra Supreme). She later represents the Israeli government when she attends
Black Panther
A black panther is the Melanism, melanistic colour variant of the leopard (''Panthera pardus'') and the jaguar (''Panthera onca''). Black panthers of both species have excess black pigments, but their typical Rosette (zoology), rosettes are al ...
's meeting in the Eden Room of Avengers Mountain.
Characterization
Costumes and equipment
Throughout her comic appearances, Sabra's various costumes have always incorporated elements of the
Israeli flag
The flag of the State of Israel ( ; ) was adopted on 28 October 1948, five months after the Israeli Declaration of Independence. It consists of a white background with a blue Star of David in the centre and two horizontal blue stripes at the ...
, specifically the
Star of David
The Star of David (, , ) is a symbol generally recognized as representing both Jewish identity and Judaism. Its shape is that of a hexagram: the compound of two equilateral triangles.
A derivation of the Seal of Solomon was used for decora ...
, to emphasize her national identity.
Upon debut in the 1980s, Sabra's original outfit reflected the "look of the time", using a headband and a "short girl-boss haircut".
The outfit was also adorned by an anti-gravity blue cape, with a clasp sporting the Star of David. The cape contains a gravity-polarization device which gives Sabra the power of flight.
The cape also has an "optical navigation device which functions as an auto-pilot".
She also uses neuronic-frequency stunners built into her two wrist bracelets that shoot "energy quills" (described as small bundles of low-density plasma) which travels below the
speed of sound
The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit of time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elasticity (solid mechanics), elastic medium. More simply, the speed of sound is how fast vibrations travel. At , the speed of sound in a ...
and can paralyze the nervous system of any organic being almost instantaneously.
In the 1990s, Sabra's costume no longer used a cape as it was "either deemed ridiculous or too complicated to draw", and instead featured a "second Star of David clasp at the hip and went for sort of a Cloak vibe", being compared to that of
Cloak
A cloak is a type of loose garment worn over clothing, mostly but not always as outerwear for outdoor wear, which serves the same purpose as an overcoat and protects the wearer from the weather. It may form part of a uniform. People in many d ...
.
Since the 2000s, Sabra's costume has been a black and white body suit with a subtle gray brooch sporting the Star of David.
''Dissident Muse Journal'' writer
Franklin Einspruch
Franklin Einspruch is an American artist and writer based in Hillsborough, New Hampshire.
Biography
Franklin Einspruch was born in Dallas, Texas. Einspruch completed a Bachelor of Fine Arts at the Rhode Island School of Design, and a Master o ...
criticised the watering down of her outfit calling it an "understatement" and that she has become a "generic Western brunette with a meaningless array of belt pouches and a black and white body suit".
In addition to her superhero equipment and powers, Sabra has used standard
military weapons and is a trained member of the
Israeli military
The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; , ), alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym (), is the national military of the State of Israel. It consists of three service branches: the Israeli Ground Forces, the Israeli Air Force, an ...
.
She has also trained as a
policewoman
The integration of women into law enforcement positions can be considered a large social change. A century ago, there were few jobs open to women in law enforcement. A small number of women worked as correctional officers, and their assignmen ...
and is well-trained in
Krav Maga
Krav Maga ( ; , ; ) is an Israeli Hand-to-hand combat, self-defence system. Developed for the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), it uses techniques derived from aikido, boxing, judo, karate and wrestling. It is known for its focus on real-world situat ...
.
Powers and abilities
Sabra possesses superhuman abilities due to her
mutant
In biology, and especially in genetics, a mutant is an organism or a new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of mutation, which is generally an alteration of the DNA sequence of the genome or chromosome of an organism. It i ...
heritage, including "superhuman strength, speed, agility, reflexes, endurance, and stamina". Her mutant ability also allows her to transfer her powers and life force to others.
''
Comic Book Resources
''CBR'', formerly ''Comic Book Resources'', is a news website primarily covering comic book news, comic book reviews, and comic book–related topics involving movies, television, anime, and video games. It is owned by Valnet, parent of publicat ...
'' ranked her at number seven in their list of the "10 Strongest Female Marvel Protagonists".
She can withstand high fire impacts including that of
Pistol-caliber rifle, and can heal /
regenerate faster and more extensively than a regular human being.
Reception
Sabra has been positively received by the
Jewish community
Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly inte ...
, and has been dubbed the "Superheroine of the
State of Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in West Asia. It Borders of Israel, shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the south-west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Isr ...
".
Noted for being the first and most famous Israeli superheroine, Nirit Anderman of the
Israeli newspaper ''
Haaretz
''Haaretz'' (; originally ''Ḥadshot Haaretz'' – , , ) is an List of newspapers in Israel, Israeli newspaper. It was founded in 1918, making it the longest running newspaper currently in print in Israel. The paper is published in Hebrew lan ...
'' noted that despite there being multiple attempts in the late 1970s to create Israeli superheroes, such as Sabraman, Super Shlumper and Falafel Man, none of them took off compared to Sabra.
Nicole Lampert of ''
The Jewish Chronicle
''The Jewish Chronicle'' (''The JC'') is a London-based Jewish weekly newspaper. Founded in 1841, it is the oldest continuously published Jewish newspaper in the world. Its editor () is Daniel Schwammenthal.
The newspaper is published every Fri ...
'' called the character a "great Jewish superhero", while Brenton Stewart of ''
Comic Book Resources
''CBR'', formerly ''Comic Book Resources'', is a news website primarily covering comic book news, comic book reviews, and comic book–related topics involving movies, television, anime, and video games. It is owned by Valnet, parent of publicat ...
'' referred to Sabra as one of Marvel's most prominent international superheroes, adding that "while she's never had her own series, she's carved out one of the most fascinating histories
..in her various encounters with the X-Men, the Hulk and Marvel's other heroes". Cali Halperin of ''
Jewish Telegraphic Agency
The Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) is an international news agency and wire service that primarily covers Judaism- and Jewish-related topics and news. Described as the "Associated Press of the Jewish media", JTA serves Jewish and non-Jewish news ...
'' listed her as one of the "5 Female Jewish Superheroes Everyone Should Know".
Sabra has been included in other character rankings including ''
Screen Rant
''Screen Rant'' is an entertainment website that offers news in the fields of television, films, video games, and comic books. It is owned by Valnet, parent of publications including Comic Book Resources, Collider, MovieWeb and XDA Developers.
...
''s "10 Best Marvel Characters Who Made Their Debut In The Hulk Comics" where writer Dalton Norman called her "an important fixture in the Marvel Universe".
Deirdre Kaye of
Scary Mommy
Scary Mommy is a website that produces content targeting mothers, specifically focusing on parenting, motherhood, current events, and pop culture
Popular culture (also called pop culture or mass culture) is generally recognized by members of a ...
also included Sabra on their list of comic female heroes and role models. In 2022, Margaret David of ''
SlashFilm
''/Film'', also spelled ''SlashFilm'', is a blog that covers movie news, reviews, interviews, and trailers. It was founded by Peter Sciretta in August 2005. The site's reviews appear on Rotten Tomatoes, and as of 2024, two of its leading film cr ...
'' included Sabra in their "10 Marvel Characters We Expect To See Introduced In
MCU Phase 5" list, noting, that "with the world of the
Avengers
Avenger(s) or The Avenger(s) may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Marvel Comics universe
* Avengers (comics), a team of superheroes
**Avengers (Marvel Cinematic Universe), a central team of protagonist superheroes of "The Infinity Sag ...
under siege by new paranoia and powers, mirroring our world's rampant and long-standing problem of
anti-Semitism
Antisemitism or Jew-hatred is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who harbours it is called an antisemite. Whether antisemitism is considered a form of racism depends on the school of thought. Antisemi ...
, Sabra's probably going to be the vehicle for meaningful commentaries. Further, it's going to be great to see more diversity and faith in our heroes."
The character has also been received negatively by
Palestinians
Palestinians () are an Arab ethnonational group native to the Levantine region of Palestine.
*: "Palestine was part of the first wave of conquest following Muhammad's death in 632 CE; Jerusalem fell to the Caliph Umar in 638. The indigenou ...
and
Arabs
Arabs (, , ; , , ) are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. A significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world.
Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of yea ...
for valorizing the Mossad, with the
(PACBI) finding her appearance in ''
The Incredible Hulk
The Hulk is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in the debut issue of '' The Incredible Hulk'' (May 1962). In his comic book ...
'' #256 "sickening". Writing for ''
The Daily Beast
''The Daily Beast'' is an American news website focused on politics, media, and pop culture. Founded in 2008, the website is owned by IAC Inc.
It has been characterized as a "high-end tabloid" by Noah Shachtman, the site's editor-in-chief ...
'', Asher Elbein called the character a tragedy, noting that Marvel utilises her to represent Israel, she "does not question her government" and is driven by personal loss causing her to respond with prejudice, reinforcing the
Arab-Jewish conflict without nuance.
In November 2023, the
Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) is a nonviolent Palestinian-led movement promoting boycotts, divestments, and economic sanctions against Israel. Its objective is to pressure Israel to meet what the BDS movement describes as Israel's ...
National Committee also called the character a personification of "
apartheid Israel" that promotes the "oppression of Palestinians", and called for a boycott against Marvel merchandise during
Black Friday of that year.
MCU inclusion
In 2022, it was announced that a version of Sabra would appear in the fourth
''Captain America'' film as part of the
Marvel Cinematic Universe
The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is an American media franchise and shared universe centered on List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films, a series of superhero films produced by Marvel Studios. The films are based on characters that appe ...
(MCU).
''
Variety
Variety may refer to:
Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats
* Variety (radio)
* Variety show, in theater and television
Films
* ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont
* ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...
'' reported that
Marvel Studios
Marvel Studios, LLC, formerly known as Marvel Films, is an American film and television production company. Marvel Studios is the creator of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), a media franchise and shared universe of films and television ser ...
would be "taking a new approach with the character", and changing her origin, aiming to avoid perpetuating harmful stereotypes, and criticism from
pro-Palestinian
Palestinian nationalism is the national movement of the Palestinian people that espouses self-determination and sovereignty over the region of Palestine
The region of Palestine, also known as historic Palestine, is a geographical ar ...
organizations. This change included only using the name "Ruth Bat-Seraph" and not "Sabra" due to its connection to the
Sabra and Shatila massacre, which occurred two years after the character's 1980 comic debut and has since carried negative associations.
A week before the theatrical release of the film, now titled ''
Captain America: Brave New World'' (2025), producer
Nate Moore
Nathan Gregory Moore (born April 8, 1983) is a retired American mixed martial artist. A professional from 2006 until 2013, he competed for Strikeforce.
Background
Born and raised in Indianapolis, Indiana, Moore was a two-time state wrestling ch ...
reported that the character would also no longer be a
mutant
In biology, and especially in genetics, a mutant is an organism or a new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of mutation, which is generally an alteration of the DNA sequence of the genome or chromosome of an organism. It i ...
or a
Mossad
The Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations (), popularly known as Mossad ( , ), is the national intelligence agency of the Israel, State of Israel. It is one of the main entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community, along with M ...
agent, and would instead be depicted as a former
Black Widow assassin. Despite the changes to her character, a protest occurred at the film's premiere.
Several critics expressed polarising concerns about Sabra's depiction in the MCU prior to her debut.
Palestinian-American writer and analyst
Yousef Munayyer
Yousef Munayyer () is a Palestinian-American writer and political analyst based in Washington, D.C., United States. He was the executive director of the US Campaign for Palestinian Rights. Previously he directed The Jerusalem Fund for Education ...
called the decision to include her "insensitive" due to the
Gaza–Israel conflict
The Gaza–Israel conflict is a localized part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict beginning in 1948, when about 200,000 of the more than 700,000 Nakba, Palestinians who fled or were expelled from their homes settled in the Gaza Strip as ref ...
.
Marvel Comics
Marvel Comics is a New York City–based comic book publishing, publisher, a property of the Walt Disney Company since December 31, 2009, and a subsidiary of Disney Publishing Worldwide since March 2023. Marvel was founded in 1939 by Martin G ...
critic
Kent Worcester questioned the decision to include the character in the first place, given her minor role in the comics and the political sensitivities surrounding her.
Israeli writer
Etgar Keret
Etgar Keret (; born August 20, 1967) is an Israeli writer known for his short stories, graphic novels, and scriptwriting for film and television.
Early life
Keret was born in Ramat Gan, Israel in 1967. He is a third child to parents who survive ...
opined that the character did not reflect modern times, saying that she was created before the
first
First most commonly refers to:
* First, the ordinal form of the number 1
First or 1st may also refer to:
Acronyms
* Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters, an astronomical survey carried out by the Very Large Array
* Far Infrared a ...
and
second Intifada
The Second Intifada (; ), also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada, was a major uprising by Palestinians against Israel and its Israeli-occupied territories, occupation from 2000. Starting as a civilian uprising in Jerusalem and October 2000 prot ...
s, adding that she "was created in a totally different reality and state of mind. And now it's tough to keep this kind of icon of simplicity".
With a contrary view, the
American Jewish Committee
The American Jewish Committee (AJC) is a civil rights group and Jewish advocacy group established on November 11, 1906. It is one of the oldest Jewish advocacy organizations and, according to ''The New York Times'', is "widely regarded as the wi ...
(AJC), a
Jewish
Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...
civil rights group, initially criticized the removal of the character's Israeli identity after some fans mistook the character's origins at the
Red Room to mean that she is of
Russian
Russian(s) may refer to:
*Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
*A citizen of Russia
*Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages
*''The Russians'', a b ...
-descent.
They compared it to changing Captain America's nationality and argued that "identity politics" should not be something superheroes worry about.
However, it was later reported on ''
The Wrap
''TheWrap'' is an American online news organization that covers the business of entertainment and media. It was founded by journalist Sharon Waxman in 2009 and is based in Los Angeles. The site features original reporting, analysis, and editor ...
'' that the character would still be of Israeli descent.
York University
York University (), also known as YorkU or simply YU), is a public university, public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is Canada's third-largest university, and it has approximately 53,500 students, 7,000 faculty and staff, ...
professor Shama Rangwala opined that Marvel "wants to have mass appeal but will likely end up pleasing no one" due to alienating both
pro-Israel
Zionism is an ethnocultural nationalist movement that emerged in Europe in the late 19th century that aimed to establish and maintain a national home for the Jewish people, pursued through the colonization of Palestine, a region roughly cor ...
and pro-Palestinian audiences.
Critical responses to the character were also polarized with many arguing that the MCU's iteration of the character was stripped of her comic counterpart's characteristics (such as being a mutant or having a costume). In a review for the movie, ''
Vulture
A vulture is a bird of prey that scavenges on carrion. There are 23 extant species of vulture (including condors). Old World vultures include 16 living species native to Europe, Africa, and Asia; New World vultures are restricted to Nort ...
'' writer Darren Franich argued that Bat-Seraph was "buried in a quick shift from vague antagonist to vague ally", adding that "on the page,
at-Seraphwas motivated by national pride, but onscreen she has no motivation, quickly becoming an inessential secondary sidekick".
''
The Times of Israel
''The Times of Israel'' (ToI) is an Israeli multi-language online newspaper that was launched in 2012 and has since become the largest English-language Jewish and Israeli news source by audience size. It was co-founded by Israeli journalist Dav ...
'' writer Jordan Hoffman criticised the movie but praised Haas saying that, "not even a well-trained Israeli security agent slash assassin can save this movie". Conversely, ''
The Jerusalem Post
''The Jerusalem Post'' is an English language, English-language Israeli broadsheet newspaper based in Jerusalem, Israel, founded in 1932 during the Mandate for Palestine, British Mandate of Mandatory Palestine, Palestine by Gershon Agron as ''Th ...
'' writer Hannah Brown noted that while "she doesn't wear superhero duds like tights and a cape, she is nevertheless a force to be reckoned with" and also praised Marvel's decision to keep the character Israeli.
Other versions
* An alternate universe variant of Sabra from
Earth-58163 appears in ''House of M: Masters of Evil'' #4 as a member of the Red Guard.
* The severed head of an alternate universe variant of Sabra from
Earth-1610
Ultimate Marvel, later known as Ultimate Comics, was an imprint of comic books published by Marvel Comics, featuring reimagined and modernized versions of the company's superhero characters from the Ultimate Marvel Universe, later known as the ...
appears in ''
Ultimate Comics: Armor Wars'' #2 as one of the trophies of
Doctor Faustus.
In other media
Television
Sabra makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the ''
Fantastic Four
The Fantastic Four, often abbreviated as FF, is a superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The team debuted in '' The Fantastic Four'' #1 ( cover-dated November 1961), helping usher in a new level of realism i ...
'' episode "Doomsday" (1996).
Film
Ruth Bat-Seraph appears in
Marvel Cinematic Universe
The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is an American media franchise and shared universe centered on List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films, a series of superhero films produced by Marvel Studios. The films are based on characters that appe ...
(MCU) film ''
Captain America: Brave New World'' (2025), portrayed by Israeli actress
Shira Haas
Shira Haas (born ) is an Israeli actress. She first rose to local prominence for her role in the television series '' Shtisel'' (2013–2021). Her international breakthrough came with her portrayal of Esther "Esty" Shapiro in the Netflix minis ...
. In the film, Bat-Seraph is a former
Black Widow assassin who was trained in the
Red Room,
and is the head of security for
President
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
* President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment Film and television
*'' Præsident ...
Thaddeus Ross
General Thaddeus E. "Thunderbolt" Ross is a fictional character who appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics featuring the Hulk. Ross is a United States Armed Forces, United States military Officer (armed forces)#United States, officer, ...
. During an international summit, she fights
Isaiah Bradley
Isaiah Bradley is one of the superheroes to hold the title of Captain America, appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is an early product of the United States' Super Soldier program (codenamed Project: Rebir ...
who attempts to assassinate President Ross and imprisons him; however she eventually discovers that he was under the influence of mind control. She then aids
Captain America
Captain America is a superhero created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in '' Captain America Comics'' #1, published on December 20, 1940, by Timely C ...
and
Falcon
Falcons () are birds of prey in the genus ''Falco'', which includes about 40 species. Some small species of falcons with long, narrow wings are called hobbies, and some that hover while hunting are called kestrels. Falcons are widely distrib ...
in stopping
Samuel Sterns.
She later befriends an exonerated Bradley who buys her tickets to a
basketball
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular Basketball court, court, compete with the primary objective of #Shooting, shooting a basketball (ball), basketball (appro ...
game.
Merchandise
* The MCU incarnation of Ruth Bat-Seraph received a
Funko
Funko Inc. is an American company that manufactures Brand licensing, licensed and limited popular culture, pop culture collectibles, known for its licensed Polyvinyl chloride, vinyl figurines and bobbleheads. In addition, the company produces li ...
Pop
bobblehead
A bobblehead, also known by nicknames such as nodder, wobbler, or wacky wobbler, is a type of small collectible figurine. Its head is often oversized compared to its body. Instead of a solid connection, its head is connected to the body by a ...
figure.
* The MCU incarnation of Ruth Bat-Seraph received a
Lego
Lego (, ; ; stylised as LEGO) is a line of plastic construction toys manufactured by the Lego Group, a privately held company based in Billund, Denmark. Lego consists of variously coloured interlocking plastic bricks made of acrylonitri ...
minifigure
A Lego minifigure, often simply referred to as a Lego figure or a minifig, is a small plastic articulated figurine made of special Lego bricks produced by Danish building toy manufacturer The Lego Group. They were first produced in 1978 and ha ...
in the "Captain America vs. Red Hulk Battle" set.
See also
*
Sabra (person)
In Modern Hebrew, the terms (; ) or (; ) refer to Israeli-born Jew(s). Derived from the Hebrew name for the prickly pear cactus, which is commonly spelled in English, the words had come into widespread use by the 1930s, when they were used to ...
Notes
References
External links
*
{{New Warriors
Characters created by Bill Mantlo
Characters created by Sal Buscema
Comics characters introduced in 1981
Fictional Israeli Jews
Fictional Jews
Fictional Jews in comics
Fictional Mossad agents
Israeli superheroes
Jewish superheroes
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics female superheroes
Marvel Comics mutants
Marvel Comics police officers
Race-related controversies in comics