Saarlouis (; , ; formerly Sarre-Libre and Saarlautern) is a town in

Saarland Saarland (, ; ) is a state of Germany in the southwest of the country. With an area of and population of 990,509 in 2018, it is the smallest German state in area apart from the city-states of Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg, and the smallest in ...

, Germany, capital of the district of

Saarlouis Saarlouis (; , ; formerly Sarre-Libre and Saarlautern) is a town in Saarland, Germany, capital of the district of Saarlouis (district), Saarlouis. In 2020, the town had a population of 34,409. Saarlouis is located on the river Saar (river), Saar. ...

. In 2020, the town had a population of 34,409. Saarlouis is located on the river Saar. It was built as a fortress in 1680 and was named after

Louis XIV of France LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great () or the Sun King (), was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. His verified reign of 72 years and 110 days is the List of longest-reign ...

History

With the Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen in 1678/79, Lorraine fell to France. In 1680,

gave orders to build a fortification (to defend the new French eastern frontier) on the banks of the river Saar which was called ''Sarre-Louis''. Notable French military engineer, Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, constructed the town, which would serve as the capital of the Province de la Sarre. The plans were made by Thomas de Choisy, the town's first Gouvenour. In 1683, Louis XIV visited the fortress and granted arms. The coat of arms shows the rising sun and three

Fleur-de-lis The ''fleur-de-lis'', also spelled ''fleur-de-lys'' (plural ''fleurs-de-lis'' or ''fleurs-de-lys''), is a common heraldic charge in the (stylized) shape of a lily (in French, and mean and respectively). Most notably, the ''fleur-de-lis'' ...

. The heraldic motto is ''Dissipat Atque Fovet'': He (the Sun) dispels (the clouds) and heats (the earth). In 1697, the Treaty of Ryswick made most parts of Lorraine independent again, but Saarlouis and the surrounding areas remained a French

exclave An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity. An enclave can be an independent territory or part of a larger one. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters. ''Enclave'' is s ...

. During the French Revolution, the town was renamed Sarre-Libre, but it returned to its original name in 1810. With the Treaty of Paris in 1815, Saarlouis (and the whole region later known as the Saargebiet) became Prussian.

Marshal Marshal is a term used in several official titles in various branches of society. As marshals became trusted members of the courts of Middle Ages, Medieval Europe, the title grew in reputation. During the last few centuries, it has been used fo ...

Michel Ney, who was born in Saarlouis, was arrested and tried for

treason Treason is the crime of attacking a state (polity), state authority to which one owes allegiance. This typically includes acts such as participating in a war against one's native country, attempting to Coup d'état, overthrow its government, spy ...

after the failure of

Napoleon I Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...

Waterloo Campaign The Waterloo campaign, also known as the Belgian campaign (15 June – 8 July 1815) was fought between the French Army of the North (France), Army of the North and two War of the Seventh Coalition, Seventh Coalition armies, an Anglo-allied arm ...

. Ney's attorney tried to use the Prussian annexation to save his client's life, arguing that Ney was no longer a French citizen and therefore exempt from the court's jurisdiction. Ney refused to cooperate, declaring himself to be French, and so was convicted and later executed. After

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

, French troops occupied Saarlouis. The Saargebiet became a protectorate of the

League of Nations The League of Nations (LN or LoN; , SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Paris Peace ...

for 15 years. In 1933, a considerable number of anti-

Nazi Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...

Germans Germans (, ) are the natives or inhabitants of Germany, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the German language. The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, constitution of Germany, imple ...

fled to the Saar, as it was the only part of Germany left outside the

Third Reich Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictat ...

's control. As a result, anti-Nazi groups campaigned heavily for the Saarland to remain under control of

as long as

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his suicide in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the lea ...

ruled Germany. However, long-held sentiments against France remained entrenched, and very few sympathized openly with France. When the 15-year-term was over, a

plebiscite A referendum, plebiscite, or ballot measure is a direct vote by the electorate (rather than their representatives) on a proposal, law, or political issue. A referendum may be either binding (resulting in the adoption of a new policy) or adv ...

was held in the territory on 13 January 1935: 90.3% of those voting wished to rejoin Germany. From 1936 till 1945, Saarlouis was named as Saarlautern (''-lautern'' being a common ending of town and village names in Germany) in an attempt by the Nazis to Germanise the town name. After

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

, the region (then called the

), was again occupied by France. In a

in 1955, most of the people in the Saarland opted for the reunification with the Federal Republic of Germany, and on 1 January 1957, it became the 10th federal state of West Germany. In 1980, Saarlouis celebrated its 300th anniversary.

Incorporated districts

Over time, the following districts have been incorporated into Saarlouis: * Beaumarais (1936) * Fraulautern (1936) * Lisdorf (1936) * Neuforweiler (1970) * Picard (1936) * Roden (1907) * Steinrausch (1972)

Fortifications

Even today, the

fortress A fortification (also called a fort, fortress, fastness, or stronghold) is a military construction designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from L ...

dominates the town's hexagonal floor plan. Beside the buildings made by ''Vauban'', there are also some constructions left from the 19th century when the

Prussia Prussia (; ; Old Prussian: ''Prūsija'') was a Germans, German state centred on the North European Plain that originated from the 1525 secularization of the Prussia (region), Prussian part of the State of the Teutonic Order. For centuries, ...

ns got control over the town. After 1887, some parts of the fortress were slighted, but many buildings and places, e.g. the casemates, some

barracks Barracks are buildings used to accommodate military personnel and quasi-military personnel such as police. The English word originates from the 17th century via French and Italian from an old Spanish word 'soldier's tent', but today barracks ar ...

and the ''Great Market'' with the Commander's Office and the ''Vauban island'', a former ravelin with a memorial for Michel Ney can still be seen today.

Economy and infrastructure

Saarlouis was famous for its nearby steel and iron ore production and its nearby mining facilities. Today, the

Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company (commonly known as Ford) is an American multinational corporation, multinational automobile manufacturer headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. T ...

's Saarlouis Body & Assembly is the town's largest employer, producing the Ford Focus. The plant in the Roederberg suburb opened in 1970, but in 2022 is threatened with closure when the Ford Focus production cycle runs out in 2025. The industrial port in Saarlouis-Roden is Germany's 13th largest inland port. Saarlouis is also a manufacturer of chocolate.

Politics

Saarlouis is part of the Saarlouis (electoral district) in the

Bundestag The Bundestag (, "Federal Diet (assembly), Diet") is the lower house of the Germany, German Federalism in Germany, federal parliament. It is the only constitutional body of the federation directly elected by the German people. The Bundestag wa ...

, represented by Peter Altmaier.

Transport

Saarlouis has a station on the Saar railway that provides hourly connections to

Saarbrücken Saarbrücken (; Rhenish Franconian: ''Sabrigge'' ; ; ; ; ) is the capital and largest List of cities and towns in Germany, city of the state of Saarland, Germany. Saarbrücken has 181,959 inhabitants and is Saarland's administrative, commerci ...

and

Trier Trier ( , ; ), formerly and traditionally known in English as Trèves ( , ) and Triers (see also Names of Trier in different languages, names in other languages), is a city on the banks of the Moselle (river), Moselle in Germany. It lies in a v ...

. It is connected to Saarbrücken by the A 620 and with

Luxembourg Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France on the south. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembour ...

by the A 8.

Twin towns – sister cities

Saarlouis is twinned with: *

Saint-Nazaire Saint-Nazaire (; ; ) is a Communes of France, commune in the Loire-Atlantique Departments of France, department in western France, in traditional Brittany. The town has a major harbour on the right bank of the Loire estuary, near the Atlantic Oc ...

, France (1969) * Eisenhüttenstadt, Germany (1986; the first West and East German town twinning) * Matiguás, Nicaragua (1986)

Notable people

* Michel Ney (1769–1815),

Marshal of France Marshal of France (, plural ') is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to General officer, generals for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished (1793–1804) ...

* Heinrich Marx (1777–1838), lawyer and father of

Karl Marx Karl Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, political theorist, economist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. He is best-known for the 1848 pamphlet '' The Communist Manifesto'' (written with Friedrich Engels) ...

* Martin de Bervanger (1795–1865), priest * Charles-Nicolas Peaucellier (1832–1913), general and inventor of the Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage * Eduard von Knorr (1840–1920), admiral of the Imperial German Navy and chief of the East Asia Squadrons * Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck (1870–1964), colonial general and politician * Alois Spaniol (1904–1959),

Nazi Party The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( or NSDAP), was a far-right politics, far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor ...

leader of the Saar * Esther Béjarano (1924–2021), survivor of the Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz * Oskar Lafontaine (born 1943), politician (SPD, The Left) * Rainer Rupp (born 1945), spy * Gabriel Clemens (born 1983), darts player * Ralf Altmeyer (born 1966), virologist * Heiko Maas (born 1966), politician (SPD)

Gallery

Saarlouis01.jpg, The ''Deutsches Tor'' (German Gate) Saarlouis02.jpg, The ''Kasematten'' (The Casemates) Saarlouis03.jpg, The Commander's Office and the ''Großer Markt'' (Great Market) Saarlouis05.jpg, The ''Vauban Island'' and the memorial of Michel Ney RathausSaarlouis.jpg, The town hall Saarlouis04.jpg, The ''Kaserne No. VI'' (Barracks No. VI, now home of a museum and a public library) Saarlouisfußizone.jpg, The ''Französische Straße'' (French Street), now a pedestrian zone Marschall_ney_geburtshaus_saarlouis.jpg, Birthplace of Michel Ney, now a French Restaurant SaarlouisEvangelischeKirche.jpg, The Protestant church SaarlouisMittelpunkt.jpg, The geographic centre

References

External links

*
Fire Brigade of Saarlouis
(Saarlouis has one of the oldest

Volunteer fire department A volunteer fire department (VFD) is a fire department of volunteers who perform fire suppression and other related emergency services for a local jurisdiction. Volunteer and retained (on-call) firefighters are expected to be on call to respo ...

s of Germany)
History of Saarlouis 1 and Saarlouis 2 (renamed to Saarlautern) 1936–1945History of one of the most famous companies in Saarlouis: Donnerbräu
{{Authority control Towns in Saarland Saarlouis (district) Populated places established in 1680 Vauban fortifications Three Bishoprics