Sayed Haider Raza (22 February 1922 – 23 July 2016) was an Indian painter who lived and worked in

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

for most of his career. Born on 22 February 1922 in Kakkaiya (District

Mandla Mandla is a city with municipality in Mandla district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Mandla District. The city is situated in a loop of the Narmada River, which surrounds it on three sides, and ...

), Central Provinces, British India (present-day

Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh (; ; ) is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and the largest city is Indore, Indore. Other major cities includes Gwalior, Jabalpur, and Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, Sagar. Madhya Pradesh is the List of states and union te ...

), Raza moved to France in 1950, marrying the French artist Janine Mongillat in 1959. Following her death from cancer in 2002, Raza returned to India in 2010, where he would live until his death on 28 July 2016. Having maintained strong ties with India throughout his career, Raza was an acclaimed for his art both there and in France. He was awarded the

Padma Shri The Padma Shri (IAST: ''padma śrī'', lit. 'Lotus Honour'), also spelled Padma Shree, is the fourth-highest Indian honours system, civilian award of the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Vibhushan and the Padma Bhushan. In ...

in 1981,Lalit Kala Ratna Profiles
Official list of Awardees at lalitkala.gov.in. Fellowship of the Lalit Kala Academi in 1984,

Padma Bhushan The Padma Bhushan (IAST: ''Padma Bhūṣaṇa'', lit. 'Lotus Decoration') is the third-highest civilian award in the Republic of India, preceded by the Bharat Ratna and the Padma Vibhushan and followed by the Padma Shri. Instituted on 2 Januar ...

in 2007, and

Padma Vibhushan The Padma Vibhushan ( , lit. "Lotus Grandeur") is the second-highest civilian award of the Republic of India, after the Bharat Ratna. Instituted on 2 January 1954, the award is given for "exceptional and distinguished service". All persons w ...

in 2013. He was conferred with the ''Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur'' (

Legion of Honour The National Order of the Legion of Honour ( ), formerly the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honour (), is the highest and most prestigious French national order of merit, both military and Civil society, civil. Currently consisting of five cl ...

) on 14 July 2015. His seminal work ''Saurashtra'' sold for 16.42 crore ($3,486,965) at a

Christie's Christie's is a British auction house founded in 1766 by James Christie (auctioneer), James Christie. Its main premises are on King Street, St James's in London, and it has additional salerooms in New York, Paris, Hong Kong, Milan, Geneva, Shan ...

auction in 2010.

Early life and education

Sayed Haider Raza was born in Kakkaiya,

Mandla district Mandla District () is a List of districts of Madhya Pradesh, district of Madhya Pradesh in central India. The town of Mandla is the administrative headquarters of the district. It is part of Jabalpur Division. The district has an area of 8771&nbs ...

, to Sayed Mohammed Razi, the Deputy Forest Ranger of the district and Tahira Begum.Artist Bio
Raza Retrospective 2007, New York. It was here where he spent his early years, completed primary education, and took to drawing at the age of 12. He moved to

Damoh Damoh is a city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is known for The Bade Baba Temple at Kundalpur, a Jain pilgrimage site. It is one of the major cities of Madhya Pradesh. The city is also the district headquarters of Damoh district ...

(also in Madhya Pradesh) at 13; where he completed his high school education from Government High School, Damoh.Artist Summary
Sayed Haider Raza at artfact.com. After high school, he studied further at the Nagpur School of Art,

Nagpur Nagpur (; ISO 15919, ISO: ''Nāgapura'') is the second capital and third-largest city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is called the heart of India because of its central geographical location. It is the largest and most populated city i ...

(1939–43), followed by

Sir J. J. School of Art The Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy School of Art (Sir J. J. School of Art) is the oldest art institution in Mumbai, India, and is affiliated with the University of Mumbai. The school grants bachelor's (B.F.A) degrees in Painting, ceramic, Metal work, ...

Mumbai Mumbai ( ; ), also known as Bombay ( ; its official name until 1995), is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Mumbai is the financial capital and the most populous city proper of India with an estimated population of 12 ...

(1943–47), before moving to France in October 1950 to study at the École Nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts (ENSB-A),

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...

(1950-1953) on a Government of France scholarship. After his studies, he traveled across Europe, and continued to live and exhibit his work in Paris. He was later awarded the

Prix de la critique The Prix de la critique is a prize awarded by the Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée to the best comic album released for a year in France. Previously, from 1984 to 2003, it was called ''Prix Bloody Mary'' and awarded ...

in Paris in 1956, becoming the first non-French artist to receive the honor.

Art career

Early career

Sayed Haider Raza, had his first solo show when he was 24 in 1946 at

Bombay Art Society The Bombay Art Society is a Nonprofit organization, non-profit art organization based in Mumbai. The institution was founded in 1888 for encouraging and promoting art. Most of the renowned artists on India's art scene have been associated with the ...

Salon, and was awarded the Silver Medal of the society. His work evolved from painting expressionistic landscapes to abstract ones. From his fluent watercolours of landscapes and townscapes executed in the early 1940s, he moved toward a more expressive language, painting landscapes of the mind. Raza carefully crafted his career to become an inspiration to two generations of artists. The year of 1947 proved to be a very important year for him. First, his mother died. Then, he co-founded the revolutionary Bombay Progressive Artists' Group (PAG) (1947–1956) along with K. H. Ara and F. N. Souza. This group set out to break free from the influences of European realism in Indian art and bring Indian inner vision (Antar gyan) into the art. The group had its first show in 1948. A revolutionary amount of art was created by the people in this group from 1940 to 1990. Raza's father died the same year his mother had died in Mandla. The majority of his four brothers and sister, migrated to

Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...

, after the

partition of India The partition of India in 1947 was the division of British India into two independent dominion states, the Dominion of India, Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. The Union of India is today the Republic of India, and the Dominion of Paki ...

. In the early years, the group continued its close rapport.

Krishen Khanna Krishen Khanna (born 5 July 1925) is an Indian painter known for his abstracted figurative artworks depicting street scenes of the country. He is a self-taught artist whose paintings showcase Indian idioms and human values. Notable works by Khan ...

speaks of the first exhibition Raza,

Akbar Padamsee Akbar Padamsee (12 April 1928 – 6 January 2020) was an Indian artist and painter, considered one of the pioneers in modern Indian painting along with S.H. Raza, F.N. Souza and M.F. Husain. Over the years he also worked with various mediums ...

and F. N. Souza mounted together at the Gallery Cruz in Paris. "Souza and Padamsee painted in a quasi-modern fashion. Raza, however, made a throwback to the

Mughal period The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of pre ...

, creating jewel-like watercolours, with the pigment rubbed in with a shell. He was vastly successful and acquired by important collectors." Once in France, he continued to experiment with currents of Western Modernism, moving from Expressionist modes towards greater abstraction and eventually incorporating elements of

Tantrism Tantra (; ) is an esoteric yogic tradition that developed on the Indian subcontinent beginning in the middle of the 1st millennium CE, first within Shaivism and later in Buddhism. The term ''tantra'', in the Indian traditions, also means ...

from Indian scriptures.Indian Heroes
S. H. Raza at iloveindia.com. Whereas his fellow contemporaries dealt with more figural subjects, Raza chose to focus on landscapes in the 1940s and 50s, inspired in part by a move to France. In 1956, he was awarded the prestigious

Prix de la Critique The Prix de la critique is a prize awarded by the Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée to the best comic album released for a year in France. Previously, from 1984 to 2003, it was called ''Prix Bloody Mary'' and awarded ...

, this was a monumental award to the art scene in India. In 1962, he became a visiting lecturer at the University of California in Berkeley,

USA The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous ...

. Raza was initially enamored of the bucolic countryside of rural France. ''Eglise'' is part of a series which captures the rolling terrain and quaint village architecture of this region. Showing a tumultuous church engulfed by an inky blue night sky, Raza uses gestural brushstrokes and a heavily impasto-ed application of paint, stylistic devices which hint at his later 1970s abstractions.

The "Bindu" and beyond

By the 1970s Raza had grown increasingly unhappy and restless with his own work and wanted to find a new direction and deeper authenticity in his work, and move away from what he called the 'plastic art'. His trips to India, especially to caves of Ajanta -

Ellora The Ellora Caves are a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Aurangabad, India. It is one of the largest rock-cut cave complexes in the world, with artwork dating from the period 600–1000 AD, including Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain caves., Quote: "The ...

, followed by those to Varanasi, Gujarat and Rajasthan, made him realize his role and study Indian culture more closely, the result was "Bindu",Retrospective 2007
A Conversation with Raza at saffronart.com. which signified his rebirth as a painter. The Bindu came forth in 1980, and took his work deeper and brought in, his new-found Indian vision and Indian ethnography. One of the reasons he attributes to the origin of the "Bindu", have been his elementary school teacher, who on finding him lacking adequate concentration, drew a dot on the blackboard and asked him to concentrate on it. The "Bindu" is related to Indian philosophy of being the point of all creation. The reason this interested Raza so much is because he was looking for new inspiration for his art and this created a new point of creation for himself. After the introduction of "BUNDU" (a point or the source of energy), he added newer dimensions to his thematic oeuvre in the following decades, with the inclusion of themes around the ''Tribhuj'' (Triangle), which bolstered Indian concepts of space and time, as well as that of "

prakriti Prakriti ( ) is "the original or natural form or condition of anything, original or primary substance". It is a key concept in Hinduism, formulated by the ''Samkhya'' school, where it does not refer merely to matter or nature, but includes all cog ...

purusha ''Purusha'' (, ʊɾʊʂᵊ ) is a complex concept whose meaning evolved in Vedic and Upanishadic times. Depending on source and historical timeline, it means the cosmic being or self, awareness, and universal principle.Karl Potter, Presupposit ...

" (the cosmic substance and the energy or the spirit respectively), his transformation from an expressionist to a master of abstraction and profundity, was complete.Art & Culture
indiaenews.com, 20 February 2008. His multiple works of art with the bindu is what truly tied him to his Indian roots and culture. This art created a sense of pride for his culture. The bindu is now widely regarded as a trademark for Raza and he said in 2010 that "It's the centre of my life". Raza abandoned the expressionistic landscape for a geometric abstraction and the "Bindu". Raza perceived the Bindu as the center of creation and existence progressing towards forms and color as well as energy, sound, space and time. His work took another leap in 2000, when he began to express his increasingly deepened insights and thoughts on Indian spiritual, and created works around the

Kundalini In Hinduism, kundalini (, ) is a form of divine feminine energy (or ''Shakti'') believed to be located at the base of the spine, in the '' muladhara''. It is an important concept in Śhaiva Tantra, where it is believed to be a force or power ...

, Nagas, and the

Mahabharat The ''Mahābhārata'' ( ; , , ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India revered as Smriti texts in Hinduism, the other being the '' Rāmāyaṇa''. It narrates the events and aftermath of the Kurukshetra War, a war of succes ...

Public contributions

For the promotion of art among Indian youth, he established the

Raza Foundation Raza Foundation (Hindi: रज़ा फ़ाउंडेशन) is a Delhi-based non-profit organisation dedicated to arts, culture and ideas. It was established in 2001 by the Indian painter Sayed Haider Raza, the foundation creates venues ...

in India which gives the Annual Raza Foundation Award to young artists in India. The Raza Foundation in France, based in the artist village of Gorbio, runs the Estate of Sayed Haider Raza.

Later years and death

In 2011, a few years after the death of his wife, S.H. Raza decided to move back from France to New Delhi, where he continued to work several hours a day up until his death on 22 July 2016, at the age of 94, in New Delhi. His last wish being laid to rest in his hometown Mandla beside his father's grave was fulfilled. He was buried in Mandla city's

kabristan A cemetery, burial ground, gravesite, graveyard, or a green space called a memorial park or memorial garden, is a place where the remains of many death, dead people are burial, buried or otherwise entombed. The word ''cemetery'' (from Greek ...

Awards

* 1946: Silver Medal,

, Mumbai * 1948: Gold Medal,

, Mumbai * 1956:

, Paris * 1981:

; the

Government of India The Government of India (ISO 15919, ISO: Bhārata Sarakāra, legally the Union Government or Union of India or the Central Government) is the national authority of the Republic of India, located in South Asia, consisting of States and union t ...

* 1984: Fellowship of the Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi * 1992–1993:

Kalidas Samman The Kalidas Samman () is an arts award presented annually by the Government of Madhya Pradesh in India. The award is named after Kālidāsa, a renowned Classical Sanskrit writer of ancient India. The Kalidas Samman was first awarded in 1980. It ...

, Government of

* 2004: Lalit Kala Ratna Puraskar,

Lalit Kala Academy The Lalit Kala Akademi or National Academy of Art (LKA) is India's national academy of fine arts. It is an autonomous organisation, established in New Delhi in 1954 by Government of India to promote and propagate understanding of Indian art, in ...

, New Delhi * 2007:

; the Government of India * 2013:

; the Government of India * 2013: one of the greatest living global Indian legends ...

NDTV INDIA NDTV India (styled as NDTV इंडिया) is an Indian Hindi-language news channel, owned by NDTV. The channel was launched on 15 April 2003, along with its English counterpart, NDTV 24×7, after the end of the partnership with Disney St ...

* 2014:

D. Litt Doctor of Letters (D.Litt., Litt.D., Latin: ' or '), also termed Doctor of Literature in some countries, is a terminal degree in the arts, humanities, and social sciences. In the United States, at universities such as Drew University, the degree ...

(Honoris Causa), Indira Kala Sangit Vishwavidyalaya, Khairagarh,

Chhattisgarh Chhattisgarh (; ) is a landlocked States and union territories of India, state in Central India. It is the List of states and union territories of India by area, ninth largest state by area, and with a population of roughly 30 million, the List ...

* 2015: Commandeur de la Légion d’Honneur (the Legion of Honour);

Republic of France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies, an ...

* 2015: D. Litt (Honoris Causa),

Shiv Nadar University Shiv Nadar University (Institute of Eminence) is a private university located near Greater Noida, in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in 2011 by Shiv Nadar, the founder and chairman of HCL. History The university ...

, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh

Solo exhibitions

* 2016; Nirantar, Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata * 2015: Galerie Lara Vincy, Paris, "Raza: Paintings" * 2015: Akar Prakar, Kolkata, "Aarambh – Raza at 93" * 2015: Art Musings, Mumbai, "Aarambh @ 93: Solo Show of SH Raza" * 2014: Grosvenor Vadehra, London, "SH Raza – Pyaas" * 2014: Sovereign FZE, Dubai, "Raza: Paysage, Select Works 1950s – 1970s" * 2014: Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, "SH Raza - Parikrama – Around Gandhi" * 2013: Akar Prakar, Kolkata, "Shabd- bindu – A show of recent works by SH Raza & poetry by

Ashok Vajpeyi Ashok Vajpeyi (born 1941) is an Indian Hindi-language poet, essayist, literary-cultural critic, apart from being a noted cultural and arts administrator, and a former civil servant. He was chairman, Lalit Kala Akademi India's National Academy ...

" * 2013: Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, "Antardhwani" * 2012: ICIA, The Art Trust, Mumbai, "SH Raza – Solo Show" * 2012: Art Musings, Mumbai, "SH Raza: Vistaar" * 2012: Grosvenor Gallery, London, "Bindu Vistaar" * 2011: Vadehra Art Gallery & Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi, "SH Raza, Punaraagman" * 2010: Flora Jansem Gallery, Raza Ceramiques, Paris * 2010: Galerie Patrice Trigano, Paris, "Sayed Haider Raza, Œuvres 1950-2001" * 2010: Akar Prakar Art Gallery, Kolkata, Ahmadabad, Jaipur, Delhi, INDIA in 2010 * 2010: Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, "Recent Works – SH Raza" * 2008: Art Alive Art Gallery, Delhi, India in 2008 * Exhibition Magnificent Seven at Art Alive Gallery * 2007: Ayran Art Gallery, Mumbai, New Delhi, Hong Kong, "SH Raza - Celebrating 85 Years of living Legend" * 2007: RL Fine ARTS, New York, "SH Raza: Master of Colors – Selected Works" * 2007: The Arts Trust at the ICIA, Mumbai, "SH Raza- Solo Show" * 2007: National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi, "Swati – S.H. Raza" * 2006: TAO Art Gallery, Mumbai, "Rang Ras – S.H. Raza" * 2006: RL Fine Arts, New York, SH Raza: Selected Works * 2006: Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, "Raza" * 2006: Hong Kong, Aryan Art Gallery, "Raza: Metamorphosis" * 2005: Aryan Art Gallery, New Delhi, "Raza – Recent Works" * 2005: Saffronart & Berkeley Square Gallery, London & New York, "SH Raza: Summer 2005" * 2004: Art Musings, Mumbai, "SH Raza" * 2003: Berlin, The Fine Art Resource, "SH Raza: Paintings from 1996 to 2003" * 2001:

Delhi Art Gallery DAG, previously known as Delhi Art Gallery, is an art gallery based out of New Delhi, Mumbai and New York. Started in 1993 in Hauz Khas by Rama Anand, DAG showcases modern Indian artists like Raja Ravi Verma, Jamini Roy, Amrita Sher-Gil, SH R ...

, New Delhi, "Mindscapes: The Sacred Search: a select collection of works from 1951- 2002 by Raza" * 1999: Gallery 54, New York, "Raza" * 1997: Roopankar Museum of Fine Arts,

Bharat Bhavan Bharat Bhavan is an autonomous multi-arts complex and museum in Bhopal, India, established and funded by the Government of Madhya Pradesh.The architect of the Bharat Bhavan is Charles Correa. Opened in 1982, facing the Upper Lake, Bhopal, it hou ...

, Bhopal * 1997: Jehangir Art Gallery Mumbai * 1997: National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi. * 1997: Vadhera Art Gallery & Chemould Gallery, Bhopal, Mumbai & New Delhi, "Raza: Avartan 1991-1996" * 1994: The Art Rental Corporate, Group Michael Ferrier, Échirolles, Grenoble * 1992: Jehangir Nicholson Museum, National Centre for Performing Arts, Mumbai * 1992: Courses Arts Lalouvesc, France * 1991: Gallery Eterso, Cannes, "Bindu ou la quête de l'essentiel", 28 June – 17 August * 1991: Palais de Carnolès, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Menton, "Raza: Rétrospective 1952-1991" * 1991: Chemould Gallery, Bombay, "Raza Anthology 1980-1990" * 1988: Chemould Gallery, Bombay; Koloritten Galleri, Stavanger, Norway * 1987: The Head of the artist, Grenoble * 1985: Galerie Pierre Parat, Paris * 1984: Chemould Gallery, Bombay * 1982: Gallery Loeb, Bern, Switzerland; Gallery JY Noblet, Grenoble * 1980: Galleriet, Oslo * 1976: Mumbai, Gallery Chemould at the Jehangir Art Gallery, Raza, 26 February – 1 March 1976. * 1975: Sanremo, Galleria Matuzia, Raza, 4 – 31 October 1975. * 1969: Paris, Galerie Lara Vincy, Raza: Peintures Recentes, 27 November 1969 – 5 January 1970. * 1968: Bombay, Gallery Chemould, Raza, 15 – 27 April 1968. * 1968: Toronto, Gallery Dresdnere, Raza – Recent Oil Paintings, 25 October – 9 November 1968. * 1968: Cologne, Dom Galerie, Sayed Haider Raza, 26 March – 4 May 1968. * 1967: Paris, Galerie Lara Vincy, 1967. * 1966: Düsseldorf, Tecta Galerie, Raza – Paris: 25 Oil Paintings from 1962- 1966, 6 October – 10 November 1966. * 1963 Cologne, Dom Galerie, Raza, June – July 1963. * 1964: Paris, Galerie Lara Vincy, Raza: Peintures récentes, 18 November 1964 – 10 January 1965. * 1962: Galerie Dresdnere, Montreal * 1962: Galerie Lara Vincy, Paris, Raza, 15 July 1962. * 1961: Paris, Galerie Lara Vincy, Raza, 19 April- 18 May 1961. * 1960: Montreal, Galerie Dresdnere, Autumn 1960. * 1959: Montreal, Galerie Dresdnere, Raza: Peintures et Gouaches, 5th – 19th MAY 1959. * 1958: Galerie Lara Vincy, Paris, "Raza - Prix de la Critique 1956. Peintures et gouaches" (April–May) * 1956: Galerie Saint-Placide, Paris, "Raza" * 1950: Charles Petrat's Institute of foreign Languages, Mumbai (September) * 1950: The IFL International Centre, Bombay, "SH Raza: Farewell Exhibition of Paintings" (September) * 1948: Exhibition Hall, New Delhi, "Raza: 100 paintings of Kashmir", organised by Rudolf Von Leyden, (September) * 1947:

, "Raza's Watercolour Landscapes", (November) * 1946: First solo exhibition at the Bombay Art Society Salon

Selected Biennales

* 1956: Venice Biennale, Italy. * 1957: Biennale 57,

Pavillon de Marsan The Pavillon de Marsan or Marsan Pavilion was built in the 1660s as the northern end of the Tuileries Palace in Paris, and reconstructed in the 1870s after the Tuileries burned down at the end of the Paris Commune. Following the completion of th ...

, Paris, France. * 1958: Bienal de São Paulo, Brazil. * 1958: Biennale, Brussels, Belgium. * 1958: Biennale of Young Contemporary Painters, Bruges, Belgium. * 1958: Venice Biennale, Italy. * 1961: Biennale of Tokyo, Japan. * 1962: Salon Comparaisons, Paris, France. * 1963: Biennale du Maroc, Rabat, Morocco. * 1964: Biennale de Menton, France. * 1966: Biennale de Menton, France. * 1966: Salon Comparaisons, Paris. * 1968: Biennale de Menton, France. * 1972: Biennale de Menton, France. * 1976: Biennale de Menton, France. * 1978: Biennale de Menton, France. * 1986: Bienal de la Habana, Havana,

References

External links

The Raza Foundation

Profile
on AstaGuru
Documentary
produced by

NDTV New Delhi Television Ltd is an Indian news media company focusing on broadcast and digital news publication. It was founded in 1984 by economist Prannoy Roy and journalist Radhika Roy. NDTV began as a production house for news segments, ...

Interview
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(in

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) {{DEFAULTSORT:Raza, S.H. 1922 births 2016 deaths Indian male painters Indian Muslims Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art alumni Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi People from Mandla People from Damoh École des Beaux-Arts alumni Indian expatriates in France Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts 20th-century Indian painters 21st-century Indian painters Indian watercolourists Indian Expressionist painters Painters from Madhya Pradesh 20th-century Indian male artists 21st-century Indian male artists