SM UB-14

SM ''UB-14'' was a German Type UB I submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. The submarine was also known by the Austro-Hungarian Navy designation of SM ''U-26''.

''UB-14'' was ordered in October 1914 and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in November. ''UB-14'' was a little under in length and displaced between , depending on whether surfaced or submerged. She carried two torpedoes for her two bow torpedo tubes and was also armed with a deck-mounted machine gun. ''UB-14'' was broken into sections and shipped by rail to the Austrian port Pola for reassembly. She was launched and commissioned in March 1915 as SM ''UB-14'' in the German Imperial Navy under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Heino von Heimburg."SM" stands for "Seiner Majestät" () and combined with the ''U'' for ''Unterseeboot'' would be translated as ''His Majesty's Submarine''.

Because Germany and Italy were not yet at war when ''UB-14'' entered service, she was transferred in name only to the Austro-Hungarian Navy. The submarine retained her German captain and crew, and remained under German command as a part of the ''Kaiserliche Marine''s Pola Flotilla. During her first patrol in the Adriatic, ''UB-14'' torpedoed and sank the . While traveling to Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) to join the Constantinople Flotilla, ''UB-14'' attacked two British troopships, sinking with heavy loss of life, and seriously damaging . All three of ''UB-14''s first victims were among the largest ships attacked by U-boats during the war.

Although ''UB-14'' sank the British submarine in the Sea of Marmara in November 1915, she spent most of the rest of her career patrolling in the Black Sea. The U-boat had only limited success there, sinking only three ships through the end of the war. After the war ended, the submarine was disarmed at Sevastopol and scuttled off that port in early 1919.

Design and construction

After the German Army's rapid advance along the North Sea coast in the earliest stages of World War I, the German Imperial Navy found itself without suitable submarines that could be operated in the narrow and shallow seas off Flanders.Miller, pp. 46–47.Karau, p. 48. Project 34, a design effort begun in mid-August 1914, produced the Type UB I design: a small submarine that could be shipped by rail to a port of operations and quickly assembled. Constrained by railroad size limitations, the UB I design called for a boat about long and displacing about with two torpedo tubes.A further refinement of the design—replacing the torpedo tubes with mine chutes but changing little else—evolved into the Type UC I coastal minelaying submarine. See: Miller, p. 458.

''UB-14'' was part of the initial allotment of seven submarines—numbered to —ordered on 15 October from AG Weser of Bremen, just shy of two months after planning for the class began.Williamson, p. 12. ''UB-14'' was laid down by Weser in Bremen on 9 November. As built, ''UB-14'' was long, abeam, and had a draft of . She had a single Körting 4-cylinder diesel engine for surface travel, and a single Siemens-Schuckert electric motor for underwater travel, both attached to a single propeller shaft. Her top speeds were , surfaced, and , submerged. At more moderate speeds, she could sail up to on the surface before refueling, and up to submerged before recharging her batteries. Like all boats of the class, ''UB-14'' was rated to a diving depth of , and could completely submerge in 33 seconds.

''UB-14'' was armed with two torpedoes in two bow torpedo tubes. She was also outfitted for a single machine gun on deck. ''UB-14''s standard complement consisted of one officer and thirteen enlisted men.Karau, p. 49.

Launching and commissioning

Most of the UB I boats were shipped to their port of operations by rail, where they were assembled, launched, tested, and commissioned. Information on ''UB-14'' suggests that she may not have followed that pattern as closely as most other boats. According to several sources, ''UB-14'' was launched on 23 March 1915, and commissioned into the German Imperial Navy as SM ''UB-14'' on 25 March under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Heino von Heimburg a 25-year-old first-time U-boat commander.Von Heimburg was in the Navy's April 1907 cadet class with 34 other future U-boat captains, including Werner Fürbringer, Hans Howaldt, Otto Steinbrinck, and Ralph Wenninger. See: Those same sources are silent on ''UB-14''s whereabouts at the time, but information on ''UB-14'' later shipment and arrival in the Mediterranean suggest that her initial launch and commissioning may have occurred in Germany.

''UB-14'' was shipped by rail in June to the main Austrian naval base at Pola, with an arrival date on the 12th. The process of shipping a UB I boat involved breaking the submarine down into what was essentially a knock down kit. Each boat was broken into approximately fifteen pieces and loaded onto eight railway flatcars. German engineers and technicians that accompanied earlier UB I boats to Pola worked under the supervision of Kapitänleutnant Hans Adam, head of the U-boat special command ().Koburger, p. 82. Typically, the UB I assembly process took about two to three weeks.Messimer, pp. 126–27.

While ''UB-14'' made her way to Austria-Hungary, von Heimburg and his German crew were assigned to ''UB-15'' at Pola. The submarine was temporarily commissioned into the German Imperial Navy before a subsequent transfer to the Austro-Hungarian Navy as its .Stern, p. 24. Von Heimburg and his German crew, with one Austrian officer aboard, gained valuable experience in ''UB-15''/''U-11'', sinking the on that U-boat's first patrol.Stern, pp. 24–26. Stern provides an in-depth recounting of the sinking of ''Medusa'' with reproductions of von Heimburg's hand-drawn diagrams of the attack. ''UB-15''/''U-11'' was handed over to the Austro-Hungarian Navy on 16 June, and von Heimburg and his crew were transferred intact on 21 June to ''UB-14'', which was still a few days from completion.Stern, p. 26

At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Italy had declined to join its Triple Alliance partners—Germany and Austria-Hungary—in declaring war against the Entente Powers, and opted to remain neutral. Pressure from the United Kingdom and France swayed Italy to sign the secret 1915 Treaty of London on 26 April, in which Italy promised to leave the Triple Alliance and declare war against its former allies within a month in return for territorial gains after the end of the war. Because Italy initially declared war only on Austria-Hungary, Germany and Italy were not officially at war. As a consequence, German submarines operating in the Adriatic and the Mediterranean were all assigned Austrian numbers and flew the flag of Austria-Hungary when making attacks on Italian vessels; ''UB-14'' was assigned the designation of ''U-26'' and entered onto the rolls of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, despite the fact that she remained completely under German control.Sondhaus, p. 279. According to historian Lawrence Sondhaus, this dual numbering system reflected the close submarine cooperation between the two countries and still makes it difficult to distinguish between submarines of the two navies.

On 1 July, ''UB-14'' joined the Pola Flotilla (), and departed soon thereafter on her first patrol. On the night of 6/7 July, Italian armored cruisers that had recently been deployed at Venice undertook a "reconnaissance in force" off Pola in an attempt to discourage future Austrian sorties against the Italian coast. When the Italian ships retired in the early morning hours of the 7th, ''UB-14'' was about off Venice. At dawn, the armored cruiser crossed paths with ''UB-14'' and was torpedoed. ''Amalfi'' quickly began listing to port and sank within 30 minutes with the loss of 67 men. At displacement, ''Amalfi'' was one of the largest ships sunk by U-boats during the war. ''UB-14'' escaped the scene without damage.

Aegean Sea

Enver Pasha and other Turkish leaders had been pleading with their German and Austrian allies to send submarines to the Dardanelles to help attack the British and French fleet pounding Turkish positions.Halpern, p. 116. As part of the German response, ''UB-14'' was ordered to Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) to join ; sister boats and ; and the UC I boats and in the Constantinople Flotilla ().Tarrant, p. 23. Since her intermediate refueling stop at Bodrum was beyond her limited range, ''UB-14'' departed Pola under tow from an Austrian destroyer on 15 July 1915. ''UB-14''s engine and gyrocompass broke down while off Crete, leaving the boat dead in the water for a time,The single propeller shaft/engine combo was a known weakness of the UB I design that was rectified in the larger Type UB II. See: Miller, p. 48; Williamson, p. 13. but temporary repairs by the crew enabled the boat to make Bodrum on the 24th. A repair crew from Constantinople was dispatched—having to travel by train and camel just to reach ''UB-14''—and the ship was ready to resume her journey on 13 August.Naval historian Paul Halpern (p. 149) reports that ''UB-14'' was involved in a scouting operation with the Austro-Hungarian Navy in the central Adriatic on 28 July. Given that ''UB-14'' needed towing assistance and nine days to make Bodrum, it seems unlikely that the submarine could accomplish a passage back to the Adriatic in four days time.

Shortly after departing Bodrum, ''UB-14'' had just cleared the Greek island of Kos and was off the nearby island of Kandeloussa when von Heimburg sighted several potential victims. The first ship seen was the British hospital ship , headed to Alexandria from the Dardanelles. Von Heimburg, seeing the properly identified hospital ship, allowed ''Soudan'' to pass unmolested. The next ship was not so lucky, however. It was the unescorted , a Canadian ocean liner pressed into troopship duties. ''Royal Edward'' was headed in the opposite direction from ''Soudan'': from Alexandria to the Dardanelles with reinforcements for the British 29th Infantry and a small group with the Royal Army Medical Corps, all of whom were destined for Gallipoli.Wise and Baron, pp. 75–76. Von Heimburg launched one of his two torpedoes from about a mile (2 km) away and hit ''Royal Edward'' in the stern; the ship sank stern-first in six minutes, with a large loss of life. ''Soudan'' and several other ships were able to rescue nearly 700 men, but over 900 died.Wise and Baron, p. 77.According to authors James Wise and Scott Baron (p. 77), ''Royal Edward''s death toll was 935 and was as high as it was, they contend, because ''Royal Edward'' had just completed a boat drill and the majority of the men were belowdecks re-stowing their equipment. Other sources report widely varying numbers of casualties, ranging from 132 on the low end (Tennent, pp. 36–37), to as many as 1,386 (Hendrickson, p. 270) or 1,865 (Gilbert, p. 185) on the upper end. ''Royal Edward'', at , was also among the largest ships hit by U-boats during the war. While evading the rescue ships, which included two French destroyers, ''UB-14''s compass broke down again, forcing a return to Bodrum on the morning of the 15th.Stern, p. 27.

After repairs were completed at Bodrum, ''UB-14'' continued on her way with a passenger, Prince Heinrich XXXVII Reuss of Köstritz (of the Reuss Junior Line) who needed passage to Constantinople. During the journey north, ''UB-14'' came upon another fully loaded troopship near the island of Efstratis, about from Lemnos. At 09:51 on 2 September, von Heimburg launched a single torpedo at the British troopship , which was carrying mostly Australian troops headed for Gallipoli.Piper, pp. 163–64. The torpedo scored a hit on the starboard bow of the liner, which immediately began to list in that direction. As the men boarded lifeboats to abandon ship, another torpedo narrowly missed the stricken ship. The British seaplane carrier sped to the scene of the attack, and rescued nearly 700 men from the water. The hospital ship was also on the scene and rescued a sizable number. A group of about 40 volunteers stayed on board ''Southland'' to help the crew, and with some towing assistance from ''Ben-my-Chree'', were able to beach the ship on Lemnos. In all, fewer than 40 men died in the attack; among ''Southland''s survivors was James Martin, who, upon his death less than two months later, became the youngest Australian known to have died in the war. The stricken ship had received serious damage, but was later repaired and returned to service.s return to service was short-lived; she was sunk by in the North Atlantic in June 1917. As with ''UB-14''s first two targets, ''Southland'' was also the largest ships hit by U-boats, giving von Heimburg and ''UB-14'' three victims from the list of the largest in their first three attacks.

After the attack on ''Southland'', ''UB-14'' broke down again and put in at Chanak to await repairs. While there on 4 September, word came of the British submarine entangled in Turkish antisubmarine nets off Nagara Point. Von Heimburg, Prince Heinrich, and ''UB-14''s cook, a man by the name of Herzig, set out in a rowboat to observe the Turkish attempts to destroy ''E7''. After several mines that formed part of the net had been detonated to no avail,The type of net in use had electric contact mines that were triggered from the shore. See: Stern: p. 29. von Heimburg and his group rowed out and repeatedly dropped a plumb line until it contacted metal. Then, von Heimburg dropped a Turkish sinker mine with a shortened fuse right on top of ''E7''.Stern, pp. 29–30. After the hand-dropped mine detonated too close for the British submarine's captain's comfort, he ordered his boat surfaced, abandoned, and scuttled. Between shellfire from the Turkish shore batteries and ''E7''s scuttling charges, von Heimburg and company narrowly escaped harm.Stern, p. 30. While most sources credit ''E7''s sinking to the Turkish efforts, author Robert Stern contends that von Heimburg and ''UB-14'' deserve partial credit for the demise of ''E7''.Stern, p. 38.

Black Sea

After ''UB-14''s repairs were completed, she continued on to Constantinople and, from there, began a patrol in the Black Sea on 3 October. During this patrol, von Heimburg torpedoed the 474 GRT Russian steamer ''Katja'' about northwest of Sevastopol on the 7th, and ''Apscheron'', a Belgian steamer expropriated by the Imperial Russian Navy, south of Cape Chersonesos on the 8th. After her return to Constantinople on the 19th, ''UB-14'' was prepared for another patrol in the Black Sea. Just before her scheduled departure, however, the U-boat's destination was changed from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and von Heimburg and ''UB-14'' headed south on 5 November. While ''UB-14'' had been in port on 30 November, Turkish forces had captured the before the submarine or any of the confidential papers on board could be destroyed. When ''Turquoise'' was caught, her commander had not signaled her predicament to anyone, so a scheduled rendezvous with the British submarine —as far as anyone other than ''Turquoise'' or the Germans and Turks knew—was still on. ''UB-14'' had been sent to keep the rendezvous,Stern, p. 31. reportedly going so far as to radio messages in the latest British code.Grant, p. 33. Upon arriving at the designated location, ''UB-14'' surfaced and fired a torpedo at ''E20'' from a distance of . Only when ''E20''s crew saw the torpedo did they realize something was amiss, but it was too late to avoid the weapon.Stern, p. 32. The torpedo hit ''E20''s conning tower and sank the submarine with the loss of 21 men. ''UB-14'' rescued nine men, including ''E20''s captain who, reportedly, had been brushing his teeth at the time of the attack.Stern, p. 34.

In December, von Heimburg was replaced as ''UB-14''s commander by Kapitänleutnant Albrecht von Dewitz, but in early February 1916, von Heimburg resumed command. ''UB-14''s activities between November and May are not reported in sources, but Paul Halpern reports that ''UB-14'' patrolled in the Black Sea off Trebizond from late May to early June, returning to Constantinople without success.Halpern, p. 244.

On 17 June, von Heimburg was recalled to Germany to command the soon-to-be-commissioned , and was replaced on ''UB-14'' by Kapitänleutnant Kurt Schwarz, a first time U-boat commander. Soon after Schwarz assumed command, ''UB-14'' was in the Black Sea in support of a July sortie by the German battlecruiser and the light cruiser in the eastern Black Sea. Because the Russian fleet, headquartered at Sevastopol, might have an opportunity to cut off the German warships on the mission, ''UB-14'' was sent on station off Sevastopol. When the Russian fleet did sortie, Schwarz attempted to torpedo the , but was seen and driven off by Russian dreadnought's screen of destroyers.Halpern, p. 245.

After Romania joined the war on the side of the Triple Entente in August and was quickly overrun by the Central Powers, the Russian efforts in the Black Sea in the second half of 1916 were focused in the west.Halpern, p. 247. Because German submarines never really accomplished all that much in the Black Sea,Halpern, p. 249. the February 1917 resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare led the Germans to temporarily abandon the Black Sea in lieu of the more target-rich Mediterranean. ''UB-14''s whereabouts and activities during the latter half of 1916 and the first few months of 1917 are unreported in sources.

On 28 May 1917, ''Oberleutnant zur See'' Ernst Ulrich replaced Schwarz, and, soon after, ''UB-14'' sailed on the first German patrol of the year in the Black Sea.Halpern, p. 253. On 5 June, ''UB-14'' sank the 155 GRT Russian sailing vessel ''Karasunda'' north of Poti; ''Karasunda'' was the last ship credited to ''UB-14''. Other than to note that ''Oberleutnant zur See'' Bodo Elleke succeeded Ulrich in March 1918, there is no mention in sources of ''UB-14''s activities between June 1917 and November 1918.

After the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers on 3 March 1918, exiting the war, forces of the Central Powers surrounded and later seized the port of Sevastopol. ''UB-14'' was at Sevastopol after the Germany signed the armistice treaty that ended all fighting on 11 November. ''UB-14'' and the three other surviving Constantinople Flotilla boatsThe other three were , , and . See: Gibson and Prendergast, p. 332, note 1. were disarmed on 25 November. ''UB-14'' was scuttled in the Black Sea off Sevastopol in the early months of 1919.

Summary of raiding history

Gallery

File:Heino von Heimburg.jpg, SM ''UB-14'', Commander Oberleutnant zur See Heino von Heimburg with Pour-le-Merit
File:SM UB-14 Flagge.jpg, SM ''UB-14'' preparing to leave Pola for Constantinople
File:SM UB-14 Schlepp.jpg, SM ''UB-14'' towed towards Street of Otranto
File:SM UB-14 Ruder.jpg, SM ''UB-14'' in Constantinople

Notes

References

Bibliography

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ub014
German Type UB I submarines
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Ships built in Pola
1915 ships
U-boats commissioned in 1915
World War I submarines of Germany
Maritime incidents in 1919
Scuttled vessels of Germany
U-boats sunk in 1919
Shipwrecks in the Black Sea