SMS Elbing

SMS was a light cruiser ordered by the Imperial Russian navy under the name from the Schichau-Werke shipyard in Danzig in 1913. Following the outbreak of World War I, the ship was confiscated in August 1914 and launched on 21 November 1914 as SMS . She had one sister ship, , the lead ship of their class. The ship was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in September 1915. She was armed with a main battery of eight 15 cm SK L/45 guns and had a top speed of .

participated in only two major operations during her career. The first, the bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft, occurred in April 1916; there, she briefly engaged the British Harwich Force. A month later, she took part in the Battle of Jutland, where she scored the first hit of the engagement. She was heavily engaged in the confused fighting on the night of 31 May – 1 June, and shortly after midnight she was accidentally rammed by the battleship , which tore a hole in the ship's hull. Flooding disabled the ship's engines and electrical generators, rendering her immobilized and without power. At around 02:00, a German torpedo boat took off most of her crew, and an hour later the remaining men scuttled the ship; they escaped in the ship's cutter and were later picked up by a Dutch steamer.

Design

In 1912, the Imperial Russian Navy held a design competition for a new class of cruisers intended for service in their colonial empire, which were to replace the ageing and in East Asian waters. Several foreign firms, including the German company Schichau-Werke, submitted proposals for the vessels. The Russian fleet was in dire need of new cruisers, and only Schichau promised to meet an early delivery deadline, so they received the contracts for two ships in December 1912. These were to have been named and ; the outbreak of World War I in July 1914 led to their seizure by the German government, and they became and , respectively.

was long overall and had a beam of and a draft of forward. She displaced normally and up to at full load. The ship had a straight stem and a raised forecastle deck. Her superstructure included a conning tower just aft of the forecastle and a second deck house further aft. She was fitted with two pole masts equipped with spotting platforms. had a standard crew of twenty-one officers and 421 enlisted men, though this was expanded in wartime.

Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of Marine steam turbines driving two propellers. Steam was provided by six coal-fired Yarrow water-tube boilers and four oil-fired Yarrow boilers, which were vented through three funnels located amidships. The propulsion system was rated to produce for a top speed of carried of coal, and an additional of oil that gave her a range of approximately at .

The ship was armed with eight SK L/45 guns in single pedestal mounts. Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle, four were located amidships, two on either side, and two were side by side aft. She also carried four SK L/55 anti-aircraft guns, though these were replaced with a pair of two SK L/45 anti-aircraft guns. She was also equipped with a pair of torpedo tubes mounted on the deck. She could also carry 120 mines. The conning tower had thick sides, and the deck was covered with up to thick armor plate.

Service history

was ordered by the Imperial Russian Navy as from the Schichau-Werke shipyard in Danzig. She was laid down on 21 May 1913, requisitioned by the German Navy on 5 August 1914, and was renamed . She was launched on 21 November 1914, after which fitting-out work commenced. She was commissioned to begin sea trials on 4 September 1915, initially under the command of (Captain at Sea) Friedrich Richter, though in February he was replaced by (Frigate Captain) Madlung. was accidentally rammed by a torpedo boat on 4 November, while still completing her initial training, and her stern was damaged in the incident. She was pronounced ready for active service on 16 November.

The ship was initially assigned to the Baltic Sea at the urging of Prince Heinrich, the commander of naval forces in the Baltic. New Russian warships expected to enter service in the near future required a modern, powerful light cruiser to combat them. was assigned to (KAdm—Rear Admiral) Albert Hopman, the (Leader of Scouting Ships in the Baltic Sea), and she joined the unit he commanded in Libau on 18 November. On 5 December, she went to sea in company with the cruiser , several torpedo boats, and the minelayer to lay a minefield off Lyserort to block the Irbe Strait, the eastern exit from the Gulf of Riga.

In early 1916, (Vice Admiral) Reinhard Scheer (the commander of the High Seas Fleet) requested that be transferred to his command in the North Sea to strengthen his scouting forces. The (Admiralty Staff) initially rejected his request, citing the recent sinkings of the cruisers and on 13 January and 1 February, respectively, which had reduced the strength of the scouting forces in the Baltic. While the issue was still being debated, temporarily served as the flagship of VI Scouting Group under (Commodore) Hugo Langemak from 2 to 29 February. In that time, it was agreed that would be sent to the North Sea in exchange for the cruiser . was sent to Danzig for an overhaul that lasted from 3 to 26 March.

On 28 March, was assigned to II Scouting Group, which typically conducted local, defensive patrols in the German Bight. On 2 April, and the rest of II Scouting Group sortied along with the battlecruisers and of I Scouting Group and the dreadnought battleships of III Battle Squadron. The ships sailed out to the Amrun Bank to provide distant cover to several flotillas of torpedo boats that were sent to raid British coastal waters. From 5 to 13 April, Madlung was temporarily given the position as Commander of Torpedo Boats. next went to sea on 21 April for a sweep in company with I and II Scouting Groups and their escorting torpedo boats to the west of Amrun Bank. The operation failed to locate any British warships, and the Germans returned to port the following day.

Her next major operation was the bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft on 24–25 April. On the approach to Lowestoft, and spotted the Harwich Force, a squadron of three light cruisers and eighteen destroyers, approaching the German formation from the south at 04:50. KAdm Friedrich Boedicker, the German commander, initially ordered his battlecruisers to continue with the bombardment, while and the other five light cruisers concentrated to engage the Harwich Force. At around 05:30, the British and German light forces clashed, firing mostly at long range. The battlecruisers arrived on the scene at 05:47, prompting the British squadron to retreat at high speed. A light cruiser and destroyer were damaged before Boedicker broke off the engagement after receiving reports of submarines in the area. arrived undamaged in Wilhelmshaven on 25 April.

Battle of Jutland

In May 1916, Scheer planned to lure a portion of the British fleet away from its bases and destroy it with the entire High Seas Fleet. remained in II Scouting Group, attached to I Scouting Group, for the operation. The squadron left the Jade roadstead at 02:00 on 31 May, bound for the waters of the Skagerrak. The main body of the fleet followed an hour and a half later. At 15:00, lookouts on spotted the Danish steamer ''N. J. Fjord''; detached the torpedo boats and to investigate the steamer. Two British cruisers, and , were simultaneously steaming to inspect the steamer, and upon spotting the German torpedo boats, opened fire shortly before 15:30. turned to support the destroyers, opening fire at 15:32. She quickly scored the first hit of the battle, on ''Galatea'', though the shell failed to explode. The British turned to the north back toward the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, with still firing at long range. She was joined by and , but the three cruisers had to cease fire by 16:17, as the British had drawn out of range. About fifteen minutes later, the three cruisers engaged a seaplane launched by the seaplane tender . They failed to score any hits, but the aircraft was forced off after which its engine broke down and it was forced to land. The three cruisers then returned to their stations ahead of the German battlecruisers.

At around 18:30, and the rest of II Scouting Group encountered the cruiser ; they opened fire and scored several hits on the ship. As both sides' cruisers disengaged, Rear Admiral Horace Hood's three battlecruisers intervened. His flagship scored a hit on that exploded in her engine room and disabled the ship. and each fired a torpedo at the British battlecruisers, though both missed. was briefly engaged by the battlecruisers at very long range, though she was not hit. At around 20:15, lost her port engine due to leaks in her boiler condensers. This limited her speed to for the next four hours.

II Scouting Group, along with the battlecruisers and had been ordered to take station ahead of the German line for its night cruising formation. was still having problems with her boiler condensers, and was unable to keep up the speed necessary to reach the front of the line, and so she fell in with IV Scouting Group. At 23:15, and spotted the British cruiser and several destroyers. They used the British recognition signal and closed to before turning on their searchlights and opening fire. ''Castor'' was hit seven times and set on fire, forcing the British to turn away. As they did, they fired several torpedoes at and . One passed underneath but failed to explode. While this engagement was still on-going, the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron arrived and engaged IV Scouting Group. was hit once, which destroyed her wireless transmitting station and killed four men and wounded twelve.

Shortly after midnight, the German fleet ran into the British rear destroyer screen. was by this time steaming on the port side of the German line along with and . The dreadnought —the first ship in the German line—opened fire first, followed quickly by , the other two cruisers, and the battleships and . The British destroyers launched a torpedo attack, which forced the three cruisers to turn to starboard to avoid them. This pointed the cruisers directly at the German line. attempted to steam between and , but s captain wasn't aware of the movement until it was too late to avoid a collision. turned hard to starboard, but still collided with s starboard quarter. The cruiser was holed below the waterline, which flooded the starboard engine room first. She initially took on a list of eighteen degrees, which allowed water to spread to the port engine room. With the engines shut down, steam began to condense in the pipes, which disabled the electric generators and caused the ship to lose electrical power. As water spread throughout the ship's engine compartments, the list was reduced. The ship was completely immobilized, though she was not in danger of sinking.

At 02:00, the torpedo boat came alongside and took off 477 officers and men of s crew. Her commander and a small group of officers and men remained on board. They rigged an improvised sail in an attempt to bring the ship closer to shore, but at around 03:00, British destroyers were spotted to the south and the order to scuttle the ship was given. They then lowered the ship's cutter into the water and set off; while steaming back to port, they rescued the surgeon from the destroyer . At around 07:00, a Dutch trawler met the cutter and took the men to Holland. In the course of the Battle of Jutland, had fired 230 rounds of 15 cm ammunition and a single torpedo. Four of her crew were killed and twelve more were wounded.

Footnotes

References

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Elbing
Pillau-class cruisers
Ships built in Danzig
1914 ships
World War I cruisers of Germany
Maritime incidents in 1916
Ships sunk at the Battle of Jutland
Ships built by Schichau